ON SYSTEMS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN C A P I L L A R Y POROUS

BODIES

A. V. Lykov UDC 536.24.02

We c o n s i d e r converting a s y s t e m of differential equations for heat and m a s s t r a n s f e r in c a p i l -

l a r y p o r o u s bodies with t r a n s f e r potentials T, u, and P to a s y s t e m of differential equations
with m a s s t r a n s f e r potentials T, 0, and P. We d i s c u s s ways of simplifying the t r a n s f e r e q u a -
tions and the i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p of the heat and m a s s t r a n s f e r coefficients.

In r e c e n t y e a r s solutions of the s y s t e m of differential equations of heat and m a s s t r a n s f e r in c a p i l -

l a r y p o r o u s bodies have been widely used in engineering calculations in drying technology, s t r u c t u r a l
t h e r m o p h y s i c s , and other b r a n c h e s of i n d u s t r y [1-3]. In addition, v a r i o u s m e a n s have been employed for
selecting fundamental t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . F o r example, in the drying of m o i s t m a t e r i a l s , the t e m -
p e r a t u r e T, m o i s t u r e content u, and p r e s s u r e P are chosen as the t r a n s f e r potentials in the m a j o r i t y of
c a s e s ; in other c a s e s , the t e m p e r a t u r e T, the moisture t r a n s f e r potential 0, and the p r e s s u r e P are chosen.
Although the s y s t e m of differential equations that is obtained is the same, the t r a n s f e r coefficients and
t h e r m o d y n a m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e different since they r e f e r to different t r a n s f e r potentials. Hence there
a r i s e c e r t a i n questions c o n c e r n i n g the i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p among these t r a n s f e r coefficients. We shall dwell
on this in m o r e detail.

1. We c o n s i d e r f i r s t the simple case of the heat and m o i s t u r e t r a n s f e r in the drying of m o i s t m a t e r -

ials in which the gradient of the total p r e s s u r e is z e r o (P = const, VP = 0). If, as an approximation, we
a s s u m e that the t h e r m o d y n a m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s (specific heat capacity and t h e r m a l gradient coefficient)
and the t r a n s f e r coefficients (thermal diffusivity and m o i s t u r e diffusion coefficients) do not depend on the
coordinates of the body, then, when the v a r i a b l e s T and u a r e chosen as the t r a n s f e r potentials, the s y s t e m
of differential equations f o r the heat and m o i s t u r e t r a n s f e r a s s u m e the f o r m [2]
OT er Ou
........ nUT ~ , (1)
Or c O~
du
.......... a,,,V~u i am6v"T. (2)
0~
In the derivation of the equations (1) and (2) it is a s s u m e d that the body m o i s t u r e content u is equal to the
body liquid m o i s t u r e content u2 (U ~ U2) and that the specific heat capacity of the m o i s t body is given by

c :: c0 + c1 u. (3)

The t h e r m a l gradient coefficient 6 is r e f e r r e d to the difference of the m o i s t u r e contents (6 - 6u).

Equations (1) and (2) are derived f r o m the e n e r g y and m a s s conservation equations with the use of the
F o u r i e r heat conduction law and the law f o r the n o n i s o t h e r m a l diffusion of moisture in the f o r m

Jm = - - a,,~PoVu - - a,~Po6VT, (4)

where Jm is the m o i s t u r e flux density.

F o r the drying 0f l a y e r e d m a t e r i a l s , consisting of miscellaneous adjacent m o i s t bodies, we use the

s y s t e m of differential equations of heat and m o i s t u r e t r a n s f e r with t r a n s f e r potentials T and 0, since a
Institute of Heat and Mass T r a n s f e r , A c a d e m y of Sciences of the B e l o r u s s i a n SSR, Minsk. T r a n s l a t e d
f r o m I n z h e n e r n o - F i z i c h e s k i i Zhurnal, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 18-25, J a n u a r y , 1974. Original article s u b -
matted September 6, 1973.

9 1975 Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011. No part o f this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording or otherwise, without written permission o f the publisher. A copy o f this article is available from the publisher for $15.00.

11
jump in m o i s t u r e content o c c u r s on a boundary s e p a r a t i n g individual l a y e r s .
The m o i s t u r e t r a n s f e r potential 0 is a function of the m o i s t u r e content and the t e m p e r a t u r e of the
body; thus,
0=+(u, (5)
We then have

dO= k-~U / r ~ u dT = Cm du -k O'TdT, (6)

where C m = (Ou/00)T is the specific i s o t h e r m a l m a s s c a p a c i t y (moisture capacity), and 0 ~ = (~0/OT)u i s

the t e m p e r a t u r e coefficient of the m a s s t r a n s f e r potential.
Using the relation (6), and a s s u m i n g that the t h e r m o d y n a m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s C m and 0 ~ do not d e -
pend on the c o o r d i n a t e s and the time, we can write the s y s t e m of equations (1) and (2) in the f o r m

OT _ a,v2T+ erC,~ O0 (7)

& c' Or'

00
& = a m v 20 q- a'm6'V~T, (8)

where the t h e r m o d y n a m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and the t r a n s f e r coefficients a r e , r e s p e c t i v e l y , given by

c'=c+srCm%, 6'= 6 + O~r( a ' - - 1 " ~ , (9)
C~ ~ a~ /

a' = Xlc'p o, a' = acld, a~ = amc'/c. (10)

The s y s t e m of equations (7), (8) is identical with the s y s t e m of equations (1), (2), except that the heat
c a p a c i t i e s , the diffusion coefficients, and the t h e r m a l gradient coefficients have different magnitudes.
The equation of m o i s t u r e t r a n s f e r (8) can be obtained f r o m the m a s s c o n s e r v a t i o n equation
Ou
P0 -&- = - - div in (11)

with the use of the n o n i s o t h e r m a l m o i s t u r e conductivity law

],~ = --- ~V0 --~,,~6ovT, (12)
where 60 is the t h e r m a l g r a d i e n t coefficient r e f e r r e d to the difference of the p o t e n t i a l s * :
6
60 0~. (13)
Cm
The r e l a t i o n (13) is obtained in going f r o m equation (4) to the r e l a t i o n s (10) with the aid of the e x p r e s s i o n
(6). Substituting equation (12) into equation (11) and noting that Xm and 60 do not depend on the c o o r d i n a t e s ,
v 6r
we obtain the differential equation (8) in which the e x p r e s s i o n s f o r the coefficients a m and a r e the s a m e
a s those in equations (9) and (10).
w
In some p a p e r s and books the indices a r e omitted f r o m the coefficients a ' , e ' , a m, and ~i v , r e s u l t i n g
in the i n c o r r e c t notion that the coefficients a, c, a m, and 6 a r e the s a m e in the s y s t e m s (1), (2) and (7),
(8). It is n e c e s s a r y to keep in mind that the t r a n s f e r potentials a r e taken on the b a s i s of the d e s c r i p t i o n of
the heat and m o i s t u r e t r a n s f e r . However, f o r m a n y m o i s t m a t e r i a l s in the p r o c e s s of drying the quantity
Cm0 ~ is s m a l l (not the quantity 0 ~ itseff, but the p r o d u c t Cm0~), so that e r C m 0 ~ / c << 1; we then obtain

c' -~c, a'==a, a~,=am. (14)

In this c a s e the heat c a p a c i t i e s , and the coefficients of heat and m o i s t u r e diffusion, a r e the s a m e in
the two s y s t e m s (1), (2) and (7), (8).
9
If the inequality OTT ( a !m / a m - - 1 ) / 6 << 1 holds then 6 C m 6 ' ; the r e v e r s e c a s e c o r r e s p o n d s to 60 = 0,
i . e . , we can neglect the magnitude of the heat and m o i s t u r e conductivity (the m o i s t u r e t r a n s f e r is d e s c r i b e d
m e r e l y by the g r a d i e n t of the m a s s t r a n s f e r ) , and we then have
9 The coefficients 6 (grad -1) and 60 (grad m -1) have different d i m e n s i o n a l i t i e s ; t h e r e f o r e , in some p a p e r s a
coefficient ~ (66 = Cm60) is introduced. It has the s a m e d i m e n s i o n a i i t y a s 6.

12
 Cm6' ~ O~ (Lu-~ --1). (15)
If the m o i s t u r e t r a n s f e r potential does not depend on the t e m p e r a t u r e (0~ = 0), the t h e r m a l gradient
coefficient 50 is not equal to z e r o (50 = 6/Cm), since the second t e r m in the e x p r e s s i o n (12) d e s c r i b e s the
t h e r m a l m o i s t u r e conductivity. Analogous r e l a t i o n s hold f o r nonisothermal diffusion in b i n a r y gas m i x t u r e s
in which the m a s s concentration gradient can be e x p r e s s e d ha t e r m s of the gradient of the p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e
and the gradient of the t e m p e r a t u r e . In addition, it is n e c e s s a r y to take into account the t h e r m a l diffusion
o r Soret effect (for details, see [4], Chap. 8).
By passing to the limit in the s y s t e m of equations (1), (2), we obtain, as special c a s e s , the F o u r i e r
differential equation of heat conduction and F i c k ' s differential equation of diffusion.
2. Under intense evaporation of m o i s t u r e inside a c a p i l l a r y p o r o u s body, a gradient of the total p r e s -
sure appears, subject to whose action a v a p o r t r a n s f e r takes place of filtrational motion type. The m a s s
flux density j f of such a t r a n s f e r is given, b a s e d o n D a r c y ' s Law, by the equation
Jf = J~ . Ja -- ~levVp. (16)
The differential equation describing the p r e s s u r e field in the body is derived f r o m the balance equation for
the m a s s o f moist a i r in the p o r e s and c a p i l l a r i e s of the body

Ou
P" 0 (u,&.', tt a) . . . . . divjf --ep o O~- (17)

with the aid of the relation (16).

If, as an approximation, we a s s u m e that the moist a i r (vapor--gas mixture) in the c a p i l l a r i e s and
p o r e s of the body obeys Clapeyron's equation of state, and ff we neglect swelling of the capillary walls, we
can write

Pod(U, ~ ua)-- MHb

RT (dP'-- ~ P
- dT-~ ~ P- db ) , (18)

where b = b1 + b 3 (saturation of the p o r e s and c a p i l l a r i e s by the vapor b 1 and the a i r b3).

a
Using the r e l a t i o n s ~ b i = 1 and u 2 ~ u, and p e r f o r m i n g simple algebraic manipulations, we obtain
the following s y s t e m of differential equations:

OT : K~IvZT . K12V2U _!_ Klav2p; (19)

&
Ou
-/C~v~T +/(~2V~U + K._,3v2P; (20)
0r
OP
- - Kstv~'T -~ Ks,.V2U - Ka3v2P, (21)
0T

in which the c o e f f i c i e n t s Kij (i, j = 1, 2, 3) a r e equal to

Kn = a-~- cram6 , K ~ 2 = -er
- am, K13= - -er am~tp; (22)
C C C

K_,I = am6, K22 = am, K23 = am6p; (23)

Kal = am6 \ cT -i: ~ - - ; K3~ = am l cT + [g--~-w.n, ; (24)

K33=a,,+a,~a,, [k erP
cT + p -- @vrn) ' (25)

where Cvm is the specific capacity of the vaporous m o i s t u r e (capacity of the c a p i l l a r y body with r e s p e c t
to the moist air):
MHb
Cvm - PoRT ; (26)

ap is the coefficient of convective diffusion (ap = kp/CvmP0); fi is a coefficient, which depends on the p o r o -
sity 11 and the m o i s t u r e content u:

' 13
 13__ PPo , (27)
9.,1I - - Pou

it t a k e s into account how the f r a c t i o n of the p o r e s and c a p i l l a r i e s of the body filled with m o i s t a i r v a r i e s as
a function of the m o i s t u r e content of the body; 6p is the relative coefficient of filtrational flow of v a p o r o u s
moisture:

61, - kSa,,,9 o. (28)

In deriving the heat t r a n s f e r equation (19) we made the a s s u m p t i o n that the convective heat t r a n s f e r
in the p o r e s and c a p i l l a r i e s is a s m a l l quantity, such that it could be neglected.
If we take T, 0, and P a s the m o i s t u r e t r a n s f e r potentials, the s y s t e m of differential equations of
heat and m a s s t r a n s f e r a s s u m e s the f o r m
- - = " 2~D.
OT KIIV2T -t- K~2V20-I- Kl3V , (29)
07:

0~ .... g~,v~r -I-

oo g;_~v~O-i- t~.3V"
'< ~ ; (30)

OP ._ K;,v~T .~-. KJ2V20 4- KaaV2P; (31)

0T

where the coefficients K~j a r e given by

K~l :: a'-1- erCmam 6' erCmam .5o;
c' ::-: a -i- (32)
" C

ErCratl"m EFCmara erC m

K;2- " c' c ' c '

K~, = a;,,So-.+=a0r; K~2 = a~, K~a - am6~ ; (33)

Cvm cT + T ' Ka2= amC,~ ~ - - Cvm

~-- + cT ] ;
( e erP)
K;3 = % + "mCm + Tr- ' (34)
!
the r e l a t i v e coefficient 6p of the f i l t r a t i o n a l flow of m o i s t u r e is defined in t e r m s of the m o i s t u r e conductivity
coefficient km:

~, = kp = 6__2_
p . (35)
P ~m Cm
9 9 Y 9 . 9 ! , ~
C o m p a r i n g the c o e f f i c m n t Kij and K~j, we note that in the c o e f f c l e n t s Iqj there appears, as an additional
factor, the specific i s o t h e r m a l m a s s c a p a c i t y C m a s the t r a n s f e r coefficient f r o m the m o i s t u r e content u to
the m o i s t u r e t r a n s f e r potential. M o r e o v e r , it i s i m p o r t a n t to note that in deriving the s y s t e m of equations
(29)-(31), we did not a s s u m e that the t e m p e r a t u r e coefficient of the m o i s t u r e t r a n s f e r potential was equal to
z e r o (O' ~ 0). It is then c o m p l e t e l y n a t u r a l that the t h e r m a l g r a d i e n t coefficients, 5(5 = 6u) and 50, have
dfffere T values, since they a r e r e f e r r e d to different v a p o r t r a n s f e r p o t e n t i a l s f o r the s a m e t e m p e r a t u r e
drop. In c o n t r a s t to the coefficients 6p and 5b, the coefficients 60 and 6 a r e not d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l to
e a c h other (see r e l a t i o n (13)).
Once again, it should be r e m a r k e d that at t i m e s the p r i m e s on the coefficients Kij in the s y s t e m of
equations (29)-(31) will be omitted; however, this does not m e a n that they a r e equal to the coefficients Kij
in the s y s t e m of equations (19)-(21). It can also be r e m a r k e d that Yu. A. Mikhailov's calculations [3] show
that the coefficients fl and e r P / c T a r e significantly l e s s than the coefficient e / C v m f o r a l a r g e n u m b e r of
m o i s t m a t e r i a l s ; t h e r e f o r e , we can s o m e t i m e s s i m p l i f y the e x p r e s s i o n s f o r the coefficients K3j; however,
the m o s t r e l i a b l e way is to d e t e r m i n e all of the t r a n s f e r coefficients e x p e r i m e n t a l l y .
3. In making a p p r o x i m a t e calculations, we can, in p r a c t i c e , s i m p l i f y the t r a n s f e r equations (21) and
(31). Since the m a s s content of v a p o r and a i r in the c a p i l l a r i e s and p o r e s of the body i s negligibly s m a l l in
c o m p a r i s o n with the m a s s content of liquid (u1 + u 3 << uz), we can s e t the left side of equation (17) equal to
zero. F r o m equation (17) we then obtain

14
 s90 ~Ou
-= kvV ~p. (36)

P h y s i c a l l y , this m e a n s that the total p r e s s u r e drop inside the body a r i s e s only at the expense of e v a p o r a t i o n
of the liquid and of the p r e s e n c e inside the body of a r e s i s t a n c e to the v a p o r motion ( r e s i s t a n c e to the f i l t r a -
tional flow of m o i s t u r e ) .
The r e l a t i o n (36) allows us to e l i m i n a t e the t e r m s Kin in the s y s t e m of equations (19)-(21) and to r e -
duce it to the s y s t e m (1)-(2), and to r e d u c e the s y s t e m of equations (29)-(31) to the s y s t e m (7)-(8). T h e r e -
f o r e , the s y s t e m of equations m o s t widely used in drying technology is the s y s t e m of equations (1)-(2) o r the
s y s t e m (7)-(8), analogous to it.
T h e s e s i m p l i f i c a t i o n s can be extended into r e g i o n s of the body in a m o i s t condition. F o r a m o i s t u r e
content of the body l a r g e r than h y d r o s c o p i c , the v a p o r p r e s s u r e of the m a t e r i a l does not depend on the
m o i s t u r e content but only on the t e m p e r a t u r e (the p r e s s u r e of the s a t u r a t e d v a p o r i s a s i n g l e - v a l u e d f u n c -
tion of the t e m p e r a t u r e ) ; then f o r a sufficiently intense e v a p o r a t i o n of liquid inside the body, the total p r e s -
s u r e P inside the body is a function of the t e m p e r a t u r e only (P = f(T)). As an a p p r o x i m a t i o n , we can write
Ou (OP) (37)
epo ~ = kp ~f- v~T.

In this case the heat t r a n s f e r differential equation b e c o m e s the usual F o u r i e r differential equation of heat
conduction with an effective t h e r m a l conductivity coefficient taking account of the expenditure of heat in the
e v a p o r a t i o n of liquid inside the body (for details, see [4]). However, f o r an intense e v a p o r a t i o n of liquid
inside the body and l a r g e m o i s t u r e flows, it i s n e c e s s a r y to take into account the convective component of
h e a t t r a n s f e r inside the body. In this case the equation of heat t r a n s f e r has the f o r m

cp~ = ~,v~T-:- er9o ~ ~ cp~ jmivT. (38)

i

M o r e o v e r , f r o m all the m a s s fluxes j m i (i = 1, 2,3) a p r i n c i p a l one is selected, depending on the r e g i m e s

of the drying p a r a m e t e r s .
4. In conclusion, it should be r e m a r k e d that a c r i t e r i o n s f o r a phase t r a n s f o r m a t i o n is the non-
s t a t i o n a r y m o i s t u r e t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c . It was introduced a s the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of a v a p o r o u s m o i s t u r e
s o u r c e a c c o r d i n g to the r e l a t i o n

Ijo - -- l.,i =: s9~

Ou
- - 9
(39)
" " 0T

F o r s t a t i o n a r y m o i s t u r e t r a n s f e r the e x p r e s s i o n f o r the s o u r c e m u s t be different, since in this case 0u/a-r

--* 0, s ~ ~o, and, consequently, the value of the s o u r c e in r e l a t i o n (39) has an i n d e t e r m i n a c y . This i n d e -
t e r m i n a c y is e a s i l y r e s o l v e d ; we then obtain

Ii~ --- I~1 = div Jl -- amlPoV2u ;- ar, lPo~lV T. (40)

The quantity aml51 is the t h e r m a l diffusion coefficient f o r the diffusion of the v a p o r o u s m o i s t u r e into
the c a p i l l a r y p o r o u s body (a~l = am161). It i s a s s u m e d h e r e that the coefficients a r m , 61 do not depend on
the c o o r d i n a t e s . The r e l a t i o n (40) is the m o s t g e n e r a l e x p r e s s i o n f o r the v a p o r o u s m o i s t u r e s o u r c e I12; it
is even valid f o r n o n s t a t i o n a r y m o i s t u r e t r a n s f e r . We obtain the e x p r e s s i o n (39) f r o m it as a s p e c i a l case.
Then, in place of the s y s t e m of equations (1)-(2), we shall have a s y s t e m of differential equations analogous
to the s y s t e m of equations (19)-(20) withoutthe t e r m s V2p:
OT _ :K;1v2T + K~2V2U; (41)
0v

Ou -- K~Iv2T 4- K~,V ~u, (42)

O'r
I1 ~
where the coefficients Kij(i, j : 1, 2) a r e equal to

KI'I : • ~5- a m l ~ 1 Y12 : a T

r rrz
at~,I - - ,
-
KI2 : am1 ri__L.2.
,
(43)
C C C

K;;~ = am6, K ~ = am. (44)

15
 t! II
Comparing the relations (43)-(44) with the relations (22)-(23), we find that K21 = K2X, K22 = K22; the c o e f -
ficients K~ and Ki"2 a r e , r e s p e c t i v e l y , equal to the coefficients Iql and Iq2 if we put e = aml/am and 6 = 61
(for details concerning such assumptions, see [6]}.
Thus the s y s t e m of differential equations (41)-(42) of heat and m a s s t r a n s f e r can be used for calcula-
tions of m o i s t u r e and heat t r a n s f e r in c a p i l l a r y porous bodies for a r b i t r a r y changes in u and T, including,
in fact, s t a t i o n a r y p r o c e s s e s . The solution of the s y s t e m of equations (41)-(42) is used in s t r u c t u r a l t h e r -
mophysics, in the calculations of a number of chemical--industrial p r o c e s s e s , and also in the t r e a t m e n t of
e x p e r i m e n t a l methods of determining the thermophysical p r o p e r t i e s of moist m a t e r i a l s . Quite naturally,
the s y s t e m of equations (41)-(42) can be g e n e r a l i z e d by introducing the additional m o i s t u r e t r a n s f e r poten-
tial P. As a result, we obtain the s y s t e m of equations (19)-(21) o r the s y s t e m (29)-(31) in which, in the
f o r m u l a s f o r the coefficients Kij and K~j, there appear, in place of the c r i t e r i o n e, the coefficients of dif-
fusion am_1 and t h e r m a l diffusion (a T = am151) of the vaporous moisture.
Thus the s y s t e m s of differential equations of heat and m a s s t r a n s f e r , (19)-(21) or (29)-(31), a r e the
m o s t general s y s t e m s of equations f o r the diffusion t r a n s f e r of heat and m o i s t u r e in c a p i l l a r y porous bodies
with kinetic coefficients in which, instead of the phase t r a n s f o r m a t i o n coefficient, there appear coefficients
of diffusion and t h e r m a l diffusion o r the coefficient f o r the filtrational t r a n s f e r of vaporous moisture.

NOTA TION
U is the moisture content of body;
T is the t e m p e r a t u r e ;
P is the total p r e s s u r e of a i r inside body;
C is the specific heat capacity of moist body;
CO is the specific heat capacity of absolute d r y body;
Cl is the specific heat capacity of fluid;
a = ~k/cP0 is the t h e r m a l diffusivity of m o i s t body;
X is the t h e r m a l conductivity of body;
P0 is the density of absolute d r y body;
T is the time;
0 Is the m a s s (moisture) t r a n s f e r potential;
Cm is the specific i s o t h e r m a l mass capacity of body;
!
0T Is the t e m p e r a t u r e coefficient of m a s s t r a n s f e r ;
r Is the specific heat of evaporation (r --- r12 -= r21);
8 Is the c r i t e r i o n of phase transition of fluid into vapor;
5 Is the t h e r m o - g r a d i e n t coefficient r e f e r r e d to moisture content difference;
~-m is the m o i s t u r e conductivity;
M is the m o l e c u l a r m a s s of humid air;
II Is the p o r o s i t y ;
b zs the saturation of p o r e s and c a p i l l a r i e s of body with m o i s t u r e ;
R is the u n i v e r s a l gas constant;
ep Is the i s o b a r i c heat capacity;
Cvm Is the specific capacity of vaporous m o i s t u r e ;
ap is the convective diffusivity;
is the coefficient of filtrational t r a n s f e r of vaporous m o i s t u r e ;
6p is the relative coefficient of filtratioaa[ flow of vaporous moisture;
P Is the density o r concentration;
is the coefficient d e t e r m i n e d by formula (27) Remaining designations a r e given in text.

Subscript
0 denotes the d r y body skeleton;
1 denote s the vapor;
2 denotes the liquid;
3 denotes the air;
m denotes the m o i s t u r e m a s s flow (i, j = 1, 2,3);
12 denotes the transition f r o m vapor into liquid (condensation);
21 denotes the liquid evaporation (in f o r m u l a s (39), (40), and (43)).

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 LITERATURE CITED
1. A. V. Lykov, Theoretical Foundations of Structural Thermophysies [in Russian], Nauka i Tekhnika,
Minsk (1961).
2. A. V. Lykov, Theory of Drying, Energiya, Miask (1968).
3. A. V. Lykov and Yu. A. Mikhailov, Theory of Heat and Mass Transfer [in Russian], Gos~nergoizdat
(1963).
4. A. V. Lykov, Transfer Phenomena in Capillary Porous Bodies [in Russian], Gostekhizdat (1954).
5. A. V. Lykov, "On passing to the limit in the system of differential equations of heat and mass trans-
f e r , " Iazh. Fiz. Zh., 2._44, No. 1, 152 (1973).
6. A. V. Lykov, Heat and Mass Transfer Handbook [in Russian], Energiya (1972).

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