Neuronutrición Sep 2018

TROBADA DE PROFESSIONALS
SANITARIS, MESTRES I PROFESSORS
“Neuroalimentación”
Barcelona, 29 y 30 Septiembre de 2018
Dra. Maria J. López Juez

Neurobiologa
Neuroalimentación:
Una dieta adecuada puede influir en el desarrollo cognitivo del niño y en
su rendimiento académico. Por ello cuando trabajamos con un niño es
importante revisar su nutrición y ver que neuronutrientes nos pueden
ayudar a potenciar nuestro trabajo. Exploraremos la relación del intestino
y la absorción de nutrientes, las intolerancias alimenticias, la influencia
del funcionamiento digestivo sobre el comportamiento del niño.
“Por muchas nueces que comamos, no nos convertiremos en Einstein.

Pero resulta indiscutible que la alimentación condiciona nuestra capacidad
intelectual. De ahí la importancia de qué comemos, cuándo comemos y con
que frecuencia comemos.”
Dra. Ingrid Kiefer - Nutricionista

Neurobiologa
NIH Public Access
Author Manuscript
Nat Rev Neurosci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 January 12.
Published in final edited form as:
Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008 July ; 9(7): 568–578. doi:10.1038/nrn2421.
Brain foods: the effects of nutrients on brain function
Fernando Gómez-Pinilla
Departments of Neurosurgery and Physiological Science, University of California at Los Angeles
School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90095, California, USA
Fernando Gómez-Pinilla: fgomezpi@mednet.ucla.edu
Abstract
En positivo.....
It has long been suspected that the relative abundance of specific nutrients can affect cognitive
processes and emotions. Newly described influences of dietary factors on neuronal function and
synaptic plasticity have revealed some of the vital mechanisms that are responsible for the action of
diet on brain health and mental function. Several gut hormones that can enter the brain, or that are
produced in the brain itself, influence cognitive ability. In addition, well-established regulators of
synaptic plasticity, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, can function as metabolic modulators,
responding to peripheral signals such as food intake. Understanding the molecular basis of the effects
of food on cognition will help us to determine how best to manipulate diet in order to increase the
Neurobiologa
resistance of neurons to insults and promote mental fitness.
HHS Public Access
Author manuscript
Dev Psychopathol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 May 01.
Published in final edited form as:
Dev Psychopathol. 2015 May ; 27(2): 411–423. doi:10.1017/S0954579415000061.
Early life nutrition and neural plasticity

Michael K. Georgieff, MD [Professor of Pediatrics and Child Psychology],
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Child Development, College of
Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
Katya E Brunette, PhD [Post-Doctoral Fellow], and

Boys’ Town USA, Omaha, NE
Phu V Tran, PhD [Assistant Professor of Pediatrics]

Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
Abstract
The human brain undergoes a remarkable transformation during fetal life and the first postnatal
years from a relatively undifferentiated but pluripotent organ to a highly specified and organized
one. The outcome of this developmental maturation is highly dependent on a sequence of
environmental exposures that can have either positive or negative influences on the ultimate
Neurobiologa
plasticity of the adult brain. Many environmental exposures are beyond the control of the
Nutrition Research Reviews (2014), 27, 199–214 doi:10.1017/S0954422414000110
q The Authors 2014
Autism and nutrition: the role of the gut– brain axis
Marijke M. H. van De Sande, Vincent J. van Buul and Fred J. P. H. Brouns*

Maastricht University, Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism Research Institute (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health,
Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Department of Human Biology, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterised by deficits in the ability to socialise, communicate and use imagination, and displays of
stereotypical behaviour. It is widely accepted that ASD involves a disorder in brain development. However, the real causes of the neu-
rodevelopmental disorders associated with ASD are not clear. In this respect, it has been found that a majority of children with ASD
display gastrointestinal symptoms, and an increased intestinal permeability. Moreover, large differences in microbiotic composition
“ ......y en negativo”
between ASD patients and controls have been reported. Therefore, nutrition-related factors have been hypothesised to play a causal
role in the aetiology of ASD and its symptoms. Through a review of the literature, it was found that abnormalities in carbohydrate diges-
esearch Reviews
tion and absorption could explain some of the gastrointestinal problems observed in a subset of ASD patients, although their role in the
neurological and behavioural problems remains uncertain. In addition, the relationship between an improved gut health and a reduction
of symptoms in some patients was evaluated. Recent trials involving gluten-free diets, casein-free diets, and pre- and probiotic, and
multivitamin supplementation show contradictive but promising results. It can be concluded that nutrition and other environmental
influences might trigger an unstable base of genetic predisposition, which may lead to the development of autism, at least in a
subset of ASD patients. Clear directions for further research to improve diagnosis and treatment for the different subsets of the disorder
are provided.
Neurobiologa
Key words: Autism spectrum disorder: Treatment: Diagnosis: Gluten-free diets: Gut – brain axis
Efectos de la alimentación en la cognición
Cortex: Cognición & Comportamiento
Entrada
Sistema limbico
sensorial
Hipotálamo
Sistema Nervioso Autónomo http://www.brainhq.com/media-gallery/detail/161/77
Simpatico/Parasimpatico
Troncoencefalo
Fisiologia del organismo
caudal
Sintesis de moleculas
Serotonina
Nervio vago Dopamina
Alimentación Histamina
Intestino
Insulina, Leptina, etc
PubMed Central, Figure 1: Nat Rev Neurosci. Jul 2008; 9(7): 568–578. doi: 10.1038/nrn2421
Neurobiologa
El eje intestino-cerebro
S.N.C. S.N.E.
1º Cerebro 2º Cerebro
Cómo se influyen mutuamente

Neurobiologa
¿Que esta pasando actualmente?
Los temas de salud “grave” estan disminuyendo.
Los temas de salud “media/leve” estan aumentando.
(Al menos, en el 1º mundo)
Sin embargo....
✓Alergias, asma, obesidad, etc

✓Trastorno del espectro autista (TEA)
✓Trastorno por Deficit de Atención y/o Hiperactividad (TDA-H)
✓Trastorno de Aprendizaje (Dislexia, disgrafia, discalculia)
están aumentando.

Neurobiologa
DHA y salud mental
Role of docosahexaenoic acid in maternal and child mental health1–4

Usha Ramakrishnan, Beth Imhoff-Kunsch, and Ann M DiGirolamo
n–3
Am J PUFAS AND MATERNAL AND CHILD MENTAL HEALTH 959S
ABSTRACT the parent n–3 FA a-linolenic acid (ALA) in the liver through
Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):958S–62S.
Mental health problems in women

Long-chain PUFAs andand
children represent
the human brain a significant a series of elongation and desaturation steps. There have, how-
public health problemThe worldwide,
n–3 and n–6 especially in developing
PUFAs comprise ’14% countries.
and 17% of the ever, total been recent concerns that the efficiency of this process may
The role of nutrition
FAsasina thecost-effective
human brain approach
and areinpredominantly
the preventionDHA be andlow (8%) because both n–6 and n–3 FAs share and compete
and management of these conditions
arachidonic acid (AA; has20:4n–6),
receivedrespectively.
recent attention, Saturated for FAsthe same enzymes that are used for desaturation and elon-
account
particularly nutrients suchforasnearly
iron,one-third
zinc, and of alln–3
FAs;(omega-3)
monounsaturated fatty FAsgation.
and In addition, n–6 FAs such as linoleic acid are widely
✓ Bajos
acids, niveles
which play a rolede
other PUFAsDHA
in brain account enandmadres:
structurefor the remainder (6).
function. The objective
accumulate rapidly in neural tissues during the brain growth
Both DHA and AA
present in vegetable oils, seeds, nuts, margarine, grains, eggs,
of this article was to review current evidence on the relation between and some meats, whereas n–3 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) are
spurt that occurs during gestation and the first year of life. Fetal
Cursan
n–3 fatty acids,con depresión.
especially
accretion docosahexaenoic acid (DHA),
of n–3 PUFAs is particularly highand mater-
during the lastfoundtri- primarily in canola and soybean oil, flaxseed, walnuts,
nal and child mental health
mester disorders.
(’50–60 mg/d),Human studiesprenatal
and, although published in
supplementation eggs, some meats, and cold water fish (7). Intakes of n–6 FAs
Downloaded from ajcn.nutrition.org by guest on April 18, 2013

✓ English were identified
Bajos niveles
2008) by using key de
from
DHA
Medline
en
databases
niños:
(1966
with preformed DHA has been shown to improve maternalhave
search
infant n–3 terms
PUFA and review
status, little articles.
is knownAabout
to
summary
June
the long-term
and increased, resulting in a high ratio of n–6:n–3 FA intakes in
the diet that may be associated with an increased risk of mental
benefits to maternal and child health
of the role of DHA in the human brain is followed by a review of (9, 10). There is, however,
health disorders (5, 8).
Cursan
human studies,conboth TDA-H
considerable
observational evidence from animal studies
and intervention regarding
trials, that
DHA in brain structure and function (6, 11). One advantage of
exam-the role of The objective of this article was to review and summarize the
ine the relation between n–3 fatty acids such as DHA and depression literature on the relation between DHA and mental health dis-
animal models is that we can ethically restrict the dietary intakes
and child mental health disorders. Observational studies support
of the parent n–3 FA ALA, which is an essential FA in humans. a di- orders affecting women and children. After a brief summary of
rect association between poor n–3 fatty acid status and increased
Studies in rats have shown that parental restriction results risk in
current knowledge on the role of n–3 FAs, especially DHA, in the
of maternal depression and childhood behavioral disorders
reduced brain DHA concentration and FA status in the offspring, such as structure and function of the human brain, evidence from ob-
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder by
which is accompanied (ADHD). However,
poor cognitive evidence test per-
and behavioral
servational and intervention studies that link DHA with maternal
Downloaded from ajcn.nutrition.org by g

from intervention formance (11, 12).
trials is weak. There
Most ofisthe
alsostudies
some evidence
reviewed of programming
had
and child mental health is reviewed.
small sample sizesduring
and werecritical periods ofindevelopment;
conducted studies in rats
clinically diagnosed sam- have shown
FIGURE 1. Mechanisms of action for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in
that restriction of n–3 PUFAs during pregnancy and early infancy
ples, with no placebo-controlled groups. Little is known about the major depressive disorders.
may result in impaired neural function and performance that can-
benefits of DHA not in bethe prevention
reversed of maternal
by subsequent depression and
dietary improvements (6). However,
ADHD. Large, well-designed, community-based METHODS
many methodologic problems make prevention
it difficult to trials
extrapolate the Observational studies
are needed. Am J ClintoNutr
findings humans,2009;89(suppl):958S–62S.
eg, small sample sizes, variance in test type, We searched the Medline database from 1966 through June
and limited evidence of dose-response effects. 2008 usingOf particular interest to
the following maternal
search mentalomega-3
terms: health are the results
fatty of
acids,
The evidence from human studies on the role of DHA an ecological analysis in which Hibbeln (15) reported an inverse
in fish
DHA, oil, child, maternal, postpartum, perinatal, depres-
Dra. Maria J. López Juez maternal and child mental health has focused primarily onsion, relation between seafood consumption, a key source of n–3 PU-
de- mood,
Neurobiologa
behavior,
FAs, and and of
the prevalence ADHD. Wedepression
postpartum combined search
(PPD) terms
in several
pression or depressed mood and child behavior. The first section
such ascountries.
of this review focuses on the evidence from human studies that
DHA and Theseomega-3 fatty
investigators alsoacids
found with terms
a similar suchbe-as
relation
Trends in the Parent-Report of Health Care Provider-Diagnosis and Medication
Treatment for ADHD: United States, 2003—2011
Important findings from this study include:
• More than 1 in 10 (11%) US school-aged children had received an ADHD diagnosis by a

health care provider by 2011, as reported by parents.
◦ 6.4 million children reported by parents to have ever received a health care provider diagnosis of
ADHD , including:
■ 1 in 5 high school boys
■ 1 in 11 high school girls
• The percentage of US children 4-17 years of age with an ADHD diagnosis by a health care
provider, as reported by parents, continues to increase.
◦ A history of ADHD diagnosis by a health care provider increased by 42% between 2003 and
2011:
■ 7.8% had ever had a diagnosis in 2003
◦ Average annual increase was approximately 5% per year
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY

VOLUME - NUMBER - - 2013 www.jaacap.org 1
FLA 5.2.0 DTD JAAC860_proof 19 November 2013 2:59 am ce
Neurobiologa
Downloaded from http://bmjopen.bmj.com/ on October 12, 2017 - Published by group.bmj.com
Open Access Protocol
Prevalence of obesity in attention-

deficit/hyperactivity disorder: study
protocol for a systematic review
and meta-analysis
Samuele Cortese,1,2 Carlos Renato Moreira Maia,3 Luis Augusto Rohde,3
Carmen Morcillo-Peñalver,1 Stephen V Faraone4
To cite: Cortese S, Moreira ABSTRACT Review

Maia CR, Rohde LA, et al. Strengths and limitations of this study
Introduction: An increasing number of clinical and
Prevalence of obesity in
epidemiological studies suggest a possible association ▪ Comprehensive search strategy.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity
between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ▪ Search and data extraction conducted independ-
Review of the association between
disorder: study protocol for a
systematic review and obesity/overweight. However, overall evidence is ently by two authors.
Raquel Martínez deand meta-1
Velasco
analysis. BMJ Open mixed. Given the public health relevance of ADHD and
2014;4: ▪ Analytical plan including a series of
Eduardo Barbudo2
e004541. doi:10.1136/
Josefa Pérez-Templado1
bmjopen-2013-004541 obesity and ADHD
obesity/overweight, understanding whether and to
what extent they are associated is paramount to plan
meta-regression analyses to address clinically
relevant questions.
Belén Silveira3 intervention and prevention strategies. We describe the ▪ No limitations of the systematic review and
▸ Prepublication
Javier Quintero1 history and protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis aimed meta-analysis are foreseen; limitations of single
additional material is at assessing the prevalence of obesity/overweight in included studies will be addressed in the section
available. To view please visit individuals with ADHD versus those without ADHD. ‘Assessment of study quality and bias in
the journal (http://dx.doi.org/ Methods and analysis: We will include studies of included studies’.
10.1136/bmjopen-2013- any design (except case reports or case series)
1
Departamento de Psiquiatría. Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor. Madrid. España
004541). comparing the prevalence of obesity and/or
2
Departamento de Psiquiatría. Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos Madrid. España
overweight in children or adults with and without
Received 23 November 2013
3
INTRODUCTION
Departamento de Endocrinología. Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor. Madrid. España
ADHD (or hyperkinetic disorder). We will search an
Revised 4 February 2014 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Accepted 17 February 2014 extensive number of databases including PubMed,
Ovid databases, Web of Knowledge and Thomson- (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelop-
Reuters databases, ERIC and CINAHL. No restrictions mental disorder. According to the recently
of language will be applied. We will also contact published Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
Excess weight and obesity experts are defined
in the field forby the WHO
possible unpublished INTRODUCTION
or in of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, (DSM-5),1
(World Health Organization) as data.
press abnormal
Primaryorandexcessive
additionalfat outcomes will be ADHD is characterised by a persistent and
the prevalence
1 of
accumulation that is unhealthy. On the other hand, atten-obesity and overweight, respectively.
The idea of viewing obesity
impairing patternas an
of eating disorderand/or
inattention (ED)
We will combine ORs
tion deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is defined by the using random-effects models in
has gained acceptance hyperactivity/impulsivity.
in the last twelve Hyperkinetic
years because itdis-
STATA V.12.0.
Dra. Maria J. López Juez presence of attention difficulties, The quality
poor motor regulationof the study will be order (HKD), in defined
involves variable dysfunction eating in the and
habits International
affects
Neurobiologa assessed 2 primarily using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.
activity,
1 and low impulse control. The association between the regulatoryClassification of Diseases,
mechanisms of appetite, 10th
emotions, and Edition
body
Cambridge University Subgroup meta-analyses will be conducted according 2
obesity
Hospitalsand
NHSADHD has beentosystematically
Foundation investigated for
participants’ age (children vs adults) and image (ICD-10), is a narrower diagnostic category,
study perception. The state of being overweight can be
Estudio ALADINO 2015

Neurobiologa
Datos de obesidad infantil OMS (%)
40
32,8%
30
18,1%
20
10
0
Mexico EEUU Argentina R.Checa Malta Australia Reuino Unido España

Neurobiologa
de el
En la estudio
situación.
ALADINO 2015 se estudió a 10.899 niños (5.532 niños y 5.367 niñas) de

6 a 9 años en 165 centros escolares de todas las CC.AA. y ciudades autónomas de
España. EstaALADINO
muestra 2015
es representativa del conjunto de la población española para
En el estudio se estudió a 10.899 niños (5.532 niños y 5.367 niñas)
En el estudio ALADINO 2015 se estudió a 10.899 niños (5.532 niños y 5.367 niñas) de de
esos gruposende edad.centros escolares de todas las CC.AA. y ciudades autónomas de
6
6 aa 99 años
años en 165
165 centros escolares de todas las CC.AA. y ciudades autónomas de

España.
El trabajoEsta
España. muestra
de campo
Esta se es
muestra representativa
realizó
es del
del conjunto
entre noviembre
representativa dey marzo
de 2015de
conjunto la población
la población española para
de 2016.
española para
esos

esos grupos
grupos de
de edad.
edad.
El trabajo de campo se realizó entre noviembre de 2015 yy marzo
marzo de
de 2016.
2016.
El trabajo de campo se realizó entre noviembre de 2015
La prevalencia de sobrepeso hallada fue del 23,2 % (22,4 % en niños y 23,9 % en

niñas), y la prevalencia de obesidad fue del 18,1 % (20,4 % en niños y 15,8 % en niñas),
utilizando
La los estándares de crecimiento dedel
la OMS.
La prevalencia de sobrepeso hallada fue del 23,2
prevalencia de sobrepeso hallada fue 23,2 %% (22,4
(22,4 %% en
en niños
niños yy 23,9
23,9 %% en
en
niñas),
Las yy la
la prevalencia
prevalencias
niñas), de
de obesidad
de sobrepeso
prevalencia fue
fue del
y obesidad
obesidad 18,1
18,1 %
delvarían (20,4 % en
en niños
niños yy 15,8
%considerablemente
(20,4 % 15,8 % en
en niñas),
en función
% niñas),
de los

utilizando
puntos
utilizandode los estándares
corte
los empleados.
estándares de
de crecimiento
crecimiento de
de la
la OMS.
OMS. 41.3%!
Las
Las prevalencias
prevalencias de de sobrepeso
sobrepeso yy obesidad
obesidad varían
varían considerablemente
considerablemente en en función
función dede los
los
puntos
puntos de de corte
corte empleados.
empleados.
Se ha producido una disminución estadísticamente significativa en la prevalencia de

sobrepeso en niños y niñas de 6 a 9 años. La prevalencias de obesidad se hallan
estabilizadas
Se ha tanto
producido endisminución
una niños como en niñas.
estadísticamente significativa en
en la
la prevalencia
prevalencia de de
Se ha producido una disminución estadísticamente significativa
sobrepeso
Por lo tanto,en
sobrepeso niños
parece
en yy niñas
niñosque de
de 66a
la tendencia
niñas 9
9 años.
años. La
a temporal delprevalencias
La exceso de peso
prevalencias de obesidad
de obesidad
en niñas yse se hallan
niños de
hallan
estabilizadas
6 a 9 años tanto
estabilizadas en
en niños
en España
tanto escomo
niños en laen
como niñas.
enactualidad
niñas. decreciente. Esta tendencia deberá
confirmarse
Por con posteriores recogidas de información.
Por lo
lo tanto,
tanto, parece
parece que
que lala tendencia
tendencia temporal
temporal del exceso de
del exceso de peso
peso enen niñas
niñas yy niños
niños dede
6
6 aaprevalencia
La 99 años
años enendeEspaña
sobrepeso
España es
es enenesla actualidad
lasimilar decreciente.
en niños
actualidad Esta tendencia
y niñas, Esta
decreciente. pero tendencia
la deberá
prevalencia de
deberá
confirmarse
obesidad
confirmarse es con
mayor
con posteriores recogidas
recogidas de
en los niños.
posteriores de información.
información.
La
A prevalencia
Lapartir de
de sobrepeso
de los 7 años
prevalencia es
es similar
las prevalencias
sobrepeso en
en niños
niños yyyobesidad
de sobrepeso
similar niñas, pero
niñas, pero la prevalencia
prevalencia de
de
son significativamente
la
obesidad
obesidad es
mayores. es mayor
mayor en
en los
los niños.
niños.
AA partir
partir de
de los
los 7
7 años
años las
las prevalencias
prevalencias de
de sobrepeso
sobrepeso yy obesidad
obesidad son
son significativamente
significativamente
mayores.
mayores.
Neurobiologa
Muchos de estos problemas no existían hace 30
años, o eran muy esporádicos.
¿Que ha cambiado?
✓El entorno
✓La dieta del mundo occidental
✓Fármacos disponibles

Neurobiologa
“Todos los problemas,
empiezan en las tripas”
Hipocrates

Neurobiologa
Funciones de la Microbiota
Protección, integridad y salud digestiva

Digestión y absorción de comida y nutrientes
Producción de vitaminas, hormonas y NT
Regulación del apetito
Estado de animo y comportamiento
“El cuerpo humano es un ecosistema”

Natasha Campbell McBrige

Neurobiologa
Microbiota intestinal
Evolución a lo largo de la infancia

Feto: Esteril
Parto: Natural & Cesarea
Lactancia: Materna & Artificial
Consumo de Antibioticos
Dieta
Deposiciones
Función inmunoprotectora

Neurobiologa
Sistema de defensa de barrera
Microbiota Disbiosis
sana intestinal

Neurobiologa
¿Que puede dañar la Microbiota?
✓Lactancia artificial ✓Tóxicos
✓Uso de antibioticos ✓Infecciones de repetición
✓Otros fármacos ✓Radiación
✓Dieta pobre ✓Contaminación
✓Edad ✓Consumo de tóxicos
Y que mas.....?

Neurobiologa
Revistas Noticias SciLogs Materias Boletines Catálogo Suscripciones Premios Nob
Todos los números Último número Suscripción
Mente y Cerebro Noviembre/Diciembre 2012 Nº 57 Últimos
NEUROCIENCIA
Desde el centro del cuerpo

El tubo digestivo contribuye al estado de ánimo gracias a la red nerviosa
intestinal y a sus numerosas comunicaciones con el cerebro. La psicoterapia
aprovecha esa vía para combatir las enfermedades digestivas.
Contenido
Moser, Gabriele
Twittear Menear Compartir Algunos a

Psiquiatr
¿Sacudid
Cientos de millones de neuronas regulan la actividad intestinal Conciliar
de nuestro cuerpo. En su conjunto forman el cerebro Absortos
Conversa
abdominal o, en jerga científica, el sistema nervioso entérico Ataque d
(SNE). Se trata de la colección más grande de neuronas fuera
Dra. del
Mariasistema nervioso central: incluso superan en número a las
J. López Juez
Neurobiologa
células nerviosas de la médula espinal. En función de la
necesidad, ejecutan el programa requerido (por ejemplo, la
¿Qué comer?
Macronutrientes & Micronutrientes
✓ Macronutrientes:
Hidratos de carbono
Proteínas
Grasas
✓ Micronutrientes:
Vitaminas
Minerales
✓ Agua
✓ Fibra

Neurobiologa
Alimentación & Nutrición
Implica los procesos de:
!Ingestión
!Digestión
!Absorción
!Transporte
!Transformación de los alimentos.

Neurobiologa
Alimentación = Nutrición
Desequilibrio Alteración digestiva:

de nutrientes Diarrea
(DHA, Zn,Fe) Estreñimiento
Intestino permeable
Alergias
Alimentos
alimentarias
refinados
Intolerancias Interacción con

Flora
alimentarias fármacos
intestinal

Neurobiologa
S.N.C. Constituido por:
78% de Agua
14% de Grasa
8% de Proteina
Consumo de energia:
SNC: constituye 2% en peso del organismo
Consume: 20% de la energia
1/5 del Oxigeno que llega a nuestro organismo

Neurobiologa
¿Que necesita el cerebro?
Vitaminas
Omega 3
Minerales
Nutrientes
Aminoácidos
Antioxidantes

Neurobiologa
Valenzuela, A. 2008).
Acidos grasos omega-3 DHA
Fuente: Arterburn, L., Bailey, E. and Oken, H.
Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of n 3 fatty acids in humans.
Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83(suppl):1467S–76S.
Figura 3.5: Concentración de DHA en los tejidos de adultos de Estados Unid

Australia y Europa. Se puede observar que la mayor concentrac
Neurobiologa
se encuentra en la corteza cerebral y la retina.
Neuropharmacology 64 (2013) 550e565
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Neuropharmacology
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neuropharm
Invited review
Cognitive enhancement by omega-3 fatty acids from child-hood to old age:

Findings from animal and clinical studies
Dirk W. Luchtman a, Cai Song b, c, *
a
Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
b
Chinese Academy Engineer Institute for the Development of Endangered Medicinal Resource in Southwest of China, Guangxi Botanic Garden of Medicinal Plants,
189 Changgang Road, Nanning 530023, China
c
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Life Science Building, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 08/03/2013. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
An Pediatr (Barc). 2010;73(3):142.e1–142.e8
Article history: Omega-(n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosa-
Received 1 April 2012 pentaenoic acid (EPA) are major components of neuronal membranes and have a wide range of functions,
Received in revised form from modulating synaptic plasticity and neurochemistry, to neuroimmune-modulation and neuro-
6 July 2012
protection. Thus, it is not surprising that n-3 PUFA are widely acknowledged to have cognitive-enhancing
Accepted 8 July 2012
effects. Although clinical evidence is somewhat conflicting, probably in large part due to methodological
issues, animal studies have consistently demonstrated that n-3 PUFA are indispensable for proper brain
Keywords:
development, may enhance cognitive function in healthy, adult individuals and attenuate cognitive
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Docosahexaenoic acid
impairment in aging and age-related disorders, such as dementia. This review discusses and integrates
Eicosapentaenoic acid up to date evidence from clinical and animal studies investigating the cognitive-enhancing effects of n-3
Cognition PUFA during development, child- and adult-hood, as well as old-age with associated neurodegenerative
Development
www.elsevier.es/anpediatr
diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, we cover the major underlying biochemical and
Dementia neurophysiological mechanisms by which n-3 PUFA mediate these effects on cognition.
This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Cognitive Enhancers’.
! 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ASOCIACIÓN ESPAÑOLA DE PEDIATRÍA
Importancia del ácido docosahexaenoico

1. Introduction
(DHA): funciones
lipids in brain function is still incompletely understood. One aspect
y recomendaciones
The global para suofPUFA
health burden of human mental and neurological ingesta en lasupported infancia
brain function that has been extensively studied in relation to n-3
is cognition. Although by somewhat conflicting
disorders has surpassed that of both cardiovascular disease and clinical evidence, it is thought that deficiency of n-3 PUFA has
cancer (Collins et al., 2011). At the same time, the availability of detrimental effects on cognitive brain development, while
M. Gil-Campos, J. Dalmau Serra! y Comité de Nutrición de la Asociación Española de
omega-(n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the Western
diet has dramatically decreased during the last several decades
conversely, the dietary supplementation of n-3 PUFA may be
beneficial (Karr et al., 2011). Furthermore, evidence from clinical
~
Pediatrı́a
(Bazan et al., 2011). Increasing evidence has linked deficiency in and animal studies suggests that n-3 PUFA may have therapeutic
dietary intake of n-3 PUFAs to the burden of human mental and value for cognitive impairment associated with normal aging and
neurological disorders (Zhang et al., 2011) but the role of these neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
Recibido el 7 de marzo de 2010; aceptado el 8 de marzo de 2010et al., 2011; Karr et al., 2011). With the increasing age of
(Zhang
Western population and rise of neurodegenerative disorders, there
Dra. Maria J. LópezDisponible
Juez en Internet el 8 de junio de 2010
is an urgent need for effective, mild therapy to prevent, delay or
Neurobiologa Abbreviations: PUFAs, Polyunsaturated fatty acids; n-3, omega-3; n-6, omega-6;
cure these disorders. Thus, it is timely, to determine whether the
LA, C18:2, n-6: linoleic-acid; AA, C20:4, n-6: arachidonic acid; DPA, C22:5, n-6:
Docosapentaenoic acid; ALA, C18:3, n-3: Alpha-linolenic acid; EPA, C20:5, n3: claimed benefits of otherwise safe and side-effect free n-3 PUFA can
Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation increases prefrontal cortex activation during sustained attention in
healthy boys: a placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Robert K
McNamara et all Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:1060–7. Printed in USA. ! 2010 American Society for Nutrition
1064 MCNAMARA ET AL
TABLE 2 TABLE 3
Performance measures on the identical-pairs continuous performance task1 Regions exhibiting differential activation during sustained attention1
400 mg 1200 mg P P Talairach
Placebo DHA/d DHA/d value2 value3 coordinates Cluster
extent
Baseline Brain region (Brodmann’s area) x y z (voxels)
ON BRAIN ACTIVATION Percentage correct 0.8 6 0.2 0.8 61063
0.2 0.9 6 0.1 0.17 —
Discriminability 0.9 6 0.0 0.9 6 0.0 0.9 6 0.0 0.18 — mm
Commission errors 2.1 6 1.7 1.4 6 1.3 1.7 6 1.6 0.61 — Placebo versus low dose
Reaction time (ms) 692 6 83 652 6 50 655 6 48 0.29 — DHA . placebo
Endpoint Right inferior frontal gyrus (BA9) 44 23 26 445
Percentage correct 0.8 6 0.1 0.8 6 0.1 0.8 6 0.1 0.71 0.68 Right precentral gyrus (BA6) 36 210 30
Discriminability 0.9 6 0.0 0.9 6 0.0 0.9 6 0.0 0.73 0.18 Placebo . DHA
e2 Commission errors 2.3 6 1.7 2.6 6 1.7 2.1 6 2.1 0.81 0.64 Right occipital lobe, lingual gyrus (BA17) 14 287 3 275
Reaction time (ms) 695 6 94 641 6 59 652 6 39 0.18 0.64 22 289 22
2 1 Left occipital lobe, lingual gyrus (BA17) 28 290 24
All values are means 6 SDs. DHA, docosahexaenoic acid.
2
One-factor ANOVA.
Placebo versus high dose
3
Two-factor ANOVA (treatment phase · dose interaction).
DHA . placebo
Left superior frontal gyrus (BA9) 220 48 36 288
226 44 29
6 percentage correct, commission errors, discriminability, or re- Placebo . DHA
4 action time. The time · dose interaction was not significant for Right cerebellum, posterior lobe 8 281 221 382
percentage correct, commission errors, discriminability, or re- Left cerebellum, posterior lobe 28 283 223
6 210 282 235
action time. Among all subjects (n = 33), erythrocyte DHA
0 composition was inversely correlated with reaction time at Low dose versus high dose
4 High . low
baseline (r = 20.43, P = 0.01) and endpoint (r = 20.41, P =
Left parietal lobe (BA43) 261 29 17 358
2 0.02), but was not correlated with other performance measures. Left temporal lobe (BA42) 259 29 10
251 221 1
3 Right occipital lobe (BA30) 26 271 9 278
6 fMRI Right posterior cingulate (BA31) 26 261 14
Right cerebellum, posterior lobe 8 277 220 1091
Between baseline and endpoint, the subjects treated with low- 30 263 220
est dose DHA had greater increases in activation of the right DLPFC Left cerebellum, posterior lobe 222 269 220
(BA9) and precentral gyrus (BA6) and greater decreases in ac- 1
DHA, docosahexaenoic acid. Only comparisons that were significant
tivation of bilateral occipital cortex (BA17) relative to the pla-
at P , 0.05 (corrected) are included in the table. Larger voxel clusters
cebo group (Table 3, Figure 2). No additional regions were required more than one set of coordinates.
identified as having greater increases in activation based on a
less-stringent voxel-extent threshold (T ! 100), whereas greater
ee Dra. Maria J. López Juez decreases in activation were observed in the left para- and cingulate gyrus (BA23,24), and there were no significant
Neurobiologa hippocampal gyrus (BA35,36, T140), right temporal lobe negative correlations.
ne (BA20, T137), and right cerebellum (anterior lobe, T176). Be-
nt
Dietas para niños ¿Qué incluir?
✓Frutas, verduras, hortalizas.

✓Legumbres
✓Grasas saludables: Aceite de oliva
✓Hidratos de carbono complejos
✓Proteinas animales variadas

Neurobiologa
¿Que no necesita el cerebro?
Toxicos Metales
pesados
Colorantes
Excitantes
Conservantes
Drogas

Neurobiologa
Hidratos de Carbono
✓Cereales
✓Legumbres
✓Frutas
✓Verduras
✓Dulces
Diariamente el cerebro quema 120 gramos de glucosa

Neurobiologa
¿Refinados ó Complejos?

Neurobiologa
Efectos de la glicemia en SNC
“Glicemia estable, mente agil”

Neurobiologa
Dietas para niños ¿Qué eliminar?
✓Azúcar blanco refinado, dulces, gominolas.

✓Grasas saturadas
✓Colorantes y conservantes artificiales
✓Excitantes del S.N.C.
Cafeína
Teobromina
Teína

Neurobiologa
Test de intolerancias alimenticias:
Bioescreening
✓Fácil de realizar - Mechón de pelo

✓Diseño de dietas individualizadas
✓Influencia en sistema digestivo
✓Influencia en sistema respiratorio
✓Influencia en la piel
✓Influencia en funcionamiento del S.N.C.

Neurobiologa
GARCIA OYARZABAL ENEKO Fecha: 03-10-2017
Micronutrientes
minerales, aminoacidos que no son bien asimilados
Del Bioscreening® resulta que Ud. no asimila correctamente algunos
e algunas vitaminas; resulta tambièn una
intolerancia hacia ciertos alimentos,colorantes, conservantes,
productos de sintesis y metales toxicos.
MINERALS 0-19 20-39 40-59 60-79 80-100

MAGNESIO 86
VITAMINAS 0-19 20-39 40-59 60-79 80-100

PABA (ACIDO PARA AMINO-BENZOICO) 38
VITAMINA B 6 (PIRIDOXINA) 64
VITAMINA C 2 (VITAMINA P) 64
VITAMINA F 40
ENZIMI 0-19 20-39 40-59 60-79 80-100

ALCOHOL DESHIDROGENASA 68
LACTASA 86
Del Bioscreening® resulta una intolerancia hacia ciertos alimentos,

colorantes, conservantes, productos de sintesis y metales toxicos.
Neurobiologa
ENZIMI 0-19 20-39 40-59 60-79 80-100
ALCOHOL DESHIDROGENASA 68
LACTASA 86
Intolerancias
Del Bioscreening®aresulta
alimentos
una intolerancia hacia ciertos alimentos,
colorantes, conservantes, productos de sintesis y metales toxicos.
ALIMENTOS 0-19 20-39 40-59 60-79 80-100

CAFÉ 88
CECINA DE VACA 60
CHAMPIÑONES 48
CREMA DE LECHE DE VACA 81.7
EMBUTIDO DE CERDO 59.2
HARINA DE LECHE DE VACA 72
KEFIR 64
LECHE DE VACA 74.8
LECHE DE VACA EN POLVO 20
LECHUGA 64
LEVADURA DE CERVEZA 92
MANTECA DE NUEZ 16
GARCIA OYARZABAL ENEKO Fecha: 03-10-2017
MANTEQUILLA DE LECHE DE VACA 44
MELÓN 24
NATA DE LECHE DE VACA 60
PROPÓLEO 30
3 / 25
QUESO CURADO DE VACA 76
QUESO DE BÚFALA 94
QUESO FRESCO DE VACA 85.2
YOGURT 52
SINTESIS 0-19 20-39 40-59 60-79 80-100

Neurobiologa ANHÍDRIDO SULFUROSO (E 220) 71.6
CLADOSPORIUM 68
PROPÓLEO 30
QUESO CURADO DE VACA 76
QUESO DE BÚFALA 94
Marcadores de disbiosis
QUESO FRESCO DE VACA
intestinal 85.2
YOGURT 52
SINTESIS 0-19 20-39 40-59 60-79 80-100

ANHÍDRIDO SULFUROSO (E 220) 71.6
CLADOSPORIUM 68
ESCATOL 69.2
FENOL 44
METALES TOXICOS 0-19 20-39 40-59 60-79 80-100

Resultados:PLOMO 45
✓Diseño de la dieta
✓Suplementos individualizados

Neurobiologa
Conclusiones
1. Cuidar la nutrición del niño

2. Microbiota
3. Reducción de azúcar
4. Suplementos nutricionales

Neurobiologa
Bibliografia

Neurobiologa
Muchas gracias por su atención!
www.neocortex.es

Neurobiologa

Neuronutrición Sep 2018

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TROBADA DE PROFESSIONALS

SANITARIS, MESTRES I PROFESSORS

Dra. Maria J. López Juez

“Por muchas nueces que comamos, no nos convertiremos en Einstein.

Dra. Maria J. López Juez

Brain foods: the effects of nutrients on brain function

Early life nutrition and neural plasticity

Katya E Brunette, PhD [Post-Doctoral Fellow], and

Phu V Tran, PhD [Assistant Professor of Pediatrics]

Autism and nutrition: the role of the gut– brain axis

Marijke M. H. van De Sande, Vincent J. van Buul and Fred J. P. H. Brouns*

Cortex: Cognición & Comportamiento

Sistema Nervioso Autónomo http://www.brainhq.com/media-gallery/detail/161/77

Cómo se influyen mutuamente

Dra. Maria J. López Juez

✓Alergias, asma, obesidad, etc

Dra. Maria J. López Juez

Role of docosahexaenoic acid in maternal and child mental health1–4

Mental health problems in women

Downloaded from ajcn.nutrition.org by guest on April 18, 2013

Downloaded from ajcn.nutrition.org by g

Important findings from this study include:

• More than 1 in 10 (11%) US school-aged children had received an ADHD diagnosis by a

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY

Open Access Protocol

Prevalence of obesity in attention-

To cite: Cortese S, Moreira ABSTRACT Review

Dra. Maria J. López Juez

Dra. Maria J. López Juez

Dra. Maria J. López Juez

Dra. Maria J. López Juez

Protección, integridad y salud digestiva

“El cuerpo humano es un ecosistema”

Dra. Maria J. López Juez

Evolución a lo largo de la infancia

Dra. Maria J. López Juez

Dra. Maria J. López Juez

✓Lactancia artificial ✓Tóxicos

✓Uso de antibioticos ✓Infecciones de repetición

✓Otros fármacos ✓Radiación

✓Dieta pobre ✓Contaminación

✓Edad ✓Consumo de tóxicos

Dra. Maria J. López Juez

Todos los números Último número Suscripción

Mente y Cerebro Noviembre/Diciembre 2012 Nº 57 Últimos

Desde el centro del cuerpo

Twittear Menear Compartir Algunos a

Macronutrientes & Micronutrientes

Dra. Maria J. López Juez

Implica los procesos de:

Dra. Maria J. López Juez

Desequilibrio Alteración digestiva:

Intolerancias Interacción con

Dra. Maria J. López Juez

Dra. Maria J. López Juez

Dra. Maria J. López Juez

Fuente: Arterburn, L., Bailey, E. and Oken, H.

Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of n 3 fatty acids in humans.

Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83(suppl):1467S–76S.

Figura 3.5: Concentración de DHA en los tejidos de adultos de Estados Unid

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Cognitive enhancement by omega-3 fatty acids from child-hood to old age:

ASOCIACIÓN ESPAÑOLA DE PEDIATRÍA