MINI PROJECT ( 35 % )

STEEL STRUCTURE DESIGN ( DCC40142 )

NAME REGISTRATION .NO LECTURER

Joses Jiding 07DKA21F1047

Siti Nursinar 07DKA21F1066

DR RackFord
Siti Aisyah binti Bong
Saibi 07DKA21F1059

Sitti Sahara binti

Abdullah 07DKA21F1081
 TABLE OF CONTENT

NO CONTENTS PAGE
1.0
Mini Project Question
( Topic 7 - Design of Single Storey steel Structural
Building ) 3

2.0
Introduction & Objective of Steel Sructure Design In 4–5
General

3.0

Beam Element Calculation Design 6 – 10

4.0
Column Element Calculation design
11 - 14

5.0
Roof Truss (Design of compression and tension
member) Element Calculation design 15 – 22

6.0
Connection Design ( of bold and Welded )
Element Calculation Design
22 -24

7.0

Conclusion Of mini project ( Design of Single Storey

steel Structural Building ) 24 - 25
 CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SESSION II 2022/2023

COURSE DCC40142 – STEEL STRUCTURE DESIGN

CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT MINI PROJECT TOTAL MARK 100 MARK

TOPIC TOPIC 7 – DESIGN OF SINGLE-STOREY STEEL STRUCTURAL BUILDING

STUDENT’S NAME REG. NUMBER

QUESTION

Complete the design of a single-storey building for steel structural element comprising beam, column, connection
(design of bolt or welded) and roof truss (design of compression and tension member). The loads from the roof
sheets, transferred to the purlins, are as followed :

Corrugated steel roofing 0.20 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Lighting and insulation 0.10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Permanent load on slope, 𝐺𝑘
Self-weight of purlins 0.05 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Self-weight of trusses 0.10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Variable load on slope, 𝑄𝑘 0.50 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Builds the design calculation according to Eurocode 3. Accomplish the structural detailing for each element member
design

[CLO3, A3]
(50 marks)
INTRODUCTION

Steel structure design plays a pivotal role in the construction industry, offering exceptional
strength, durability, and versatility for a wide range of applications. From towering
skyscrapers to expansive bridges and industrial facilities, steel structures have become a
cornerstone of modern engineering and architectural design. This introduction will explore
the fundamental aspects of steel structure design, highlighting its benefits, considerations,
and the underlying principles that guide the creation of safe, efficient, and aesthetically
pleasing structures.

The use of steel as a primary construction material brings numerous advantages. Steel
exhibits remarkable strength-to-weight ratio, allowing for the creation of lightweight structures
that can withstand substantial loads. This inherent strength provides excellent resistance to
external forces such as wind, earthquakes, and heavy snow, making steel structures highly
resilient. Furthermore, steel's ductility enables structures to flex and absorb energy during
extreme events, enhancing their overall safety.

One of the key aspects of steel structure design is its versatility. Steel can be easily fabricated
and customized to meet specific design requirements, enabling architects and engineers to
push the boundaries of creativity. The flexibility of steel allows for the construction of large
clear spans, maximizing interior space and providing unobstructed views. Additionally, steel
structures can be assembled quickly, reducing construction time and costs.

However, designing a steel structure entails a comprehensive understanding of various

factors. Structural engineers must consider the forces acting on the structure, including
gravity loads, lateral loads, and dynamic loads, to ensure structural integrity. They also need
to account for factors such as material properties, connections, and load paths to optimize
the design's efficiency and reliability. Furthermore, adherence to building codes and
standards is crucial to meet safety regulations and guarantee the long-term performance of
the structure.
OBJECTIVE

The goal of designing a steel structure is to provide a safe, effective, and structurally
sound steel structure that satisfies the design intent and the necessary performance
standards. The main goals of designing steel structures is for structural safety the assurance
that a steel structure will be able to withstand all predicted loads, including dead loads, live
loads, wind loads, seismic loads, and other relevant loads, while retaining its structural
integrity and preventing any collapse or failure.Next is structural Efficiency which is for
creating steel structures with low material and construction costs while maintaining high
structural performance. In order to do this, the design must be optimised to lower the weight
of the steel parts while preserving the necessary stiffness and strength.
In this Mini Project we instructed to complete of a design single-storey building of steel
structural element comprising beam, column, connection (design of bolt or welded) and roof
truss (design of compression and tension member).The loads from the roof sheets,
transferred to the purlins,are as followed:
 PROJECT : Mini Project JOB REF. :
PART OF STRUCTURE : Beam CALCULATION SHEET NO. :
DRAWING REF. CALCULATED BY DATE CHECK BY DATE
SHERLY

REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

Load beam EG = AD = FH = BC
1)Analyze the beam
Load Beam EG
=(Load Roof + Load Beam EG)

DESIGN LOAD
Gk=5 kN/m QK=2 kN/m

W = 1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk
Steel Building Design = 1.35 (5) +1.5 (2)
Design Data = 9.15 kN/m
W=9.51 kN/m
Design Load w =(Load Roof + Load Beam EG)
=(9.2÷1000) +( 9.15 )
=9.51 kN/m

Maximum design shear force VEd = wL/2

= (9.51 x 10) ÷ 5
= 47.55 kN
VEd=
Maximum design force MEd , wL^2 ÷ 8 = 9.51(102) ÷8 47.55 kN
=118.88 kN/m

Med=
∑ME=0 118.88 kN/m
(9.51*10)(5)-10VG =0
VD=47.55 Kn

∑Fy =0
47.55 – 9.51(10) + VE = 0
VE = 23.55 kN
 2) SELECT SUITABLE UB SECTION
Wpl.y = Med/fy =118.88/275000
=4.32 x 10-4 m3
=432.29 cm3

Suitable UB Section: 406 x 178 x 60

h = 405.4 mm
b = 177.9 mm
tw= 7.9 mm
Cw/tw= 45.6 fy =275
tf= 12.8 mm N/mm^2
Cf/tf = 5.84
r =10.2 mm fu=
A =7650 mm2 430N/mm^2
Clause 3.2.1 Wpl,y =1200 𝒄m2
ly =21600*104 mm4

3) Classify the section

Design strength ,fy(clause 3.2.1):
Nominal values of yield strength fy and fu for hot rolled structural steel
Refer Table 3.1

tw=7.9 mm t≤40mm Steel grade S275

 tf =12.8 mm

Therefore,fy =275 N/mm^2 and fu=430N/mm^2

Clause 5.5.2

Flanges are
Class 1

Table 5.2 Cross section classification

(sheet 2 of 3) Web are
ɛ = √235÷ fy = = √235 ÷275 = 0.92 Class 1

Outstand Flange
Limit for Class 1 flange
Table 5.2
cf/tf ˂ 9ɛ
(sheet 1 of 3)
9ɛ= 9(0.92) = 8.28
Ratio for local buckling flange, cf/tf = 5.84 < 8.28
Hence the flanges are Class 1

Internal compression parts(web)

Limit for Class 1 web
cw/tw ≤ 72ɛ
72ɛ= 72(0.92) = 66.24
Clause 6.2.5
Ratio for local buckling web, cw/tw = 45.6 < 66.24
Hence the webs are Class 1
Therefore overall cross -section classification is Class 1

4) Verification bending resistance of cross-section

Bending resistance of cross-section

Mc,y,Rd=((1200x103)(275)/1.0)/106

Mc,y,Rd
= 330 kNm 330 kNm

Since Med =118.88 kNm <

Mc,y,Rd=330 kNm ................................. OKA
Y

5) VERIFICATION SHEAR RESISTANCE

OF CROSS SECTION

Find hw=h-2tf=406.4 -2(12.8)

 =380.8 mm
hw=380.8mm
Avmin =(1.0)(380.8)(7.9)= 3008.32 mm2
Clause 6.2.6 Avmin
=3008.32
Shear resistance of cross-section mm2

𝐴v (fy√3)
Vpl, Rd =
𝑌0

For a rolled I section, loaded parallel to the web, the shear area
Av, is given by:

Av = A – 2 btf + (tw + 2r) tf

Av =7650 – (2 x 177.9 x 12.8) + (7.9 + (2 x 10.2)) x 12.8 Av

=3458 mm2
= 3458 mm2

Therefore,Vpl, Rd =Av(fy/√3)/1.0

=(3458(275/√3)/1.0)*10-3 Vpl, Rd
= 549.03 kN
= 549.03 kN

Since Ved = 76.08 kN ˂ Vpl, Rd = 549.03 kN ................. (OK)

6)Verification shear buckling resistance for web

In addition to shear buckling resistance for webs without intermediate

stiffeners

Should be according

If hw/tw ≤ 72 ɛ/n
hw/tw=380.8/7.9≤ 72(0.92/1.0)
=30.4 ≤ 66.24
U K NATIONAL 7)Verification of deflection
ANNEX Check deflections under unfactored imposed load (UK NATIONAL ANNEX)

w=(5/384)*(wL^4/EI)=(5/384)*(6*160004)/(3970000*21.6x106)

w=59.71 mm

Assume deflection limit = L/200=16000/200=80 mm

Since w= 59.71 mm < 80mm .........................................(OK)

 BORANG REKOD REKABENTUK STRUKTUR

PROJECT : MINI PROJECT JOB REF. :

PART OF STRUCTURE : CALCULATION SHEET NO. :
DRAWING REF. CALCULATED BY DATE CHECK BY DATE

REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

Ned=247.26 kN

Steel
Building
Design :
Design Data

1) Determine design axial load, Ned

Factored load from roof and beam

Ned =76.08 + 76.08 + 47.55 + 47.55
=247.26 kN

2) Select a suitable column section

Wpl.y = Med/fy =247.26/275000

=8.99 x 10-3 m3
=899.127 cm3

Suitable steel UB section

: 356 * 406 * 467 Grade S275 Steel

 𝒉 = 436.6 𝒎𝒎
𝒃 = `412.2 𝒎𝒎
𝒅 = 290.2 𝒎𝒎
𝒕𝒘 = 35.8 𝒎𝒎
𝒕𝒇 = 58.0 𝒎𝒎
𝒓𝒚/𝒊𝒚 = 175 𝒎𝒎
𝑰𝒚 183000𝒙 𝟏𝟎4 𝒎𝒎4
𝑰𝒛 = 67800 𝒙 𝟏𝟎4 𝒎𝒎4
𝑪𝒘/𝒕𝒘 = 8.11
𝑪𝒇/𝒕𝒇 = 2.89
𝒓𝒛/𝒊𝒛 = 107 𝒎𝒎
𝑨 = 56500 𝒎𝒎2

ANALYSIS

cross-section classification
Table 5.2 fy= ϵ = √235/275 = 0.92

web checking
= cw/tw = 8.11
limit for class 1
Sheet 1 of 3
cw/tw ≤ 33ϵ = 8.11 < 33(0.92) Cw/ tw = 8.11
= 8.11 < 30.36
web class 1 Web is class 1
Sheet 2 of 3 flange checking
cf/tf = 2.98

limit for class 1

cf/tf ≤ 9ϵ = 2.98 ≤ 9 (0.92) = 2.98 ≤ 8.28

flange class 1 flange class 1

overall section class 1

cross section resistance

compression Nc,Rd :

Clause 6.2.4 NcRd = 𝐴𝑓𝑦 for class 1

(6.10) 𝛾𝑀𝑜

𝑁
(5950 𝑚𝑚 2) (275 )
𝑚𝑚 2
=
1.0

= 1636.25 x 10³ N
= 1636.25 kN
= 1636.25 kN
∴Ned = 899.127 kN < NcRd = 1636.25 kN

Compression check is satisfied

Member buckling resistance

Nb,Rd = 𝜘 𝐴𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙̇𝑎𝑠𝑠 1

𝑌𝑀𝐼
Clause 6.3
1
(6.47) 𝜘=
𝜙+(𝜙 2 − 𝜆2) 0.5
𝜙=0.5 (1 + a (𝜆- 0.2 ) + 𝜆²)
𝐴𝑓𝑦 𝐿𝑐𝑟 1
𝜆+ √ =
𝑁𝑐𝑟 𝑖 𝜆₁

𝜆₁= 𝜋√𝐸/𝑓𝑦 = 93.9 ϵ

436.6
Buckling curve = ℎ = = 1.06 < 1.2
𝑏 412.2

= 58.0 ≤ 100 𝑚𝑚
= y-y = b , z-z =c
Major axis y-y
𝐸
𝜆₁= √ = 93.9𝜖 = 93.9 (0.92)=86.8
𝑓𝑦
Lcr= 1.0L = 1.0(6m) = 6 m

𝐴𝑓𝑦 𝐿𝑐𝑟 1 6000𝑚𝑚 1

𝜆₁= √ = = = 0.39
𝑁𝑐𝑟 𝑖 𝜆₁ 175 𝑚𝑚 86.8

y-y = curve ‘b’

b= a = 0.34

𝜙= 0.5 ( 1+0.34 (0.39-0.2) + 0.39²)

= 0.68
11
𝜘=
= ≤1
0.68+( 0.682 −0.39²)0.5

= 0.82 ≤1
 0.82 (5950)(275)
Nb,y,Rd=
1.0

= 1341.73 x103
Nb,y,Rd
= 1341.73 kN
= 1341.73 kN is satisfied

Minor axis z-z

𝐴𝑓𝑦 𝐿𝑐𝑟 1 6000𝑚𝑚 1

𝜆√ = = = 0.65
𝑁𝑐𝑟 𝑖 𝑥1 107 𝑚𝑚 86.8

z-z = curve
c=a=0.49

𝜙= 0.5 ( 1 + 0.49 (0.65 – 0.2) + 0.65²)

=0.82
= 0.82
1
1
𝜘= ≤1
0.82 ( 0.822−0.65²)0.5 = 0.61≤1
= 0.61 ≤ 1

0.61 𝑋 5950 𝑋 275

NbRd=
1.0

= 998.113 X 10³N =998.113 kN

= 998.113 kN → buckling resistance is okay

∴356 X 406 X 467 UC in grade S 275 is satisfied

 BORANG REKOD REKABENTUK STRUKTUR

PROJECT : Mini Project JOB REF. :

PART OF STRUCTURE : Roof Truss CALCULATION SHEET NO. :
DRAWING REF. CALCULATED BY DATE CHECK BY DATE

REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

Roof Truss (Design of compression and tension member)

The truss member connected by two bolts of nominal 20mm diameter.

Try unequal angle

Load Analysis:

Span of roof truss: 16 m

Spacing of truss: 5 m
Purlin spacing: 2 m

Permanent load(assume): 0.45 kN/m2

Imposed load(assume): 0.50 kN/m2

Factored load, q= 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

= 1.35(0.45) + 1.5(0.5)
=0.46 kN/m2

Area of load transferred to any intermediate nodes, A = Sp * St

=2*5
= 10 m2

Point load at the node, P = q * A

= 0.46 * 10
= 10 kN

ƩMA = 0
2.3 (0) – 4.6 (4) – 4.6 (8) – 4.6 (12) – 2.3 (16) – VB (16) = 0
VB= 9.2 kN VB= 9.2 kN

ƩFy = 0
AY + 9.2 – 2.3 – 4.6 – 4.6 – 4.6 – 2.3= 0
AY=9.2 kN AY=9.2 kN
REFERENC
CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
E

Load Calculation (Method of Joint):

Joint A = Joint E

2.3 kN F1-2

F1-3

9.2 kN

θ = tan-1 (6/8) = 36.87°

Let ∑Fy = 0
9.2 – 2.3 + F1-2 (sin θ) = 0
F1-2 = F8-6 = (6.9)/sin 36.87O = -11.50 kN (COMPRESSION)

Let ∑Fx = 0
F1-2 (cos θ) + F1-3 = 0
F1-3 = F8-7 = -(-11.50×(cos 36.87)) = 9.20 kN (TENSION)
Joint H = Joint F

F3-2

F3-1 F3-5
A H G

Let ∑Fy = 0
F3-2 = 0 (NO FORCE)

Let ∑Fx = 0
F3-5 – F3-1 = 0
F3-5 = F3-1 = 9.20 kN (TENSION)

Joint B = Joint D

4.6kN
F2-4

F2-1 F2-3 F2-5

θ 2 = tan-1(3/4) = 36.87° = θ
Let ∑Fy = 0
-4.6 + F2-4 (sin θ) – F2-3 – F2-5 (sin θ) – F2-1(sin θ) = 0
-4.6 + F2-4(sin 36.87) – 0 – F2-5 (sin 36.87) – [-11.50(sin
36.87)] = 0
F2-4(sin36.87) – F2-5(sin 36.87) = -2.3 ———- (1)

Let ∑Fx = 0
F2-4(cos θ) + F2-5 (cos θ) – F2-1 (cos θ) = 0
F2-4(cos 36.87) + F2-5 (cos 36.87) – [-11.50 (cos 36.87)] = 0 F2-
4(cos 36.87) + F2-5 (cos 36.87) = -6.9 ———- (2)

Solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously;

F2-4 = F6-4 = -6.23 kN (COMPRESSION)
F2-5 = F6-5 = -2.40 kN (COMPRESSION)
Joint C

4.6 kN

C
B D

Let ∑Fx = 0
-FCB(cos θ) + FCD (cos θ) = 0
-(-6.23 cos 36.87) + FCD (cos 36.87) = 0
FCD = – 6.23kN (COMPRESSION)

Let ∑Fy = 0
-4.6 – FCB (sin θ) – FCG – FCD (sin θ) = 0
-4.6 – [-6.23(sin 36.87)] – FCG – [–6.23(sin 36.87)] = 0
FCG = 2.88 kN (TENSION)

Max
Max Tensile Force: 9.20 kN
Tensile
Max Compression
Force =
Force: 11.50 kN
9.20 kN

Max
Compression
Force =
11.50 kN
 Capacity of tension member: NEd = 9.20
NEd = 9.20 kN kN
Steel Try enequal angle 80*60*7L
Building
Design: Members are connected by weld of grade 42 electrode
design Data
Design strength, fy

Table 3.1 t = 7mm

Steel Grade S275

t ≤ 40mm

Therefore, fy = 275 N/mm2 , fu = 430 N/mm2 fy = 275

N/mm2
Nt,Rd should be taken as the smaller value of
𝐴𝑓𝑦 0.9𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑓𝑢
fu = 430
Npl, Rd = or Nu, Rd = N/mm2
𝑌𝑀𝑜 𝑌𝑀2

The design plastic resistance of the gross cross-section,

−3
𝐴𝑓𝑦 (938)(275)(10 )
Npl, Rd = = = 257.95 kN Npl, Rd =
𝑌𝑀𝑜 1.0
257.95 kN
The design ultimate resistance of the net cross-section at
holes for fastener,
−3
0.9𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑓𝑢 (0.9)(938)(40×7)(10 )
Nu, Rd = = = 203.72 kN
𝑌𝑀2 1.25 Nu, Rd =
203.72 kN
Therefore Nt, Rd = 203.72 kN

Check Nt, Rd =
𝑁𝐸𝑑 203.72 kN
= 9.20 = 0.05 ≤ 1 ……OK!
𝑁𝑡,𝑅𝑑 203.72

Section 80*60*7L is suitable for the tension force

 Compression Capacity:

Clause 6.2.3 Axial compression, NEd = 11.50 kN NEd = 11.50

Formula 6.6 Try unequal angle 80*60*7L kN
& 6.7

Design strength, fy (Table 3.1)

t = 7mm
Steel Grade S275 fy = 275
t ≤ 40mm N/mm2

Therefore, fy = 275 N/mm2 , fu = 430 N/mm2 fu = 430

N/mm2
235 235
Ε=√ =√ = 0.92
𝑓𝑦 275 Ε= 0.92
 Classification of cross section
Clause 6.2.3
Formula 6.5 ℎ = 80 = 11.4 < 15 Ε
𝑡 7

𝑏𝑡ℎ 60 +80
= = 10 Ε
2𝑡 2∗7

Section is class 3 and not susceptible for local buckling.

Buckling resistance about the weakest axis, v-v axis, Nv,bRd

𝐴𝑓𝑦
Nv,bRd = X
𝑌𝑀1

Capacity of reduction factor is given as

Table 5.2
Reduction factor, X = 1
(Sheet 3 of 𝜙𝑣+√𝜙 𝑣−𝜆𝑣
3)
Where, Φ = 0.5[1 + 𝛼(𝜆2 − 0.2) + 𝜆2]
𝑣 𝑣

𝐴𝑓𝑦 𝐿𝑐𝑟 1
𝜆 =√ =( )( )
𝑣 𝑁𝑐𝑟 𝑙̇𝑣 𝜆1

Lcr = 1.0L = 1.0*2154 = 2154 mm Lcr=

2154
𝐸 mm
𝜆 = 𝜋√ = 93.9E = 93.9*0.92 = 86.39
1 𝑓𝑦
1
𝜆 = 2154 ∗ = 1.95
Clause 6.3.1 𝑣 12.8 86.39 𝜆𝑣= 1.95
Formula 6.4

Buckling curve ‘b’ imperfection factor a = 0.34

Clause
6.3.1.2 Φ = 0.5[1 + 0.34(0.982 − 0.2) + 0.982] = 2.7
Φ= 2.7

X= 1 = 0.2
2.7+√2.72−1.95
X= 0.2
−3)
N = 0.2938(275∗10 = 51.6 kN
v,bRd
1.0 Nv,bRd =
51.6 kN
Check
𝑁 𝐸𝑑
Clause = 11.50 = 0.22 ≤ 1.0 ……OK!
6.3.1.3 𝑁𝑣,𝑏𝑅𝑑 51.6

Section 80*60*7L is suitable for the compression force.

 BORANG REKOD REKABENTUK STRUKTUR

PROJECT : JOB REF. :

PART OF STRUCTURE : CALCULATION SHEET NO. :
DRAWING REF. CALCULATED BY DATE CHECK BY DATE

REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

Analysis of external forces

Details of holes and bolts

Bolt=24mm
Hole e, = 50mm , P,=100 mm , do=d+2 = 24+2=26

Direct shear , Fs in bolt ‘A’

Fs = 𝑃/ 𝑛 = 294.24 / 8 = 36.78 𝑘𝑁 =36.78kN

Shear due to torsion , Ft in bolt ‘A’

Ft = 𝑃𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑟 / 𝗀𝜘2+𝗀𝑦2
ϵ𝜘²= 8 x 50² = 2000mm² ϵ𝜘²=2000mm²
ϵy²=4 x ( 50²+150²) = 100 000 mm² ϵy²=100 000 mm²

___________ r₁=158.1 mm
r₁=√(502 + 1502) = 158.1 mm

hence, ft= 294.24 𝑥 200 𝑥 158.1/ 2000+100 000 = 91.21 kN = 91.21 kN

Resultant of shear, Fc in bolt ‘A’

_______________________
Fc =√(𝐹𝑠2 + 𝐹𝑡2 + 2𝐹𝑠 𝐹𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙)

Cos𝜙+ 50 / 158.1 = 0.316

______________________________________
Fr=√(36.782 + 91.212) + (2 𝑥 36.78 𝑥 91.21 𝑥 0.316)
= 108.59 kN Fr = 108.59 kN

Fv,Ed= Fr = 108.59 kN

Design resistance against external forces

Try 24mm bolt, hence d = 24mm , hole diameter do= 26mm

Shear resistance of one bolt

Table 3.4 Fv, Rd = 𝛼𝑉 𝑓𝑢𝑏 𝐴 5 / 𝛾𝑀 2

Table 3.4 For bolt grade 8.8 , av = 0.6

Hence shear area A = At = 353 mm
 PROJECT : JOB REF. :
PART OF STRUCTURE : CALCULATION SHEET NO. :
DRAWING REF. CALCULATED BY DATE CHECK BY DATE

REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

Table 3.1 fub= 800 N/mm²

Fv, Rd= 0.6 𝑥 800 𝑥 353 𝑥 10 / 1.25 = 135.55 kN Fv, Rd=135.55kN

Bearing resistance per plane,

Fb, Rd = 𝑘 1 𝛼𝑏 𝑓𝑢 𝑑𝑡 / 𝛾𝑀 2

𝑎 b is the smallest of
𝑒1 / 3𝑑𝑜 = 50 / 3 𝑥 26 = 0.64 = 0.64

𝑃1/ 3𝑑𝑜 - ¼ = 100/ 3x26 – 1/4 = 1.03 = 1.03

𝑓𝑢𝑏 / 𝑓𝑑 = 500 / 430 = 1.86 = 1.86

Therefore 𝑎b min = 0.64

Table 3.1 k,is the smallest of :

2.8𝑒𝑧/do − 1.7 = 2.8 𝑥 50/26 − 1.7 = 3.68

1.4 𝑃𝑧 /do − 1.7 = 1.4 𝑥 100/26 − 1.7 = 3.63

Therefore 𝑘 1 = 2.5

Fb , Rd = (2.5 𝑥 0.64 𝑥 800 𝑥 24 𝑥 20 𝑥 10^-3) / 1.25 = 491.52 kN

Since, Fv,Rd = 108.59 kN < Fv,Rd = 135.55 kN

< Fb,Rd = 491.52 kN Fb , Rd =491.52 kN
CONCLUSION

In summary, the design of steel buildings is extremely important for ensuring the
security, dependability, and effectiveness of numerous engineering and architectural projects.
Engineers take into account a wide range of variables during the design process, including
load capacity, structural integrity, environmental conditions, and aesthetic appeal. Designers
can produce innovative and sustainable structures that last the test of time by utilising the
exceptional strength, adaptability, and durability of steel.
Steel has many technical advantages as well as being highly environmentally friendly
and sustainable. One of the most recycled materials on the planet, it lowers the need for new
raw resources and reduces waste. Steel constructions are simple to disassemble, reuse, or
repurpose, which promotes a circular economy and lowers the carbon footprint of the building
sector.
From the calculation that has done,we have come to a conclusion to choose section
size 80 x 60 x 7L For designing Roof truss.We have decided to choose this section because
it comply with the compression resistance on the cross section and buckling
resistance.Secondly for the beam design, we have decided to choose size UB 406 x 178 x
16 Because it resist the best for shear resistance and bending moment out of all the size
that we all try.Lastly for column design we have decided to choose size UB section 356 x 406
x 467 Grade S275 steel Because it is good relation towards compression and buckling
resistance for both y-y and z-z axis.