Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1950
Recommended Citation
Herrick, John B. (1950) "Artificial Insemination Of Swine," Iowa State University Veterinarian: Vol. 12 : Iss. 1 , Article 4.
Available at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/iowastate_veterinarian/vol12/iss1/4
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Artificial Insemination
Of Swine
John B. Herrick, D.V.M.
Research Ass't Prof. of Dairy Husbandry
Iowa State College
(Editor's Note: Due to the comprehensive work has been reported on this subject
nature of Dr. Herrick's paper on this subject, in the past eight years.
it has been necessary to divide the article and
publish it in two issues.) I. SWINE SEMEN STUDIES
T HEablepast ten years have seen remark·
interest in the application of arti-
A knowledge of the characteristics and
composition of swine semen, as well as
ficial techniques to the breeding of dairy the morphology and viability of boar
cattle in this country. The most exten- spermatozoa, is basic to the development
sive and refined research as well as the of good insemination technique. The fol-
most practical appeal to the farmer- lowing description is taken from Mc-
breeder is centered on this class of live- Kenzie et al, 1938 and observations of the
stock. By contrast, the artifical insemina- author.
tion of swine is still in the experimental The semen of normal boars is greyish
stage. The question, that arises at the to milky white in color, depending on
present time is the difference in popu- the concentration of spermatozoa; the
larity between these two classes of live- higher the sperm concentration the higher
stock with regard to artificial insemina- the semen count. Fresh semen has no
tion. odor unless contaminated with urine or
A review of the literature reveals sev- the contents of the preputial diverticulum.
eral facts of general interest. By far the This diverticulum contains decomposing
greatest contribution to our knowledge urine and cellular debris, which has a
of the semen and reproductive organs of disagreeable odor and is responsible for
the boar has been made by Fred F. the disagreeable odor to the boar. About
McKenzie and his associates at the Miss- 60-75 percent of the whole semen is
ouri Agricultural Experiment Station. liquid and slightly viscous, with a specific
Russian investigators, particularly Milo- gravity of 1.01 to 1.02. In addition to the
vanov, Rodin, Pays eva and Hudjahov, liquid portion, normal whole semen con-
have studied diluents for boar semen tains lumps of gelatin-like material re-
and developed apparatus to facilitate sembling tapioca. In freshly ejaculated
semen collection and sow insemination. semen this material appears as chains of
A Philippine investigator, Rodol£o, had platelets, 3-5 mm. in diameter, with their
made interesting observations on the flat surfaces attached, but the gelatinous
natural breeding habits of the boar. The bodies absorb liquid on standing, become
most comprehensive summary of the per- greatly enlarged and settle down to the
tinent recent data has been compiled by bottom in a solid mass of jelly-like
James Anderson in a Scotland publica- material. After cooling for 24 hours or
tion. Most of the published material deals more, they may take up the bulk of the
with research conducted between 1935- liquid portion of the semen and com-
1940. It may be asumed that very little prise 50-75 percent of the total weight.
Winter, 1950 19
The author reports collecting 480 cc. to rather sudden changes in fertility, and
of semen from a mature boar taking ap- further study is necessary before definite
proximately 20 minutes to collect the limits to the numbers and types of ab-
sample. The average amount of ejacu- normal forms in normal semen can be
late from a boar weighing 250 to 300 established.
pounds is from 150 to 200 cc. The frequency of semen collection or
The number of spermatozoa per cmm. natural service is also correlated with
ranges from 25 thousand to 1 million, the fertility. McKenzie et al (1938) found
most common concentration being 100 frequency of ejaculation to be an im-
thousand. Milovanov (1936) found an portant factor affecting volume of semen,
average sperm concentration of 305 thou- sperm numbers, sperm morphology and
sand per cmm. in eight collections from duration of sperm motility. His recom-
three boars. mendations on the breeding interval of
There is no correlation between volume boars are based on these findings.
and number of spermatozoa per ejacu-
Accessory Sex Gland Secretion
late, as both are subject to wide vari-
ation. According to Rodolfo (1934) the It has been noted that the boar ejacu-
average number of spermatozoa per lates a larger volume of semen than any
ejaculate for a number of boars was 7.83 x other farm animal. Most of this material
1010. However, the range reported by consists of secretions from the accessory
McKenzie et al (1938) was from .27 to sex glands, particularly the bulboureth-
more than 30 x 10 10 spermatozoa per ral gland. The range in percent composi-
ejaculate and Milovanov's data averaged tion of semen contributed by these glands
8.5 x 1010. as reported by McKenzie has been pre-
sented.
Sperm l\'Iorpohology and Its Relation to An interesting experiment was car-
B9ar Fertility ried out by this investigator (1936), in
Rodolofo (1935) described three types which certain of the accessory ograns
of boar spermatozoa. Type I has no pro- were removed surgically from some of
toplasmic drop; in Type II the drop is the boars and semen collections made 6-
located on the neck, and in Type III to- 8 months thereafter. Some boars were
wards the middle of the tail. He believes deprived of seminal vesicles, others of
that these types represent stages in seminal vesicles and Cowper's glands,
development. All sperm in the proximal and one individual bilaterally vasectomi-
end of the epididymis belong to Type II zed, two-thirds of his prostate removed,
and are non-motile; subsequently they are and all of his seminal vescles removed.
transformed to Type III and finally to None of these operations seemed to affect
Type I, which is predominant in the libido nor materially reduce fertility
semen. except in the case of the vasectomized
Phillips (1935) found that the number boar. This animal produced no sperm but
of abnormal forms in the spermatozoa evidenced normal libido. Voluminous
of boar semen correlated with the de- quantities of semen were obtained from
gree of fertility of the boar. Semen con- boars without either seminal vesicles or
taining spermatozoa with from 62-104 Cowper's glands, apparently more than
abnormalities per 1,000 sired litters con- could be accounted for under the cir-
sistently large in number and of strong cumstances.
vitality. Boars producing semen contain- A synopsis of observations on accessory
ing abnormal spermatozoa in the ratio gland secretions in normal boars as re-
of 146-501 per 1,000 sired small litters ported by McKenzie et al (1936) is pre-
containing mummies or weak pigs. The sented in Table I.
abnormalities that seem most indicative The pH range of semen may be com-
of affected fertility were appreciable num- pared with that of later investigators.
bers of small heads, tapering heads, and Wishart (1944) gives it as 6.8-7 x.2 and
enlarged middle pieces. Observations in Anderson (1945) as 7.3-7.9. This latter
practice indicate that the boar is subject source states that in fractionated collect-
20 Iowa State College Veterinarian
EJACULATED SEMEN SEMINAL VESICLES COWPER'S GLANDS EPIDIDYMIS
ions of semen the pre-sperm fractions us- forcing the sperm to the exterior.
ually have the highest pH (8.4-9.0), prob- According to Rodolfo (1934), sexual
ably due to contamination with urine. attraction appears to play a very little
High sperm-containing fractions have a part in the mating behavior of the boar.
pH intermediate between the other two. He is readily stimulated to attempt mat-
Practical Implications of Semen Studies ing by the presence of a dummy sow.
and Observations of Boar Matings The only other stimuli necessary are
The initial part of the ejaculate prob- warmth and a gentle pulsating pressure.
ably serves the double purpose of He states that the following adaptions
cleansing the urethra of urine and debris, ensure that fertilization will take place:
and acting as a lubricant to facilitate the the ejaculation of the semen directly into
entrance of the penis into the female the cervix by means of the left-hand
tract. In normal coitus, this material is corkscrew-shape gland, the large vol-
usually discharged before the penis ume of semen, and the presence of the
enters the vulva. The chief function of vaginal plug which prevents an outward
the great volume of fluid ejaculated with flow of the semen.
and immediately following the sperm Further data on sensory stimulation
fraction is apparently to wash the sperm of the boar's penis is reported by Rodin,
cells into the uterus. The cervix of the I. I. (1940). Tests were conducted with
sow does not evaginate; the length of ten boars, using an artificial vagina com-
the vaginal and cervical tract combined posed of five short sections in which tem-
is no greater than the depth to which the perature and pressure could be varied
penis enters; ejaculation proper does not independently. Ejaculation occurred
begin until the penis is inserted to its only when both the head of the penis
greatest depth; hence there seems to be and the portion 30-35 cm. distant from
little doubt that the boar normally de- the head were subjected to the usual
posits his semen directly into the cervix. temperature (40-42°C.) and pressure
The presence of materials from the stimuli; stimuli along the whole length
seminal vesicles and Cowper's glands in of the penis were not necessary. The
the post-sperm fraction and the capacity semen obtained in this way did not dif-
of such substances for forming a rub- fer in quantity or quality from that ob-
bery, gelatinous mass, indicate that they tained without any artificial vagina by
may serve to seal the cervix, thus pre- interrupting natural service after 1% to
venting an outflow of semen. This vaginal 2 minutes, applying pressure manually
plug, however, is not essential to com- to the two sensitive areas, and allowing
plete fertilization of all eggs. ejaculation to be completed directly into
Another function of the large volume a glass jar.
of seminal fluid is to give bulk to the McKenzie (1938) states that the large
ejaculate, rendering the peristaltic con- volume of semen, the extremely large
tractions of the urethra more effective in number of sperm per ejaculate, the rela-
Winter, 1950 2J
tively long time required for ejaculation, lated sperm; also, the motility of the
and the chemical composition of his epididymal sperm was less than that of
semen give some indication of the heavy the ejaculated sperm. Upon subjecting
drain on· the protein, mineral and energy the spermatozoa to cold shock (O°C for
supply of the boar during excessive sex- 10 minutes), 65 percent of the epididymal
ual activity. Observations on the effects sperm were still alive but only 12.5 per-
of frequent ejaculation indicate that cent of those in the ejaculate were living.
yearling boars should not be used more This evidence indicates that the re-
often than once in 24 hours, and that sistance of spermatozoa to cold shock
best results might be expected at 48- varies with the place in the reproductive
hour intervals if the breeding season is tract from which they are obtained.
to extend over a period of two weeks or Spermatozoa from the head of the epididy-
more. According to Rodolfo (1934), a mis are very resistant and survive dur-
boar should not be mated at all before ing storage for long periods, but their
14 months of age and not used inten- resistance and survival capacity decreases
sively before 2 years old. Hog pro- as the distance of their location from the
ducers in the combelt will heartily dis- testis increases, until spermatozoa in the
agree with this statement; the average ejaculate have practically no resistance
boar in this country is put into service or storage capacity. It is suggested that
when he is eight months of age. One mat- reduction in these respects are morpho-
ing per day is sufficient and there should logical rather than environmental.
be an interval of rest following two days Effect of Diluents and Buffers
of service. on Boar Semen Storage
As noted previously, evidence is at
hand indicating that the fertility of a Milovanov (1936) investigated the ef-
boar may be determined roughly by a fect of protective colloids on sperm and
microscopic examination of his semen. reported them in the following ascend-
More work along this line is needed be- ing order of protective effect: (1) gum,
(2) gelatin, (3) .egg albumin, (4) alka-
fore it can be used routinely as a diagnos-
tic measure. Milovanov (1936) concludes line egg albumin, (5) alkaline alubumin
that normal fertile boars may have up to from meat or blood serum and (6)
30 percent abnormal forms of sperm- mucin from boar semen. Mucin was the
atozoa, and this agrees with the findings most effective and it is considered that
of Phillips (1935) who found 20-25 per one of the functions of mucin in the
oestrus secretions of the female consists
cent abnormality in the spermatozoa of
in preventing agglutination of sperm,
boars which sired unsatisfactory litters.
The high acid-combining power of mucin
II. SWINE SEMEN STORAGE may be partly responsible for increased
Lasley and Bogart (1944) studied survival in the female genitalia.
some factors affecting the resistance of Semen has been successfully stored by
ejaculated and epididymal spermatozoa removing the gelatinous lumps (either
of the boar to different environmental by straining the semen through cheese-
conditions. Semen was collected from 20 cloth or with a glass rod in a porcelain
boars with an artifical vagina and im- dish) and then adding an equal volume
mediately afterwards each boar was cas- of Milovanov's diluent. This modified
trated and the sperm washed out of the tartrate diluent was evolved in 1939 and
epididymis with phosphate buffer. After designated TGH-6:
16 days storage out of contact with air, Anhydrous glucose 6.85 gms.
51.2 percent of the epididymal sperm Potassium sodium tartrate .15 gms.
but only 9.6 per cent in the ejaculate Tartaric acid .008 gms.
were alive according to the opal-blue- Double-distilled water 100 cc.
rosin staining test. The epididymal sperm According to Anderson (1945), both
exhibited a protoplasmic drop in the sulphate and tartrate diluents are
mid-piece (corroborating Rodlofo's ob- equally good for boar semen. The fol-
servations) which was rare in the ejacu- lowing formuli are recommended:
Winter, 1950 23