In Pajomayo v Manipon, it was held that once a homestead patent granted in accordance with the

Public Land Act is registered pursuant to Section 122 of Act no. 496 (Sec. 103 of PD No. 1529),
the certificate of title issued by a virtue of said patent has the force and effect of a Torrens title
issued through judicial registration proceedings. This principle is applicable to certificates of title
issued by virtue of other patents under the Public Land Act.

In Republic v Court of Appeals and Lapina (Gr no. 108998, August 24, 1994), the Public Land
Act (CA No.141) recognizes the concept of ownership under the civil law. This ownership is
based on adverse possession and the right of acquisition is governed by Chapter VIII on judicial
confirmation of imperfect or incomplete titles. The applicant must prove that:
(a) The land is alienable public land, and
(b) His possession and occupation has been exercised in the manner for the period
prescribed by law, or since June 12, 1945.

Carrasco, requires that possession of lands of the public domain must be from June 12, 1945 or
earlier, for the same to be acquired through judicial confirmation of imperfect title.

TOPICS
a. Confirmation of imperfect or incomplete title (Judicial Legalization).