1.

Definition of Culture Shock

Living abroad might be an exhilarating experience that encourages
new global views, increases cultural curiosity and supports a willingness to explore unusual terrains.
However, it can additionally invite a feel of feeling a little lost inside the world.Culture shock is
a common phenomenon and, though it can take months to develop, it often affects vacationers and
people residing far from home in surprising ways.Culture shock is more than just being unfamiliar wi
th social norms or experiencing new foods and it tends to impact tourists even after they’ve emerge
as familiar with and comfortable in new cultures.

The term “culture shock” also has been described in similar approaches by a

few scholars within the field. Levine and Adelman (1993), for instance, define culture shock as
the response that an individual may also have in a new country, the person might
also sense burdened and disoriented, and each issue of life may be difficult. In the same vein,
Guanipa (1998) states that Culture shock is a time period which describes the tension produced
when someone moves to acompletely new environment. This term expresses the dearth of
direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do matters in a brand new environment,
and not knowing what is appropriate and inappropriate.

Milton (2005) states that culture shocks appear in a new environment.

The most excessive and costly cases of subculture shocks occur to individuals who stay outside of
their native united states for an extended time period which
include international students.Studying distant places and delving into the unknown society
indeed may be a daunting venture for international students since a lot of them enjoy culture shocks
while adjusting to a new way of life.

Lombard (2014) states that culture shock is a well-known term used

to outline the initial studies of immersion in an unfamiliar culture. It was first used by the
anthropologist Kalervo Oberg in 1954 and was described as “the tension which results
from losing all acquainted signs and symptoms and symbol of social inter course”. In recent years,
researchers have proposed greater findings on cultural shock.

They would possibly face culture shocks in educational and non-academic settings, which is

probably confusing and challenging. In educational settings, the problems can be in terms of
language and study: the different atmosphere of an foreign places university, exclusive attitudes
of lecturers and college students towards observe and research, and the need to alter their old 
examine  behavior to a new manner of working. In non-academic settings, the problems may
be in terms of food, seasons,accommodations, homesickness, loneliness, and relationship with
others in which the lifesystems are very distinct.

2. Stage of Culture Shock

The stages of cultural shock and its resolution have been differentiated in a various ways.
Ferraro (1990) typically emphasizing four phases or stages of culture shock.
a.The honeymoon or tourist phase
 The first phase is the typical experience of people who enter other cultures for honeymoons,
vacations, or brief business trips. It is characterized by interest,excitement, euphoria, sleeplessness.
Positive expectations and idealizations about the new subculture. The differences are exciting and
interesting. Although there can be anxiety and stress. These have a tendency to be interpreted
positively.

b.The crises or cultural shock phase

The crises phase may emerge immediately upon arrival or be delayed but usually emerges
within a few weeks to a month. It may additionally begin with a full-blown crisis or as a series of
escalating troubles,negative experiences, and reactions.

c.The adjustment, reorientation, and gradual recovery phase

The third phase is concerned with learning how to adjust effectively to the new cultural
environment. Resolution of cultural shock lies in learning how to make an acceptable adaptation to
the new culture. A variety of adjustments will be achieved during cyclical and individually unique
adjustment phases. There may be an adjustment without adaptation. Such as flight or isolation.
Many people who go to foreign countries do not adjust to achieve effective adaptation, instead they
opt to return home during the crises phase.

d.The adaptation, resolution, or acculturation phase

The fourth level is executed as one develops solid variations in being a hit at
resolving troubles and handling the brand new tradition. There are many one of a
kind adaptation options, particularly given diverse individual characteristics and goals.
Although complete assimilation is difficult if not impossible, one will acculturate and
might undergo massive personal change through cultural adaptation and improvement of a
bicultural identity.

3. Causes of Culture Shock

Culture shock is seen as uncertainty that causes people to suffer anxiety , depression and
isolation (Winkelman,1994). It is a not unusual psychological response to an unfamiliar way of
life which in severe cases can be characterized with the aid of depressed or paranoid behavior.
Studies show many elements influence culture shock which
includes individual personal characteristics, demographic factors and organizational support.
Personality developments consisting of cultural flexibility, ethnocentricity, stress reaction,
interpersonal and relational capabilities are most factors that affect people. When people face a new
environment and culture, they frequently feel tense, distressed, and cannot cope because of
globalization and changes within the nature of work.

4. Aspect of Culture Shock

Taft (1997) reviewed a number of definitions of culture shock as a feeling of impotence from
the incapability to deal with the environment because of unfamiliarity with
cognitive component and function-playing skills. Altough the clinical model of cultural shock as a
psychological and cognitive has been dominant, the implications of cultural shock are more
extensive. Cultural shock derives from each the venture of new cultural surroundings and from
the loss of a familiar cultural environment(Rhinesmith, 1985).
Cultural shock pressure responses reason both psychological and physiological reactions.
Psychological reactions consist of physiological, emotional, interpersonal, cognitive, and social
components, in addition to the results ensuing from adjustments in socio-cultural relations,
cognitive fatigue, role stress, and identity loss.
Taft (1977) identified six distinct aspects of culture shock:
a. Strain due to the attempt required to make essential mental adaptations

b. A sense of loss and emotions of deprivation in regard to friends,

status, profession and possessions

c. Being rejected by and/or rejecting from the new culture

d. Confusion in role, function expectations, values, emotions and self-identity

e. Surprise, anxiety, even disgust and indignation after becoming aware

about cultural differences.

f. Feelings of impotence due to not having the ability to deal with the brand

new environment.

Olberg (1960) stated that the aspect of cultural shocks when someone is

traveling is:

a. Psychological strain due to the effort of adjustment and adaptation to a

new culture.

b. A sense of loss and emotions of deprivation concerning friends, social,

and expert status.

c. Feelings of rejection by the visited culture with similar  feelings or rejection

for individuals of the new culture. Confusion concerning one's position,
values, feelings, and self-identity.

d. Feelings of impotence because of not being able to address the

new environment.

Smalley (1963) has specified four phases:

 a. Fascination with the new culture, yet being faced with various barriers
preventing social interaction with host nationals.
b. Hostility and frustration with aspects of the new culture, and a possible
emphasis on the prevalence of the original culture.
c. Improvement and adjustment, with an expression of humor and decreased
tension.
d. Biculturalism, in which the sojourner develops a full understanding of the hosts'
cultural norms.

.5. Reverse Cultural Shock

Reverse culture shock or re-entry shock is “the process of readjusting, re-acculturating, and
re-assimilating into one’s own domestic tradition after dwelling in a one-of-a-kind tradition for
a huge duration of time” (Gaw, 2000). It is an emotional and psychological stages of re-adjustment
and re-access into domestic way of life after getting familiar with the foreign way of life. Feelings can
be similar to the adjustment while living abroad, but the experience and intensity of shock is
different for every individual, some have few concerns while others face many (Carlisle-Frank, 1992).
Nevertheless, it is believed that the adjustment in host culture and readjustment in home culture
work in opposition to
each other. The more successful an individual is in foreign culture the greater tough it is going to
be to adjust again to the home culture. Sussman (1986) identified that individuals who have no
longer nicely adjusted and adapted within the host country revel in much less reverse culture shock
than the individuals who have without problems blended within the new culture. For example,
Indonesian student who live in New York might feels a bit tongue-tied when they come back to
Indonesia because they used to talk in English everyday.

REFERENCES
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Rajasekar, J.(2013).Culture Shock in a Global World: Factors Affecting Culture Shock Experienced by
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Management, 8(13), 145-146.

Mihayo, A. (2019). Cultural Shock Among African Students in Indonesia. ELS Journal on

Interdisciplinary Studies on Humanities, 2(1).

Bochner, S. (2003). Culture Shock Due to Contact with Unfamiliar Cultures. Online Readings in
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