INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. MADRAS 600 036 DEC. 27-30 u Load Flow Study of Large Power Systems with Multiple STATCOMs Annapurna Bhargava Absiract= In this paper a two-step load flow algorithm is proposed for obtaining load flow solutions for large power systems with multiple STATCOMs. STATCOMS are modeled as PV buses for load flow study. STATCOM switching losses and step-down transformer loses are accounted for ia ‘the model. Only capacitive mode of STATCOM is considered. ‘The proposed algorithm has been tested for IEEE 30 bus system, IEEE 57 bus system and IEEE 118 bus system, The results show that the proposed algorithm possesses letter ‘convergence characteristics, Key words: FACTS, Load Flow, Power Systems, Steady State ‘Model and STATCOM 1 NOMENCLATURE E:STATCOMeurtent inp 8: PhasealeoSTATCOMeurrentin degree P Activepower0ISTATCOM in pa ‘QReastve power of STATCOM in pu Palace active power at ith bus inp ulnjected reactive power at ith basin pas ReLeskgeresistance of stepdown eansformerin pat X: Leakage reactance of stepown transfer in pd Vs System bus voltage inp, 6 System bus voltage angle in degree ¥, :STATCOM Capacitode voltage in pa Vine STATCOMie reference voltage ip ‘Vo: STATCOM outpat voltage inp.v 1: Phase angle of STATCOM output voltage in degree «a Phas diflerence benween V8 Vs indewree (e:Phase difference between VE I in degree ‘Vg: Sysembus reference voltage inp. 2X4. Slope of Vl charectersis of STATCOM. IL INTRODUCTION In recent years, environmental concerns and deregulation of power utilities have delayed the construction of new transmission facilities. Consequently, better utilization of existing transmission capacities is required Mrs.Annapurna Bhargava isa Research Scholar Electrical Engineering Deparment, Indian Insite of Technology, Rooke, India (ermal absckdecicrstin) Dr-B Das i in Elecreal Engineering Department, Indian Isis of ‘Technology, Rootkee, Inia (email: biswateeait eetin ) Dr. Vinay Pant isin Eietiea! Engineering Department nian Istute of Technology, Roorkee India (e-mail ypantkeit.emein ) Biswarup Das Vinay Pant Recently developed power electronic based controllers Ihave been used to meet this requirement. These controllers make the transmission systems more flexible in terms of controlling active/reactive power transfer and the voltage profile of power systems. ‘These powerful devices are known as FACTS- controllers. The potential benefits offered by these controllers include reduced cost of operation and increased reliability / security level for power systems. One such controller is the STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR (STATCOM) [1]. ‘The STATCOM is @ main member of the FACTS. family of power electronic based controllers. It has been studied for many years and probably the most widely used FACTS device in today’s power system. Many papers have discussed its operating principal, static and dynamic models, control theories and applications (2]-{3]. It is a FACTScontroller, based on voltage-sourced converters. ‘This device is shunt connected to a power system and is used for either voltage control or reactive power injection at the point of connection. Few papers address the issue of modeling of STATCOM for load flow calculations [2], [6}-[7]. The STATCOM jis traditionally modeled for power flow analysis as a PV or PQ bus depending on its primary application. The active power is either set to zero (aoglecting the STATCOM losses) or calculated iteratively. It is also reported in literature that in a load flow calculation a STATCOM is typically weated as a shunt reactive power controller assuming that the STATCOM can adjust its injected reactive power to control the voltage magnitude at the STATCOM terminal bbus. This model is essentially a PY bus with the STATCOM’s active power output set to zero [8] Radman et al [9] have presented a procedure for including STATCOM losses in power flow calculation, However, in this method the Jacobian matrix of the system is changed to incorporate STATCOM and losses. Due to ‘changes in main load flow Jacobian the above method may not possess excellent convergence characteristics for large power systems In this paper, assuming that the STATCOM is ‘operating in capacitive mode, a two-step load flow[NATIONAL POWER SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, NPSC 2004 algorithm is proposed for obtaining load flow solutions for large power systems with multiple STATCOM's. The load flow equations and the STATCOM equations are solved separately thus simplifying the computation. This procedure is tested with IEEE 30 bus system, IEEE 7 bus system and IEEE 118 bus system for demonstrating its efficacy, Transmission Line py Transmission Line IAC to DC I v 4 Converter] a PutQy, STATCOM schematic diagram IIL STATCOM MopEL The STATCOM model used is based on the power balance equation. Pa a Which basically represents the balance between the controller's ac power and de power under balanced ‘operation at fundamental frequeney. For the models to be accurate it is important to represent the controller losses, (Po) 16) —o 126 hee Fir ‘ wo Pe | ~ Vg oC) new t « wace Soricie] 3 nem Ta vm oye a " _—_ “A frcgrasde Fig. 2- Model of a STATCOM with PWM voltage control Fig, 2 shows the model of a STATCOM with PWM voltage control [6]. The transformer admittance is (G+ jB)=(R4 IX)" 2 ‘The imaginary part represents the leakage reactance (X) and the real part (R) represents the ohmic losses of the step down transformer and series filter. Whereas, G, =I/R,. is used to model the switching losses of the converter. ky is proportional to the modulation index. m fh » ‘The value of G. parameter is important in the model because it defines de voltage dynamics and directly affects the capacitors charging and discharging time constant [6], IV, STEADY STATE MODEL. ‘The steady state VI characteristics of the STATCOM are. shown in Fig. 3 [6 od, Tag 0 Capacitive Inductive Fig, 3 Steady state V-1 Characteristies of a STATCOM. From the above VI characteristics of a STATCOM, the following equation is obtained: Va +X yl =0 a In equation (4) the positive sign with slope X,, indicates that the device is operated in the capacitive ‘mode. ‘The steady state equations for the PWM controller are as follows [6] Ve Vang © P-V1 Cos(5~8) © PaGeVg 4 RP o OV Sin(5—0) =0 ® O41 B-AY,7BCos(3~a}+4V,,VGSin(5—a)=0 (2) Ko Vong Mang oy = Ky ayINDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. MADRAS 600 036 DEC.2730 Simplification of (6) and (7) gives VICos(6-0)-G.V,.—RP =0 a2) Simplification of (8) and (9) gives VISin(8~0)+¥°B-KV.,VBCos(5—a) +k¥, 'V. PROPOSED ALGORITHM Lsisp i Run the normal load flow without any STATCOM. ii, Determine PQ buses having low voltages. In present study STATCOMS were placed at three ‘buses with lowest voltages in IEEE 30 bus system. Similarly four & seven STATCOMS were placed at low voltage buses in IEEE 57 & IEEE 118 bus system respectively a Fn Fan sean Fig. 4— STATCOM connection with PQ bus ILStep ‘The STATCOMs were placed on the selected buses with low voltages in the system as shown in the Fig. 4, fi, ‘This introduces a new line in the system with reactance Xs, and a PY bus corresponding to STATCOM connection. For the added PV bus set the upper and the lower limit of Q as. per STATCOM limits. iii, Now run load flow again after incorporating the slope characteristics to obtain system bus voltages and phase angles, iv. Solve nonlinear equations (12) and (13) for ‘obtaining the operative values of o and @. For this the procedure is as follows: a Set Voy desired voltage and steady state value of constant Ay. Vay is as per system bus voltage requirement b. Calculate Faenyfrom (10). e.Caleutate Py. from (5). Caleulate I from (4) for slope X., ©, Take initial guess of 36+ 2x 14) 284 (sy 0-245 (as) Use Newton Raphson iterative method to solve (12) and (13) for and 8. v. Caleulate Vs from (11) vi Caleulate Q from 8) vii, Calculate P from (7). VL RESULTS To demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed algorithm for solving multiple STATCOMs, cases IEEE 30 bus, IEEE 57 bus and IEEE 118 bus systems were considered by incoporating 3, 4 and 7 STATCOMs respectively. ‘The proposed algorithum outlined in section \V was followed. The results are shown in the following tables for IEEE 30 bus system after incorporating three STATCOMs at 7", 26" and 36! buses of the system, Table I shows the Load flow solution. Table I shows the calculated values of STATCOM parameters. Assumed parameters are given in APPENDIX, Table III shows system bus voltages with and without STATCOMSs at the buses on which STATCOMS are incorporated and the operative values of ce and @ obtained with Newton Raphsons iterative method for all three STATCOMS. a” shows the phase difference between V andy. and 6° shows the phase difference between V and I in degree {is small for each STATCOM which indicates that in steady state, the output voltage of the STATCOM. slightly lags the system bus voltage V, so that the STATCOM absorbs a small amount of real power feom the system bus to replenish its internal losses and to keep the capacitor voltage constant. 6° is nearly 90 degrees which indicates that the injected current is nearly in {quadrature with the system bus voltage V henee reactive in nature and is leading with respect to system bus voltage because of considered capacitive mode of the STATCOMs, The reactive power exchange of the STATCOM with system bus can be controlled by regulating the amplitude of the STATCOM output voltage?’[NATIONAL POWER SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, NPSC 2004 Table I Load flow solution of IEEE 30 bus system ‘Comparision of Voltage Profile for IEEE 30 Bus System Bano [| V 5 PO i. a Sao [ose 2 Sa5e_[ oaks [0351 2 Rorss | 0004 [0.012 3 3725 —[ 07 | -OAT 14.3656 | 0.942 [0.1457 & Tats] 0 7 z Sas aaa oe 3 iar _[-03 | 0.0396 z aaa a o 0 M0 Tea107 | 005 | 00 beim Tats] 0 OR =15.2524 [0.112] “0.075, [= Without Statcor With Statcom] 15284] 0 OORT 6.1407 | 00s | -0.0T6 Fig. 5 =r6244 —] 0.08 | 00s =is.s463_] 0033-0018 16.1677 [ -0.09) 0.058 ‘Comparision of Voltage Profile for IEEE 57 Bus Testo] 0.03 [0.009 can =Trams_] 0.095 [00 Y T6266] <0 | 0.007 16568 | 0.473] “0.112 160320 o =i6a834 | 005 | OTe =i6.8s66 | 0.087 [0.067 =T6sx0I [0 0 Tria —] 005s 0s 1596850 a [rons] 12.0565 [0 a 29 Torss_| -17.2022 | -0.024 [| -0.009 Bus No. 30 [10091 [18.1083 | -0.106 [0.019 wen eee ae [=== Without Sitcom —— Wh Stator espana Po sr Fis. 6 Borges Lo 00K Table I Comparision of Voltage Profile for IEEE 118 Calculated parameters of IEEE 30 bus system Bus System Bus | Vane | Ve | I V. ol, ?P i 4 Ta aa i 26 [114d [1144 [03 | 1.03 [0308 | 00039, Zoos f M ¥ i 30 [1.123 [1-122 [009 [1.01 [0085 [00019 Poel - o 50 100 150 Table I un Operative parameters of IEEE 30 bus system " === Without Sitcom ——— with Stacom Bas _stareont 6 o eo oe Fig. 7 7 1,006 | 7554 | -13.19 | 8873 | ~0057 26 1.027 | 70.939 | -17.42 | 88.34 | -.0070_ VIL CONCLUSION 30 1009} 66.811 | 18.11 | 84.50 | 0103 ‘A two-stage load flow method for lage power system ‘The voltage profiles of the systems considered are shown in Fig.5, Fig.6 and Fig.7. Voltage profiles show substantial STATCOMS. improvement after incorporation of ‘with multiple STATCOM’s has been proposed. Although the switching losses and conduction losses are small ‘compared to its eapacity in the STATCOM’S mathematical model. The losses have been included in the method by including R (represents the the losses play a significant roleSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. MADRAS 600 036 DEC.27-30 ‘ohmic losses of step down transformer) and G,. (used to ‘model the switching losses of the converter). Convergence characteristics of the proposed algorithm depend on the proper selection of Rand G. In the paper the proposed algorithm has been tested for IEEE 30 bus system, IEEE ‘57 bus system and IEEE 118 bus system for obtaining load flow solution with multiple STATCOMS. The method has shown excellent convergence properties for large systems, REFERENCES [1]. L.Gyugyi and N.G. Hingorani, “Understanding FACTS: Concepts and technology of flexible AC tansmission systems", Willey” John & Sons, Incorporated, New York, 1999, [2]. Claudio A Canizares, “Power flow and transient study models of FACTS controllers for voltage and angle stability studies”, Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, IEEE, Vol. 2, 23-27 Jan, 2000 pp. 1447 — 1454 [3]. Liu Wenhua, Liang Xt, Lin Feng, Luo Chenglian, Gao Hang, | “Development of 20MVA._ static synchronous compensator”, Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, IEEE, Vol. 4, 23-27 Jan. 2000, pp. 2648-2653, [4 Kalyan K. Sen, “STATCOM-STATic synchronous COMpensator: Theory, Modeling and Applications”, Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, IBEE, Vol. 2, 31 Jan-4 Feb 1999, pp. 177-1183, 3s [5]. Edvina Uzunovie, Claudio A. Canizares, John Reeve, Fundamental frequency model of static synchronous compensator", North American Power Symposium (NAPS), Laramic, Wyoming, October 1997. pp. 49-54 [6]. Claudio A. Canizares, Massimo Pozzi, Sandro Corsi, Edvina Uzunovie, “STATCOM modeling for voltage and angle stability studies", Intemational Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Vol. 44, Issue 6, November 2008, pp. 421-422 [7]. Zhiping Yang, ‘Chen Shen, Mariesa L. Crow, Ling Zhang, “An improved STATCOM model for power flow analysis", Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, IEEE, Vol. 2, 16-20 July 2000, pp. 1121- 1126, {8}. Gotham, D.et al, “Power flow control and power flow studies for systems with FACTS devices", IEEE Trans fon power systems, Vol. 13, No.1, February 1998, pp. 60.66, {9}. G. Radman, J Shultz, “A new method to account for STATCOM losses in power flow analysis", Proceedings of the 35” Southeastem Symposium on system Theory, 16-18 March 2008, pp. 477-481 APPENDIX STATCOM parameters: G0. 0091, R=0, 000003, X=0. 11504, Rated MVAR=+100 MVAR