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Chapter5a Flexure in Beam PDF
Chapter5a Flexure in Beam PDF
FLEXURE IN BEAMS
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering •Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
5a
By
SPRING 2004 Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
Introduction
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 2
Introduction (cont’d)
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Stresses in a Beam
y P b a w
Figure 1
x
b a
y P
h
MR τ
dA σ
∆x
x
+y
O
V
R
Introduction (cont’d)
ENCE 454 ©Assakkaf
V V
M M (b) Positive Shear (clockwise)
L.H.F R.H.F M M
V V
(a) Positive Shear & Moment
(c) Positive Moment
(concave upward)
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 4
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 6
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 8
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 10
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6′′
2′′
6′′
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 12
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x 12 12
= 4 + 48 + 36 + 48 = 136 in 4
5′′
C
(5 ×12)(5)
· 3′′
Max. Stress (com) =
136
= 2.21 ksi
2′′
6′′
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 14
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C c
Z c yC c
x
y
T dA dy
Figure 1
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 16
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 18
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5′′ Z1 Z2
C Z3
·
T1
3′′
2′′ T3
T2
6′′ fbott
fmid
Figure 2
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 20
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2′′ ftop
Example 2
(cont’d) C
5′′ Z1 Z2
C Z3
·
1′′ T1
3′′
2′′ T3
T2
6′′ fbott
fmid
1
C = f avg × area = f top [(5)(2)] = 5 f top From similar triangles:
2
1 1 f mid 1
T1 = f avg × area = f mid [(1)(2)] = f mid = f bott =
2 3 f bott 3
T2 = f avg × area = f mid [(2 )(6 )] = 12 f mid = 4 f bott
1
f − f mid ∴ f mid = f bott
T3 = f avg × area = bott [(2)(6)] = 6 f bott − 6 f mid 3
2
2′′ ftop
Example 2
(cont’d) C
5′′ Z1 Z2
C Z3
·
1′′ T1
3′′
2′′ T3
T2
6′′ fbott
fmid
C = T = T1 + T2 + T3
5 f top =
1
f bott + 4 f bott + 6 f bott − 6 f mid 5
3 f top = f bott
1 25
3
5 f top = f bott + 4 f bott + 6 f bott − 2 f bott = f bott
3 3
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 22
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2′′ ftop
Example 2
(cont’d) C
5′′ Z1 Z2
C Z3
·
1′′ T1
3′′
2′′ T3
T2
6′′ fbott
fmid
2
Z1 = (5) + 2 (1) = 4 in.
3 3 M ext = M R
5000(12 ) = Z1T1 + Z 2T2 + Z 3T3
2 16
Z 2 = (5) + 2 = in.
3 3
2 2 17 60,000 = Z1T1 + Z 2T2 + Z 3T3
Z 3 = (5) + 1 + (2 ) = in.
3 3 3
2 ′′ ftop
Example 2
(cont’d) C
5′′ Z1 Z2
C Z3
· 1′′ T1
3′′
2 ′′ T3
T
6 ′′ fbott
fmid
2
1 16 17 136
60,000 = 4 f bott + (4 f bott ) + (4 f bott ) = f bott
3 3 3 3
Therefore,
f bott = 1,323.53 psi (Tension)
The maximum Stress is compressive stress :
5 5
f max = f top = f bott = (1,323.53) = 2,205.88 psi = 2.21 ksi (Com)
3 3
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 24
Elastic Design
– Elastic design is considered valid for the
homogeneous plain concrete beam as long as
the tensile stress does not exceed the
modulus of rupture fr.
– Elastic design can also be applied to a
reinforced concrete beam using the working
stress design (WSD) or allowable stress
design (ASD) approach.
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 26
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 28
b ε c (comp.) f c (comp.)
d N.A.
h
ε s (tens.) f s (tens.)
ε c (tens.) f c (tens.)
Stresses are below modulus of rupture.
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 30
b ε c (comp.) f c (comp.)
d N.A.
h
ε s (tens.) f s (tens.)
x · 1
x
· 2
Es
d
C
n=
d-x Ec
n As
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 32
f c (comp.)
b ε c (comp.)
d N.A.
h
ε s (tens.) f s (tens.)
• Stress curve above N.A. will be similar to the stress-strain curve of Fig. 3.
• Concrete has cracked, and the process is irreversible.
• Steel bar has yielded and will not return to its original length.
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 34
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Assumptions
Basic Assumption (cont’d):
6. The bond between the steel and concrete
is perfect and no lip occurs.
0.003 Elastic
region Figure 5
Figure 4
Stress
fy
εy Strain
εy Strain Idealized Stress-Strain Curve
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 36
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C
N.A.
h d Z
T
εs ≥ ε y f s = f y as a limit
Figure 6
Strain Stress Force
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 38
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 40
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f s = f y as a limit
Stress
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 42
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 44
2
c a = β1c C = 0.85 f c′ab
N.A
d
a
Z = jd = d −
2
fs fs
T = As f s
Rectangular
Actual Compressive Equivalent Compressive Internal Couple
Stress Block Stress Block
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 46
b
a
c a 2
C = 0.85 f c′ab
N .A. a
jd = d −
2
(a)
As T = As f s
Figure 8 (b)
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 48
a = β1c (3)
Where
c = distance from the outer fiber to the neutral axis
β1 = a factor dependent on concrete strength, and is given by
0.85 for f c′ ≤ 4,000 psi
β1 = 1.05 − 5 ×10-5 f c′ for 4,000 psi < f c′ ≤ 8,000 psi (4)
0.65 for f c′ > 8,000 psi
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 50
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 52
ρdf y
M n = ρrd 2 f y d − (11)
1.7 f ′
c
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 54
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Stress
fy
εy Strain
εy Strain Idealized Stress-Strain Curve
fy
εy =
E
Underreinforced N.A.
Balanced N.A.
Overreinforced N.A.
εy
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 56
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 58
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b
a
c a 2
As T = As f s
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 60
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Based on steel : b
a
c a 2
4.18
M n = 2.37(60) 23 − = 2,973.4 in. - kips C = 0.85 f c′ab
2 N .A.
jd = d −
a
2
2,973.4
= = 247.8 ft - kips As T = As f s
12
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 62
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CHAPTER 5a. FLEXURE IN BEAMS Slide No. 64
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0.003 ε
= s c
c d −c
d −c 23 − 4.92
ε s = 0.003 = 0.003 = 0.011 in./in.
c 4.92 d = 23′′
The strain at which the steel yields is
fy 60,000
εy = = = 0.00207 in./in.
Es 29 × 106
εs
Since εs (= 0.011) > εy (= 0.00207), the beam is under-reinforced
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