Structural Control for: Buildings (page 2 of 13) 511 characteristics of these members depend on the level of structural response experienced by them. Once these members are built into the Structure, their properties cannot be altered by any external means. No external force or energy 1s applied to control the structural response during earthquake shaking. These members are called passive’ contro] ve control and the change in devices. A schematic of the concept of pat Tesponse is shown in Figure 1. On the other hand, in active control methods, ground notion and structural response are measured (Figure 2) through eensors, called selsnoneters. These inputs are fed to a computer which calculates forces required to be applied through ‘special menbers to modify the bullding response to the desired level. These special menbers are called active control devices. They are primarily actuators, either hydraulic or clectrical. The magnitude and variation with tine of these external Counteractive forces are based on predictive control logic, for which the Anputs are measurements of ground motion and the structural response, and an analytical model to predict the future response of the structure after tine delay (1.¢., a tine history analysis progran for the nonlinear dynamic analysis of the building). Smart Structures 1s another nane given to structures with control Gevices bullt in'them. Sone of these methods are already in use in real Life bulldings. Of course, more research is in progress to explore Possibilities of making structural control practical and fessibie, 3.0 PASSIVE CONTROL 3:0. PASSIVE CONTROL wo approaches are conceived in passive structural control, In the first, the earthquake ground motion input at the base of the building 1s filtered to remove frequencies that could be damaging and that are in the vicinity of the first few natural frequencies of the building. In the second approach, the seismic energy input to the building is Gtssipated at convenient and safe locations in vhat are called energy dissipation devices. Sonetines these devices undergo significant damage and need to be replaced. Hence, they are designed as disposable elements which can be replaced by fresh ones, like a fuse in an electrical circuit. The former approach is known as base isolation, while the aa ee eee