Contents

Preface xi

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Chaotic dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 A definition of chaos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Chaos Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Different types of synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.1 Projective synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.2 Modified Projective synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.3 Function projective synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.4 Modified Function projective synchronization . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4 Different methods for obtaining synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.1 Active nonlinear control method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.2 Adaptive nonlinear control method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4.3 Open-Plus-Closed-Loop control method . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5 Solving nonlinear ODEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5.1 Runge-Kutta Fourth order method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2 Hybrid and Function projective synchronization in hyperchaotic

Lü system through active nonlinear control 15
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Hyperchaotic Lü system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 Hybrid synchronization of hyperchaotic Lü system . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4 Simulation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.5 Function projective synchronization of hyperchaotic Lü system . . . 20
2.6 Simulation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
iv

3 Function projective synchronization of two-cell Quantum-CNN os-

cillator through adaptive nonlinear control 31
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2 Quantum-CNN oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3 Adaptive Function projective synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4 Adaptive FPS of two-cell Quantum-CNN oscillators . . . . . . . . . 34
3.5 Numerical simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

4 Modified function projective synchronization between hyperchaotic

Lorenz system and Lü system through adaptive nonlinear control 41
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.2 Modified function projective Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3 Adaptive modified function projective synchronization scheme . . . . 42
4.4 Adaptive MFPS between hyperchaotic Lorenz system and hyper-
chaotic Lü system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.5 Numerical simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

5 Function projective synchronization in chaotic and hyperchaotic

systems through OPCL coupling 53
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.2 Unidirectional OPCL coupling for FPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.3 FPS in chaotic oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.3.1 Numerical simulation :Identical oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.3.2 Numerical simulation :Mismatched oscillators . . . . . . . . . 55
5.4 FPS in Hyperchaotic oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.4.1 Numerical simulation :Identical oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.4.2 Numerical simulation :Mismatched oscillators . . . . . . . . . 60
5.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

6 Modified function projective synchronization in hyperchaotic sys-

tems through OPCL coupling 67
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.2 MFPS through OPCL coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.3 MFPS of two identical Rössler hyperchaotic systems . . . . . . . . . 68
6.4 MFPS of two mismatched Lü hyperchaotic systems . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.5 Application of MFPS in secure communication . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
 v

7 Summary 77

Bibliography 78