BAB

(e) (f) negatif, sebahagian besar nyalaan

Elektrik
2 kelihatan bergerak ke arah plat

+
Electricity + –
+ – negatif.
+ – The heat energy of the flame ionises the

+
Medan Elektrik dan Pengaliran Cas + –
2.1 + – air molecules to become positive and
Electric Field and Charge Flow + – –
+ – negative charges. The positive charges

+
+ –
+ – are attracted to the negative plate and
Cas dan arus elektrik + – the negative charges are attracted to the

+
+ –
Charge and electric current + – positive plate. This causes the flame to

+
     disperse in two directions. As the positive
1. menghasilkan, mengumpulkan charges are heavier than the negative
produce, store Kesan medan elektrik charges, a larger portion of the flame is
2. terangkat, cas-cas yang sama, menolak, The effect of an electric field seen moving towards the negative plate.
ke arah atas
lift up, same charges, repel, upwards 1. (a) Plat X bercas positif. Sebelum itu 1
3. bumi, terpesong, cas-cas mengalir, bola tidak bercas. Bola itu diaruh
aliran arus dengan cas negatif pada bahagian 1. (a) + + + + + + +
earth, deflected, charges flow, current flow menghadap plat X dan cas positif
pada sebelah lagi. Hasilnya, bola
Arus elektrik tertarik ke plat X.
Electric current Plate X is charged positive. Initially the – – – – – – –
ball is uncharged. The ball is induced
1. elektron, cas, 1 C s / electrons, charges,
–1 with a negative charge on the side
1 C s–1 facing plate X and a positive charge on (b)
the other away. As a result the ball is
Contoh 1 attracted towards plate X. +
Q = 12 C (b) Apabila bola menyentuh plat X,
sejumlah cas positif diberikan.
Contoh 2 – – – – –
Dengan membawa jenis cas yang
n = 6.25 × 1018
sama, bola itu ditolak dan bergerak
(c)
ke arah plat Y.
Medan elektrik When the ball touches plate X, a net
Electric field
positive charge is given to it. Carrying the +
+ –
–
same kind of charge as plate X, the ball
1. daya elektrik is repelled and moves towards plate Y.
an electric force (c) Apabila bola polistirena yang
2. garis daya elektrik, cas positif bercas positif menyentuh plat Y,
lines of electric force, positive charge elektron (cas negatif) mengalir (d)
3. rapat, kuat, longgar, lemah / closely untuk meneutralkan cas positif.
spaced, strong, widely spaced, weak Aliran elektron menyebabkan
4. (a) (b) penunjuk mikroammeter terpesong – –
menandakan aliran arus.
When the polystyrene ball which is
charged positive touches plate Y, the
– electrons (negative charges) flow to
+ 2. Q = 0.01 C
neutralise the positive charges. The flow
of electrons causes the pointer of the 3. (a) t = 1.0 × 10–3 s
microammeter to deflect, showing that (b) n = 6.25 × 109
current flows.
  (d) n = 1.5 × 1019 Hubungan antara Arus Elektrik dan
2.2 Beza Keupayaan
(c) 2. (a) Nyalaan itu terpisah ke dua arah. Relationship between Electric Current and
Bahagian nyalaan ke arah plat Potential Difference
negatif lebih besar daripada yang Beza keupayaan
positif. Potential difference
+ + The flame dispersed in two separate
directions. The portion of the flame 1. kerja yang dilakukan, cas, titik, volt (V), J
towards the negative plate is larger than C–1 / work done, charge, point, volt (V), J C–1
the portion of the flame towards the
positive plate.
2. 1 joule
(b) Tenaga haba nyalaan mengion Contoh 3
(d) molekul udara untuk menjadi cas V = 3.0 × 1010 V
positif dan negatif. Cas positif
tertarik ke plat negatif dan cas Contoh 4
negatif tertarik ke plat positif. Hal Tenaga elektrik berubah kepada haba,
+ – Electrical energy changed to heat,
ini menyebabkan nyalaan terpisah
kepada dua arah. Oleh kerana cas E = VQ = 240 × 20
positif lebih berat daripada cas = 4800 J

1
   Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan
Hubungan antara arus dengan beza
keupayaan
Relationship between current and potential
difference
1. (a) Beza keupayaan merentasi
konduktor bergantung kepada arus
yang melalui konduktor.
The potential difference across the
conductor depends on the current that
passes through the conductor.
(b) Apabila arus yang melalui konduktor
meningkat, beza keupayaan
merentasinya juga meningkat.
When the current that passes through a
metal conductor increases, the potential
difference across it increases.
(c) (i) Untuk menyiasat hubungan
antara arus dan beza
keupayaan untuk konduktor
logam.
To investigate the relationship
between current and potential
difference for a metal conductor.
(ii)
Pemboleh ubah yang
dimanipulasikan: Arus, I
Manipulated variable: Current, I
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas:
Beza keupayaan, V
Responding variable: Potential
difference, V
Pemboleh ubah yang
dimalarkan: Panjang dan jenis
wayar logam
Fixed variable: Length and type of
metal wire
(iii)
Tiga sel kering 1.5 V,
pemegang bateri, ammeter (0 –
1 A), voltmeter (0 – 5 V), 20 cm
dawai konstantan (s.w.g. 34),
reostat (0 – 15 Ω), suis dan
wayar penyambung.
Three 1.5 V dry cells, battery holder,
ammeter (0 – 1 A), voltmeter
(0 – 5 V), 20 cm constantan wire
(s.w.g. 34), rheostat (0 – 15 Ω),
switch and connecting wires.
(v) • Satu litar disambungkan
seperti yang ditunjukkan
dalam rajah di atas.
A circuit is set up as shown in the
figure.
• Suis dihidupkan dan
reostat dilaraskan sehingga
mendapat satu bacaan arus
I = 0.2 A pada ammeter.
Beza keupayaan, V,
merentasi dawai konstantan
dicatat dari bacaan voltmeter.
The circuit is switched on and
the rheostat is adjusted until the
ammeter gives a reading,
I = 0.2 A. The potential difference
V across the constantan wire is
recorded from voltmeter.
• Eksperimen diulangi dengan
melaraskan reostat supaya
mendapat nilai-nilai arus
yang berlainan, I = 0.4 A, (c) R = 50 Ω
0.6 A, 0.8 A, dan 1.0 A. 2. lQ = 8 cm
Bacaan voltmeter V yang
sepadan dicatatkan.
The experiment is repeated by Litar Sesiri dan Litar Selari
adjusting the rheostat to fix the 2.3 Series and Parallel Circuits
current at I = 0.4 A, 0.6 A, 0.8 A,
and 1.0 A. The corresponding 2. satu lintasan, litar sesiri
values for potential difference are one path, series circuit
recorded. 3. tiga cabang, litar selari
three branches, parallel circuit
(d) Arus / Current Voltan / Volt
I/A V/V 5. satu lintasan / one path
6. lintasan berterusan, satu cabang
0.2 continuous path, a branch
0.4 8. (a)
0.6
0.8
1.0
(e) bertambah, bertambah
increases, increases Litar sesiri / Series circuit
Hukum Ohm (b)
Ohm’s Law
2. bertambah, bertambah / increases,
increases
3. beza keupayaan, berkadar langsung,
arus, suhu malar / potential difference, Litar selari / Parallel circuit
directly proportional, current, constant
(c)
temperature
4. berkadar langsung, ditetapkan
directly proportional, kept constant
5. (a) pendek, diapitkan dengan ketat
short, tightly fixed
(b) Ralat sifar, disemak, dilaraskan
zero error, checked, adjusted Litar selari / Parallel circuit
(c) tegak di atas imejnya, ralat paralaks
(d)
vertically above its image, parallax error
(d) dimatikan, suhu, ditetapkan
turned off, temperature, kept constant
Perintang
Resistance
Litar sesiri / Series circuit
1. beza keupayaan, V, arus, I
potential difference, V, current, I Membandingkan arus dan beza
Contoh 5 keupayaan bagi litar sesiri dan litar
R = 18 Ω selari
To compare the current and potential
Contoh 6 difference of series circuits and parallel
V = 2.0 V circuits
Superkonduktor Arus dalam litar sesiri
Superconductor Current in series circuit
1. satu lintasan, hilang, litar, arus, titik
1. rintangan elektrik, kehilangan kuasa one path, lost, circuit, current, points
electrical resistance, power loss
2. sangat rendah / very low Beza keupayaan dalam litar sesiri
Potential difference in series circuit
3. rintangan sifar, superkonduktiviti
zero resistance, superconductivity 1. turun / drop
5. rintangannya, sifar / resistance, zero 2. dikongsi / shared
6. suhu genting / critical temperature 3. beza keupayaan, komponen-komponen
7. tanpa kehilangan tenaga yang berasingan
without loss of energy potential differences, separate components
Arus dalam litar selari
2 Current in parallel circuit
1. (a) V = IR = 15 V 1. lebih daripada satu / more than one
(b) I = 0.2 A 2. berpecah, dua lintasan / split, two paths
2
 Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan 

Beza keupayaan dalam litar selari
Potential difference in parallel circuit
1. dua titik / two points
2. sama, berkongsi / same, share
4. sama / the same
Membandingkan mentol yang
disambung secara sesiri dan selari
To compare bulbs connected in series and
parallel circuits
2. sesiri, selari, kombinasi / series, parallel,
combination
3. dihidupkan, sejuk, filamen pemanas,
dihidupkan, panas / on, cold, heating
filament, on, hot
4. perintang R, keadaan perlahan,
dihidupkan / resistor R, slow mode, on
5. dihidupkan, arus, voltan, bertambah
on, current, voltage, increases
(c) litar tertutup, arus / closed circuit, current
(e) sama, volt (V) / same, volts (V)
(f) lebih kecil, d.g.e. (E), dilesapkan, sel,
tenaga, 1 C cas / smaller, e.m.f. (E),
dissipated, cell, energy, 1 C of charge
Rintangan dalam, r
Internal resistance, r
(a) sedikit rintangan, beza keupayaan

(a) sama / same

3 some resistance, potential difference
(b) rintangan, cas, elektrolit, bateri
(b) berbeza, beza keupayaan / different, 1. (a) 20 Ω resistance, charge, electrolyte, battery
potential difference (b) 4Ω (c) Kerja, kehilangan, beza keupayaan
(c) putus, dikeluarkan, sifar, sifar / break off, (c) 1.25 Ω Work, drop, potential difference
removed, zero, zero (d) 20 Ω
(d) malap, lebih kecil / dimly, smaller (e) 14.7 Ω Eksperimen 2.1
(e) hasil tambah / sum (f) 25 Ω Perbincangan / Discussion:
(f) sama / same 2. p = 10 V/ V
(g) putus litar, masih sama / will break off, still 3. (a) 6.7 Ω
the same E
(b) 1.2 A, 0.6 A
(h) lebih cerah, lebih besar / brighter, larger (c) 3V E–V

Rintangan berkesan dalam litar sesiri

The effective resistance in series circuit
1. (a) sama / the same
(b) bergantung secara langsung
depends directly
(c) jumlah beza keupayaan, dibekal
oleh sumber / the total potential
difference, supplied by the source
Rintangan berkesan untuk litar selari
The effective resistance in parallel circuit
1. (a) sama / same
(b) berkadar songsang / inversely
proportional
(c) arus, selari / currents, parallel
Contoh 7
(a) R = R1 + R2­ + R3 = 10 Ω
(b) I = 2.0 A
(c) V1 = 2 V,  V2 = 6 V,  V3 = 12 V
Contoh 8
(a) Dalam litar selari, beza keupayaan
merentasi setiap perintang dan bateri
adalah sama, 20 V.
In parallel circuit, the potential difference
across each resistor and battery is the same,
20 V
2 (b) Kerana voltmeter disambung terus
(b) R = Ω kepada bateri.
3
(c) I = 30 A
(d) I1 = 20 A,  I2 = 6.7 A,  I3 = 3.3 A
Aplikasi prinsip arus, beza keupayaan
dan rintangan dalam litar sesiri dan
litar selari
Application of principles of current,
potential difference and resistance in series
and parallel circuit
(a) litar terbuka, tiada arus / open circuit, no
1. litar selari, sesiri, selari / parallel circuits,
series, parallel
Daya Gerak Elektrik (d.g.e.) dan
2.4 Rintangan Dalam
Electromotive Force (e.m.f.) and Internal
Resistance
1. tenaga elektrik, haba dan cahaya
electrical energy, heat and light
2. tenaga kimia, tenaga elektrik
chemical energy, electrical energy
3. Kerja dilakukan, daya gerak elektrik
Work is done, electromotive force
4. Kerja dilakukan, coulomb cas, litar
lengkap / Work is done, coulomb of charge,
complete circuit
Menganalisis daya gerak elektrik
(d.g.e.) dan beza keupayaan
Analysing between electromotive force
(e.m.f.) and potential difference
2. Hubungan antara daya gerak elektrik,
V E dan rintangan dalam, r suatu sel
A 2. berintangan tinggi, d.g.e. bateri / high
3. (a) Tidak / No
Because the voltmeter is connected
directly across the battery.
(c) Daya gerak elektrik.
Electromotive force.
Membezakan daya gerak elektrik
(d.g.e.) dan beza keupayaan
To distinguish between electromotive force
(e.m.f.) and potential difference
current
V
0 I
I/A
1. mengekstrapolasikan graf
extrapolating the graph
2. daya gerak elektrik / electromotive force
Kesimpulan / Conclusion :
kecerunan graf / gradient of the graph
Perhatian / Notes :
1. rintangan berkesan, berkadar langsung,
rintangan berkesan, beza keupayaan /
effective resistance, is directly proportional,
effective resistance, potential difference
2. pengaliran arus, litar pintas, Rintangan
rendah, arus yang besar / current flow,
short circuit, Low resistance, large current
The relationship between the electromotive
force, E and internal resistance, r of a cell
resistance, e.m.f. of the battery
3. beza keupayaan, V / potential difference, V
4. kurang, beza keupayaan, arus, I / less,
potential difference, current, I
Menganalisis graf V melawan I
Analysing V against I graph
(a) diekstrapolasikan, I = 0 dan V = E, daya
gerak elektrik / extrapolated, I = 0 and V =
E , the electromotive force
(b) garis lurus, V = –Ir + E [from E – V = Ir]
straight line
(c) kecerunan / gradient
(d) negatif, lebih kecil, ‘volt yang hilang’
negative, lesser, ‘lost volts’

3
   Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan
Contoh 9
R = 2.0 Ω  V  = 10 V
Contoh 10
d.g.e/e.m.f = 3.0 V, r = 1.8 Ω
4 Contoh 11
1. (a) V = 2.8 V
(b) R = 7.0 Ω
2. (a) V = 11.4 V
(b) R = 22.8 Ω
Kuasa dan Tenaga Elektrik
2.5 Electrical Energy and Power
1. haba, cahaya, tenaga mekanik, tenaga
elektromagnet, peralatan elektrik
heat, light, mechanical energy,
electromagnetic energy, electrical devices
Hubungan antara tenaga (E ), voltan
(V ), arus (l ) dan masa (t )
Relationship between energy (E), voltage
(V), current (I) and time (t)
1. coulomb cas (Q), dua titik
coulomb of charge (Q), two points
Hubungan antara kuasa (P), voltan (V)
dan arus (l)
Relationship between power (P), voltage (V)
and current (I)
1. dilesapkan, dipindahkan
released, transferred
2. joule sesaat (J s–1), watt
joule per second (J s–1), watt
3. tenaga elektrik dibebaskan, saat
electrical energy released, second
4. kilowatt (kW), megawatt (MW), 1 000 or
103, 1 000 000 or 106
kilowatt (kW), megawatt (MW)
E = 8640 J
Contoh 12
R = 28.8 Ω
I = 8.3 A
Contoh 13
(a) P10 Ω : P25 Ω = 5 : 2
(b) P = 20.2 W
Kadar kuasa dan penggunaan tenaga
pelbagai peralatan elektrik
Power rating and energy consumption of
some electrical appliances
(a) tenaga elektrik, 1 saat, bekalan 240 V
electrical energy, 1 second, 240 V supply
(b) (i) kuasa / the power
(ii) masa yang digunakan / the usage time
(c) meter kilowatt-jam / kilowatt-hour meter
(d) kilowatt-jam atau kWj / kilowatt-hour or
kWh
(e) tenaga, 1 jam, 1 kilowatt, 3.6 × 10 J 6
energy, 1 hour, 1 kilowatt
Contoh 14
RM11.55
Kecekapan penggunaan tenaga
elektrik
Efficient use of electrical energy
1. bil elektrik, kecekapan penggunaan
elektriknya / electricity bill, electrical
operating efficiency
3. (a) kadar tenaga / energy rating
(b) saiz, ciri-ciri / sizes, features
(c) kawalan masa atau fungsi mati-
kuasa automatik
timer or automatic power-off function
(d) Mencuci / Clean
(e) rendah / lower
Kepentingan penyelenggaran untuk
memastikan kecekapan peralatan
elektrik
The importance of maintenance in ensuring
efficiency of electrical appliances
1. penapis udara / air filter
2. sinaran matahari / sunlight
3. udara masuk, keluar / air inlets, outlets
4. fros, motor / frost, motor
5. penutup pintu / door seal
6. Cuci / Clean
5
V 2
1. (a) E= t
R
(b) E = I  Rt
2
V 2
(c) P = VI   P = I 2R  P =
R
2. (a) I = 3 A , R = 4 Ω
(b) I = 1.5 A