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2010-11.1 LRFD Effect DOTs and RCP PDF
2010-11.1 LRFD Effect DOTs and RCP PDF
Josh Beakley
November, 2010
2
LRFD is Required
June 28th, 2000 FHWA Memo
AASHTO
Design
Specifications
AASHTO Standard Specifications
for Highway Bridges
Section 3 – Loads
Section 6 – Culverts
Section 8 – Reinforced Concrete
Section
S ti 12 – Soil-
S il-Corrugated
Soil C t d Metal
M t l
Structure Interaction Systems
Section 16 – Soil
Soil--Reinforced Concrete
Structure Interaction Systems
Section 17 – Soil
Soil--Thermoplastic Pipe
Interaction Systems
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications
Section 3 – Loads and Load Factors
Section 4 – Structural Analysis and
Evaluation
Section 5 – Concrete Structures
Section 12 – Buried Structures and Tunnel
Liners
Li
Structures Designed Per Section 12
6 ft.
f 14 ft.
f
l = 10 in.
Standard
St d d Specification
S ifi ti – 6.4.1
641
“Concentrated Load”
Box Under Shallow Fill
Distribution Width
Distribution Width
LRFD (4.6.2.10)
E = 96 + 1.44S (for axle)
Standard
St d d (3.24.3.2)
(3 24 3 2)
E = 4 + 0.06S (for wheel)
4 0 75
0.75 0 65
0.65 0 70
0.70
Box Culverts – Shallow Fill
N t l Ground
Natural G d N t l Ground
Natural G d
Soil Load
WE = FesBcH
Boxes – Section 12.11.2.2.1
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AASHTO LRFD 12
12.10.2.1
10 2 1
Vertical Pressures and Reactions
Vertical Soil Load
2
1.6
1.2
VAFi
0.8
0.4
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
li
ph =
P
R2 [
3ZX2
R3 ]
R (1 - 2)
R+Z
B
Boussinesq
i Distribution
Di t ib ti
Live Load Lateral Uniform Pressure
LRFD – 3.11.6.4
Δp = K γs heq
H < 5 ft – heq = 4 ft
H < 10 ft – heq = 3 ft
H < 20 ft – heq = 2 ft
Lateral Uniform Live Load
“In general, LRFD produces greater live load surcharge
pressures than Standard for depths of fill of 5 ft or less and
less pressure for greater depths
depths. In addition
addition, live load
surcharge pressures from AASHTO M 259 and M 273 are
much greater than those from LRFD for depths of fill from
0 to 1 fft and
d less
l than
h LRFD for f greater fill heights.
h i h In I
spite of the significant differences in live load surcharge
ppressures, their impact
p on reinforcement areas is relativelyy
minor”
3.11.5.2
3 11 5 2 – At Rest
R t Pressure
P
ko = 1 sin
1--sin
= 30°
30°, ko = 0.5, press = 60 pcf
Other Loads
Always Considered
Self Weight
Sometimes
S ti Considered
C id d
Construction Loads
v = 0.9
LRFD – 12.5.5-
12 5 5-1
12.5.5
Standard – 16.7.4.6
“Basis of LRFD Methodology”
ηiiQi < Rn
Qi = force effect
Rn = nominal resistance
Redundancy
R d d = ηR = 1.05
1 05 or 11.00
Importance = ηI = 1.0 or 1.05
Load Modifier Culverts
LRFD 1.3.3 – Ductility
“The
The structural system of a bridge shall
be proportioned and detailed to ensure the
development of significant and visible
inelastic deformations at the strength and
extreme event limit states before failure.”
failure.
Load Modifier - Culverts
LRFD 12.5.4 - Redundancy
“For
For strength limit states, buried
structures shall be considered
nonredundant (1.05) under earth fill and
redundant (1.0) under live load and
dynamic load allowance.”
allowance.
Load Modifier - Culverts
LRFD 12.5.4 - Importance
“Operational
Operational importance shall be
determined on the basis of continued
function and/or safety of the roadway.”
roadway.
Design Capacity
Design for:
Flexure
Steel Reinforcement
Concrete Compression
Crack Control
Shear
Radial Tension (for pipe only)
Fatigue (not required for box culverts or
pipe per LRFD)
Box Culverts and Pipe
Section 12.11
12 11 - Precast Box Culverts
Flexure
E ti 12.10.4.2.4a-1
Equation 12 10 4 2 4 1 – For
F DiDirectt D
Design
i off Pi
Pipe
Asmin = 0.002 b h
b = 12 inch unit width
LRFD (12(12.11.4.3.2)
11 4 3 2)
Standard (16.7.4.8)
ACI 318
318-08
08
Flexure (maximum steel)
Box culvert walls and slabs are designed as
tension controlled members,, with a
maximum steel area of 75% of the balanced
condition ((steel will always
y yyield before
concrete crushes)
Compression controlled design is allowed
with other concrete structures as long as a
modified phi factor is applied.
Tension Controlled - Ductile
Crack Control (LRFD – 5.7.3.4)
700 e
s 2 d c
s fs
M s Ns d
h
fs
2
A j i d
s
Equation C12.11.3-1
C12 11 3 1
Factors affecting crack control
Exposure Conditions
SHEAR
Shear
LRFD – 5.14.5.3: STD – 8.16.6.7
A s Vu d e
Vc 0.0676
0 0676 f'c
fc 4
4.66 bde
bde M u
Vc 0.0948 f'c b d e
Equivalent to = 3
Shear
LRFD – 5.8.3.3:
5 8 3 3 STD – 8.16.6.2.1
8 16 6 2 1
Slabs with less than two feet of cover,
and sidewalls
Vc 0.0316
0 0316 ff'cc b v d v
For sections
F ti with
ith an overall
ll depth
d th less
l than
th 16 inches,
i h
and no tension, can be assumed equal to 2
Top Slab
12X12 @20’
Side Wall
12X12 @ 20’
Distribution Steel
Distribution Steel
In bottom of top slab (LRFD 9.7.3.2)
Percentage of main positive moment
reinforcement = 100/S1/2
S = span in feet
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E th L
Earth Load
dBBedding
ddi F Factor
t
Extra Safety Factor for Type 1
Installations
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Live Load Bedding Factor
Pipe Indirect Design
D-Load Equation
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Class V Pipe (C76/M 170)
Concrete Pipe
Special Design/Direct Design –
12.10.4.2
Flexure – 12.10.4.2.4.a & b
Radial Tension – 12.10.4.2.4c
Crack Control – 12.10.4.2.4d
Shear
Sh – 12.10.4.2.5
12 10 4 2 5
FLEXURE CRACK CONTROL
SHEAR
RADIAL TENSION
The End
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