Editors of Previous Editions 6thedition, 1998 Stefanie Jannedy Robert Poletto Tracey L. Weldon Sth edition, 1991 Monica Crabiree Joyce Powers 4th edition, 1987 Carolyn Medians Deborah Stolenwerk Zhang Zneng Sheng Sri edition, 1985 ‘AnetieS. Bisante ‘eth jobnesn 2nd edition, 1982 Carofean Godby Rex Wallace Catherine Jolley 1st compilations, 1977-79 Deborah B. Schafer John W Perkins F Christian Latta Sheila Graves Geoghegan Language Files Materials for an Introduction to Language & Linguistics Seventh Edition Editors Nick Cipollone Steven Hartman Keiser Shravan Vasishth Departinent of Linguistics ‘The Ohio State Unive a Ohio State University Press ColumbusWe Do You Know When You Know a Language? - Fens Phonategy. File 1.4 What Do You Know sn oni gin tetera re When You Know a Pts nwo por Pay lp woh Tet i ey iat Language? ‘Sethe howe a mn any Ego Inga some anganges (sh asec) So alow pica Dora word aly ‘espn ao ronige Luss anerd ms" twine wok comgtuce ethaccune we wile ovamning among oe hing) emer pe eect pt i isang btn gay she Th Morphology the seen wont and lsh Phonetice f)Riimipnnicneubee (hho se proach eso gu tA uh Nn1 Introduction Syntax (6) ousp pickatocck wile. (8) ‘Init pctsyouupategt ck (6) Iwilpeckyouupategme'bek (8) Ategitatck, wlpckyoup Setecesa ac) areurgrammata (fst reseed late he morphol ond {an imposed yaar er complemen apa bt or. See ae mma andthe avs sacle touch ther Why) mail at ) (©) Nouupat wit pickeight ook ‘wally welomed) sd seman sewpibity (wher it mabe sense) Bee (0 suctraly wel-omed empartt watts pase sntence nigh bt emontay od Semantics Past your ingulticompatente a do with your abil dtermine te esnig of tenn ‘eircompnt aoe ermine when hae han ag Ce (0) Mlnestyousre bai (©) Vistngintvescnbedreda ( lawhee dock ‘ula ko: when leet sentences hs hig, (©) Jsinisananmacet male (@) Jonnieatocteer (G) Trecacbumped etre Above) an) ae Syonymous sentences a ae (and hn abso (an ayes Pragmatics ‘our underanding ofthe meaningesseatncsan age leracealoinvles anders Tow the eon of tae uterann nue er nang Fone rapote yore a he What Do You Know When You Know a Langunge? Fietd ‘he doe Taken quite ily, his ingly ost your doesn abit, but you woud probly nol vent of hry equim in at Ines, wld went as ‘oes hat yuo the doe Araertangug oun ounce cai eyo oan {rmpe above yourisrctoresored the ol teueing yo acoso Tink bo Styles ot Speech Yetsbounentin ecntnciins niientlinpagnay MetSep Eerie ) Inwha ys Oul ora eee ure ing our ‘comma o you pet ota prospec emplayerata po teien? Spehofet ae ain Frenuncaton veo and yan anger tgs (Who ae you mor thet wes fencelite tion ih? Wika ea tne epee hae) ‘ta celine sou whee aepthe aem an ou bay kets abot ‘background oe sacnsononc ns bse on he wy ey tak frnd ov wc ost Pepi are pin tisha i th hy ore ee OpaFile 1.5 Prescriptive vs. Descriptive Rules of Grammar ed post ol spent all ttle rage Aculy nguse ogc “Te iathind of prammaris dace in le 4 Wis thn ape epsha' knw ldge ot guage hat iw mane to ena garmatil uteea Ua opens ng fompetnes, Thin of mae made pf kwindge of Poot, orcas mer elt Smt an sans Everyone who spake a ange Ra goanar il agange i et fpr varndsnor nal conse tobe parol gama oper tought tempo Pt [your knowledge about ngage. gute mite whan hang ae seibing ar made het They devi rk of eerv grammer For intense nn ‘ering ngs might fnmulte nee, desiptive generations ese Desrpe ammae the irae 5. Newrept NO. toy go where po on hae oe for YES: | gguboldy whee moenehar in bles roman Pues cept patere separ icc ate gut pve1 Intratcton 1 somewht suprising tht ules Ua or rfc acta anguage i bold vive “Tre at awe mann, power oh oni eee of Pesci rls Fit ty pr ‘ice andi forms guage tht inept ym pees ta ange adhe Drectipine nes allows nspsier tote undertone pratt posse numer of su [oe ictapecaly sports angunge sacha Certan, hat as alto fleet ane another tat tek seaerscenotsvaye andestand exh te Scones sandad ree evry fr stadt lasing Engl oan ie langune) 3 coo ngage. agin oe ‘Sac hetero pidtne ft esi Engl (or Sparse Geman o estan ee) Ts thse yt pr engage ne te oul nan ene Fong hc rope nay. eens pipe salon apahro ins Tew, jn ne oa my Tn th {hag wintiacaly betes than anche spy Wert ingsbpt vew al ace Exe 1, Which of thefalomg are pesiptie sttmentr ch an dep? 2 mop wy "tm ler one rae sl sag na ay . Uheasn ser ofspatingEglsh pena guy end eres th pepo (cing sets ih printrss ewes ool ten 4. “ieee ou and cect eten you and ungarimta File 1.6 Arbitrariness in Language gry si ha na gr lei te nwa it ‘ich give the word or word pte ts form. anda tans For exampe te word or ge coe peach epee in Engl the sauna we pale, and eating nt oer ope te {ee pt The combustion os ms cing come nhs oy ges wt ay Re eds ‘Animporsnt ict about ngaitc sg tht pilin nlp sono sentence al ang Thetem ary Ree wr ee tc eng ‘ota any way petal rom frm o's te oe Stay ening Te apps ofa hates isan nn nny eng ea deer-rosng ig) Maeoet the connection Deteen orm an EARN such 8 ta "Thus the thet hrc pach yb lind even ae ap wel api points oars inthe sae exactness ere wer nonaity betas he desma te neaing oom ve), tacit mening Teter ash ain er Vn ea tn Fechapeld “Uae urna wad tg peed eae po bing ogi ppt ae te Ungbengdateninesby hme Sen ch nesingusediferenessould cee ‘lary th promuncton a acl wend chnge ve te Gee Fe 103 on ound change) Fr intane om eat of eset oper we kta word cho ‘on ng and pe oust hve a ana a Eee tata hee arcane aterm vse =a an atngannghange sme ew teem nd en secship ewer rn word and : fovea Bre ae any srry spas langage Apa so al portion fhe eeatuaty ol angen coat ter hoe fe ane det1 Introduction Exaaplr of nastopwtc wont gla ile ior ich at kana fo the nin» dog maker fora con' rie pl fro sun of ate tomate wal ec eines tnt ppg ety up oy cn rt ‘Reppin ach oes eve be mango ng ey orm he wend and erring be wed ery en engi ey son opted BY emudolta word el . _— — ‘Bowes orntane doo cual ado Englah pests haces abalone Aid hin ta rm Martone wen dfeent langage inte same sds ey Ire tf i on ingore ge a es nde ‘Snes ve th vm natal sound yelp with dfere form dn ngage Bou {bel the orm somewhat ate For eanple mst sys Seddon Eglah bat at in Mandarin Caer eh though (Qrenumal) roses sound the sae in Cha 2 in ‘Ames thee weve nett deertodcnnan rer he lng and mt {remy nnh we wat ye eng Fey ee nh tematopocte nets not qt ssn her all nf, para rach wo niet a ‘tog: ant wae oa Sgr falar ong sige: To mae his ot ete [ELE we pc tow cto tal ods ore mpc by nomapetc word ep fn The sndaly among thn xpd ong th are fe wade ano he pon et torowing between prarpaialy neighbonglenguge al hearin aaa re Cronngintic ramps of Onanstpocia Bap, Reventon! ore) Ben foe) ent (wt eo) % Abitrarnes in Language Pets ein sudan wordy vita ing sya chabe scandbtseber oe, bing evocative of parila meaning that nthe wes resect ages psa ‘hata bythe way ty Sound Thsphenmenanskaownos vung syoscken Pore ‘many languages wens fo smal and ea cect worst hvesadinoner totter ae ingofen conta a awel nicht pono with ete hgh ini en pl te oh oe le 33, whch we wil represer by th sya) Ths cin Eglin yao iad ‘sil al ele ei Gre mts Dall Span dinnerware the ith he meaning ‘ie sch oie ‘ite dog whe sue nen Utes a Such universal sound symbokin mith i suggesting lines seems Se meaescd oy ee ‘ser big Hot vn! se epanaspcei te fes elh cee ‘high pce vel an ths ree ghd sound ge ly sl eject Ts ie Saco mole stan wham spca toon cutee eae fntconretn tah he meaning ten hgh dey iaveinaacy tesa ee oan tse th appearance of in sch node neat Kina "anal nee amo se ‘esi oraioes gat sh wield mb, te sca ge pce ‘ods beginning witha ffi fie fies a is een ope oe Src guess As tea many weds in ela hat began and ekeghtnens Rete ‘mien, igh lit angi wel wm regal wntosguingeVbertet eee Snthat alert uch rb no cook ands nso gps an Seine ope theta sits in snonaoinny nay loke meting Even in auch ass, however ary asec ae pin denis, Thu hee are word when ate he operate sequencer tended fe he grup senataly acho gh with pc tothe groupt lana hetero grap ee os rds with pprpit mess ta dant in ay ch Sm ot inte as Engh wor sal dows not contin he sal” vane i bet waa owe “ope oe age nd canpa atthe vowel of ai, Aan sang popes toot tae Lng do ot acs fav ese cing weds wi car gs sed seat form. or exalt Gree words Bye onan" ae sop tes ese teh ring at ef sanyo phi adocares mates ‘inal the amples stow at orbs and ony ates sorewha a ecient ary pa a ‘Aled Tennyson ais poem Ta r= ued nasa cocnants tenic Ye nove made by th eesExercises 1. tn what ways do compound words ch t Matand suo show 4 degeef nara ner Rem neaning cnn Wal tobe tell cmpound rds? (en kato he clr fej cal ere) 2 Inches, exsion raving one iy fo anther by way yet anctes iy ma Uke th om tom X pace tagh¥ fo Z, and cant be expr a "hom X Po Z pase ‘ough Vs tha sate th ents low (ene ta eee sep =" 2M cg Sinfrnciee fngee—_—Chgp dg Nev tok 2 se cane SinFromico dao Nw York gue age ow woul youchaacerit the forming latanhipeiid by te Chee xp: > hana ons ten in dng oni ey edad dg» pa ng te pom ow wo ‘ive made sud oh ie aon ary te weed ae ara oun fe ‘re 20 years and i ot undergo th ound lt racer fa he Carma a tings br e119) by which nga oe pounced ap. Can ou siete Snort stance changron he psf tenon ar wor? «hepatitis mere pan ‘ta tanguage ive tapas ofthe late mening pi oon edhe {fe only aco wot om sewn ttm he wands Forerampe pees Engh cl fee noneme wordfoyo etosomg enater hen trees ‘wordy Ti the flowing exponent ons ed nd en ome ou es ones ‘Sih jour ound compare our rl with ef ates ingore (Jou might wanton givens paireand steps ny thr "an ts erie Yat Serve 2 Animal Communication The birds and animals are all rnd fo eachother, and there are no disputes about anything, They al talk. and ‘they all talk to me, But it rast bea foreign lenguage, {for Teanno! make out a word they ay, MARK TWAIN, Eve's Diary