Section A

1.
(a) Figure Q1 shows two vectors a and b defined by their magnitude and
direction. Vector a has a magnitude of 30m and a direction 20° from the
horizontal. Vector b has a magnitude of 40m and a direction of 120° from the
horizontal.

Figure Q1

(i) Resolve a and b into components along the x and y axes and hence give
each in terms of the unit vectors along each axis.
[4 marks]

(ii) Find a·b using the units vectors resolved in part (i)
[3 marks]

(i) Find a·b using the magnitudes and directions given for a and b
[3 marks]
(b) Find the vector (cross) product of the following

i) a of magnitude, 5, and b of magnitude 6 and angle between them of

60°
[2 marks]
ii) a = (i+4j+3k) and b = (2i-j+2k)
[3 marks]
iii) If a = (i+2j), b = (2i-3k) and c = (j + 4k), show that:
a·(b×c) = b·(c×a)
[5 marks]

[Total 20 marks]
2.
(a)
Figure Q2 shows the position, x, versus time, t, graph for a moving rocket.
The solid black line shows the velocity as a function of time, given by x(t) =
2t2+1/2t; The dotted line shows a secant line drawn between the position at
t=5s and t=20s.

Figure Q2

(i) If the position at t=5s is 52.5m, and the position at t = 20s is 810m,
calculate the average velocity of the Rocket?
[2 marks]

(ii) Write down a formula which shows how the derivative of the position is
related to the instantaneous velocity, and how the derivative of the
velocity is related to the instantaneous acceleration.
[2 marks]

(iii) Using the derivative of the position, calculate the instantaneous velocity
at t= 10s and t=15s?
[4 marks]

(iv) Using the derivative of the velocity, calculate the acceleration of the
Rocket
[2 marks]

(b)
(i) State Newton’s Laws of Motion and draw a free body diagram showing
the forces acting on an object lying stationary on an inclined surface.
[4 marks]
(ii) A Snowboarder (mass 80kg and height 1.7m slides down a slope at an
angle of 25°. If we neglect friction, what is his acceleration and what is
the size of the normal force?
[6 marks]

[Total 20 marks]
3.
(a)
i) State the definition of Heat.
[2 marks]
ii) State 3 methods of Heat Transfer
[3 marks]
iii) A bar of circular cross section and radius 20mm is held between a hot
and a cold source of heat as shown in Figure Q3.

Figure Q3

Calculate the energy transferred per unit time of the bar if it is:

a) Made of Copper with a thermal conductivity of 386 W/mK

b) Made of Aluminium with a thermal conductivity of 220W/mK
[4 marks]

iv) Which one of the two bars materials would be best suited as a thermal
heat exchanger and why?
[1 mark]
(b)
i) In one sentence state the definitions of:
1) Work
2) Potential Energy
[2 marks]
ii) Your new chair and couch arrive by delivery truck to your house. If the
flat bed of the truck is 1.8m from the ground and the chair weighs 60kg.
How much potential energy does the chair have before you lift it from
the truck?
[2 marks]
iii). You then unload and push the couch a distance of 6m across the living
room floor with a horizontal force of 300N. if the force of friction is 80N,
what is the work done by you, by the frictional force and by gravity and
what is the nett work done?
[4 marks]
iv) If the time it takes you to push the couch over the 6m distance is 20
seconds, what is the power used by you during this action?
[2 marks]
[Total 20 marks]
 Section B

4.
a) Consider a three phase, 415 V, 50 Hz power supply driving a delta
connected load. The load is a 75 Ω resistor in series with a 30 µF capacitor
for each phase. Determine numerical values for each of the following
parameters:

(i) the phase voltage,

[2 marks]
(ii) the phase current,
[6 marks]
(iii) the line current,
[2 marks]
(iv) the total power dissipated,
[5 marks]
(v) the kVA rating of the load.
[2 marks]

b) The alternative to a delta arrangement for a three-phase load is a star

connection. Use a phasor diagram to show the relationship between the
phase voltages in the star arrangement.
[3 marks]
[Total 20 marks]
5.
a)
(i) How is the term ‘one kilowatt hour (1 kWh)’ defined in the context of electricity
consumption?
[3 marks]
(ii) If the price of electricity is 11 pence per kWh, calculate the annual cost of running
a television for 12 hours per day, if the appliance is rated at 200 W.
[3 marks]
b) Europe has a population of 743 million people, with an average energy
consumption of 5450 kWh per person per year. In North Africa, the average solar
irradiation is 2,200 kWh per square metre per year. If we wish to build such a
system, calculate the area of solar panels required in North Africa that would be
needed to supply all of Europe’s electricity demand, assuming that the whole
system losses of energy conversion and distribution can be represented as an
efficiency of 10%.
[6 marks]
c) Figure Q5 shows the IV characteristic of a typical photovoltaic module of
dimensions 0.85 m × 0.55 m, obtained under an irradiance of 1 kW/m 2.
Determine:
(i) the open circuit voltage,
[2 marks]
(ii) the short circuit current,
[2 marks]
(iii) the maximum power point,
[2 marks]
(iv) the module efficiency.
[2 marks]
[Total 20 marks]
 Figure Q5
6.
a) Derive an expression for the power in a column of wind travelling at a constant
velocity v through a circle of area A.
[5 marks]
b) A particular electric car has a battery of 45 kWh capacity. For an average wind
velocity of 15 ms-1, calculate the radius of the blades of a wind turbine that would
be required to charge the battery, assuming that the energy is provided through a
7 kW domestic connector, and the overall system efficiency is 15%. How long
would it take to fully charge the battery in this arrangement?
[5 marks]
c) Compare the power available in the air of the example in part 6b), with that
available for a column of water of similar dimensions, if the water also has an
average velocity of 15 ms-1. Discuss the implications of this for the design of
marine turbines when compared to those on land.
[5 marks]
d) What is the major difference between a vertical axis and a horizontal axis wind
turbine? Describe the optimum conditions for the installation of each type.
[5 marks]
[Total 20 marks]

Data: the density of air and water at standard temperature and pressure is equal to
1.23 and 1 × 103 kg m-3 respectively.

END OF PAPER
Note:

g = 9.81 ms-2
e = 1.602x10-19 C
o = 8.85x10-12 Fm-1
o = 12.57x10-7 Wb A-1m -1
Density of air, ρ =1.23 kg m-3

List of formulae

Average velocity = total distance/time taken

v = u + at

v2 = u2 + 2as

s = ut +0.5at2

Work done = Fs cos θ

Kinetic energy = 0.5mv2

Gravitational P.E. = mgh

Heat energy = mC (T2-T1)

Coulomb’s law: F= q1q2/4πor2

Force on current carrying conductor, F = BIL sin θ or F = I (l x B)

Force on a charged particle, F = Bqv sin θ or F = q ( v x B )

Magnetic flux density B, a distance r from a wire, B = µ oI /2πr

Magnetic flux density at the centre of a solenoid, B = µ oI N /L

Magnetic flux, Φ = BA cos θ

Emf E = - d (N Φ) / dt

a.b = axbx +ayby + azbz

a x b= i j k
ax ay az
bx by bz