RFID-Based Security System

A radio-frequency identification (RFID) based access-control system allows only

authorised persons to enter a particular area of an establishment. The authorised persons
are provided with unique tags, using which they can access that area.

The system is based on micro controller AT89C52 and comprises an RFID module, an LCD
module for displaying the status and a relay for opening the door. Fig.1 shows a user trying
to open the door by placing an RFID tag near the RFID reader.

Radio-frequency identification

You might be familiar with RFID systems as seen in access control, contactless payment
systems, product tracking and inventory control, etc. Basically, an RFID system consists of
three components: an antenna or coil, a transceiver (with decoder) and a transponder (RF
tag) electronically programmed with unique information.

Fig.1: A user is trying to open the door by

placing an RFID tag near the RFID reader

Fig.2 shows a typical RFID system. In every RFID system, the transponder tags contain
unique identifying information. This information can be as little as a single binary bit or a
large array of bits representing such things as an identity code, personal medical
information or literally any type of information that can be stored in digital binary format.

Fig.2: A typical RFID system

The RFID transceiver communicates with a passive tag. Passive tags have no power source
of their own and instead derive power from the incident electromagnetic field. Commonly, at
the heart of each tag is a microchip. When the tag enters the generated RF field, it is able to
draw enough power from the field to access its internal memory and transmit its stored
information. When the transponder tag draws power in this way, the resultant interaction of
the RF fields causes the voltage at the transceiver antenna to drop in value. This effect is
utilised by the tag to communicate its information to the reader. The tag is able to control
the amount of power drawn from the field and by doing so it can modulate the voltage
sensed at the transceiver according to the bit pattern it wishes to transmit.

Antenna. Fig.3 shows the internal diagram of a typical RFID antenna. An RFID antenna
consists of a coil with one or more windings and a matching network. It radiates the
electromagnetic waves generated by the reader to activate the tag and read/ write data
from it.
 Fig.3: Internal diagram of
a typical RFID antenna

Antennae are the conduits between the tag and the transceiver which control the system‟s
data acquisition and communication. These are available in a variety of shapes and sizes.
Often, the antenna is packaged with the transceiver and decoder to become a reader, which
can be configured either as a hand held or a fixed-mount device. The reader emits radio
waves in ranges of anywhere from 2.54 cm (one inch) to 30 metres or more, depending
upon its power output and the radio frequency used. When an RFID tag passes through the
electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader‟s activation signal. The reader decodes the data
encode din the tag‟s integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host
computer for processing.

Tags (transponders). Fig.4 shows the internal structure of a typical RFID tag. An RFID
tag comprises a microchip containing identifying information and an antenna that transmits
this data wirelessly to the reader. At its most basic, the chip will contain a serialised
identifier, or licence plate number, that uniquely identifies that item, similar to the way
many bar codes are used today.
 Fig.4: internal structure
of a typical RFID tag

There are three types of tags: active, passive and semi-passive.

Passive tags have no internal power source. These draw their power from the
electromagnetic field generated by the RFID reader and then the microchip can send back
information on the same wave. The reading range is limited when using passive tags.

Active transponders have their own transmitters and power source, usually in the form of a
small battery. These remain in a low-power „idle‟ state until they detect the presence of the
RF field being sent by the reader. When the tag leaves the area of the reader, it again
powers down to its idle state to conserve its battery. As a result, active tags can be
detected at a greater range than passive tags.

Semi-passive tags have their own power source that powers only the microchip. These have
no transmitter. They rely on altering the RF field from the transceiver to transmit their data.

There are three ways for data encoding into tags:

1. Read-only tags contain data, which is pre-written onto them by the tag manufacturer or
distributor.

2. Write-once tags enable a user to write data to the tag one time in production mor
distribution processes.

3. Full read-write tags allow new data to be written to the tag as needed and later other
data can be rewritten over the original data.

RF transceiver. The RF transceiver is the source of the RF energy used to activate and
power the passive RFID tags. It may be enclosed in the same cabinet as the reader or it
may be a separate piece of equipment. When provided as a separate piece of equipment,
the transceiver is commonly referred to as an RF module. The RF transceiver controls and
modulates the radio frequencies that the antenna transmits and receives. The transceiver
filters and amplifies the back-scatter signal from a passive RFID tag.
 Circuit description

Fig.5 shows the circuit of the RFID based security system. The compact circuitry is built
around Atmel AT89C52 microcontroller. The AT89C52 is a low-power, high performance
CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8 kB of Flash programmable and erasable read only
memory (PEROM). It has 256 bytes of RAM, 32 input/output (I/O) lines, three 16-bit timers/
counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full-duplex serial port, an on-chip
oscillator and clock circuitry. The system clock also plays a significant role in operation of
the microcontroller.

Fig.5: Circuit of the RFID-based

security system
An 11.0592MHz quartz crystal connected to pins 18 and 19 provides basic clock to the
microcontroller. Power-on reset is provided by the combination of electrolytic capacitor C4
and resistor R1. Switch S1 is used for manual reset. Port pins P2.0 through P2.7 of the
microcontroller are connected to data port pins D0 through D7 of the LCD, respectively. Port
pins P3.7 and P3.6 of the microcontroller are connected to register-select (RS) and enable

(E) pins of the LCD, respectively. Read/write pin of the LCD is grounded to enable for
write operation.

All the data is sent to the LCD in ASCII format for display. Only the commands are sent in
hex form. Register-select (RS) signal is used to distinguish between data (RS=1) and
command (RS=0). Preset VR1 is used to control the contrast of the LCD. Resistor R6 limits
the current through the backlight of the LCD. Port pins P3.0 (RXD) and P3.1 (TXD) of the
microcontroller are used to interface with the RFID reader.

When an authorised person having the tag enters the RF field generated by the RFID
reader, RF signal is generated by the RFID reader to transmit energy to the tag and retrieve
data from the tag. Then the RFID reader communicates through RXD and TXD pins of the
microcontroller for further processing.

Thus on identifying the authorised person, port pin P3.2 goes high, transistor T2 drives into
saturation, and relay RL1 energises to open the door for the person. Simultaneously, the
LCD shows “access granted” message and port pin P1.7 drives piezobuzzer PZ1 via
transistor T1 for aural indication.
If the person is unauthorised, the LCD shows “access denied” and the door doesn‟t open.
LED2 and LED3show presence of the tag in the RFID reader‟s electromagnetic field.

To derive the power supply, the 230V, 50Hz AC mains is stepped down by transformer X1 to
deliver a secondary output of 15V, 500 mA. The transformer output is rectified by a full-
wave rectifier comprising diodes D1 through D4, filtered by capacitor C1 and regulated by
ICs 7812 (IC2) and 7805 (IC3). Capacitor C2 bypasses the ripples present in the regulated
supply. LED1 acts as the power indicator and R2 limits the current through LED1.

An actual-size, single-side PCB for RFID-based security system is shown in Fig. 6 (View as
PDF) and its component layout in Fig.7 (View as PDF) . Assemble the circuit on a PCB as it
minimises time and assembly errors. Carefully assemble thecomponents and double-check for
any overlooked error.

Software

The software for this project is given at the end of this article. It is written in „C‟ language
and compiled using Keil μVision4 compiler. The finally obtained „.hex‟ code is burnt into the
microcontroller using a suitable programmer. The program is easy to understand.

For code Please Inbox us To our Face book page our

team member will provide a Source code .
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