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Fluid Mechanics

1 Dr. C. Caprani

Fluid Mechanics

2nd Year

Civil Engineering

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Fluid Mechanics

2 Dr. C. Caprani

Contents

1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 7

1.1 Course Outline ............................................................................................... 7

Goals .............................................................................................................. 7

Syllabus.......................................................................................................... 8

1.2 Programme..................................................................................................... 9

Lectures.......................................................................................................... 9

Assessment..................................................................................................... 9

1.3 Reading Material.......................................................................................... 10

Lecture Notes ............................................................................................... 10

Books ........................................................................................................... 10

The Web....................................................................................................... 10

1.4 Fluid Mechanics in Civil/Structural Engineering........................................ 11

2. Introduction to Fluids....................................................................................... 12

2.1 Background and Definition.......................................................................... 12

Background .................................................................................................. 12

Definition ..................................................................................................... 13

Definition Applied to Static Fluids.............................................................. 13

Definition Applied to Fluids in Motion....................................................... 14

Generalized Laws of Viscosity.................................................................... 17

2.2 Units............................................................................................................. 19

Dimensions and Base Units ......................................................................... 19

Derived Units ............................................................................................... 19

SI Prefixes.................................................................................................... 21

Further Reading ........................................................................................... 21

2.3 Properties ..................................................................................................... 22

Further Reading ........................................................................................... 22

Mass Density................................................................................................ 22

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Fluid Mechanics

3 Dr. C. Caprani

Specific Weight............................................................................................ 22

Relative Density (Specific Gravity)............................................................. 22

Bulk Modulus............................................................................................... 23
Viscosity....................................................................................................... 23

Problems - Properties................................................................................... 25

3. Hydrostatics....................................................................................................... 26

3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................. 26

Pressure ........................................................................................................ 26

Pressure Reference Levels ........................................................................... 27

3.2 Pressure in a Fluid........................................................................................ 28

Statics of Definition ..................................................................................... 28

Pascal’s Law ................................................................................................ 29

Pressure Variation with Depth..................................................................... 31

Summary ...................................................................................................... 33

Problems - Pressure...................................................................................... 34

3.3 Pressure Measurement ................................................................................. 36

Pressure Head............................................................................................... 36

Manometers.................................................................................................. 36

Problems – Pressure Measurement.............................................................. 41

3.4 Fluid Action on Surfaces ............................................................................. 43

Plane Surfaces.............................................................................................. 43

Plane Surface Properties .............................................................................. 46

Plane Surfaces – Example............................................................................ 47

Curved Surfaces ........................................................................................... 51

Curved Surfaces – Example......................................................................... 55

Problems – Fluid Action on Surfaces .......................................................... 57

4. Hydrodynamics: Basics..................................................................................... 59

4.1 General Concepts......................................................................................... 59

Introduction.................................................................................................. 59
     
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