03 WCDMA Radio Network Coverage Planning

WCDMA Radio
Network Coverage
Planning
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Know the contents and process of radio network planning
Understand uplink budget and related parameters
Understand downlink budget and related parameters
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page1
Contents
1. WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process
2. R99 Coverage Planning
3. HSDPA Coverage Planning
Contents
Capacity, Coverage, Quality
Capacity & Coverage
↑ Users ↑ Cell Load ↑ Interference Level
Capacity
↓ Cell Coverage
↑ Cell Coverage Cell Load ↓ Capacity ↓
COST
Capacity & Quality
Coverage
↑ Users ↑ Cell Load ↑ Interference Level Quality
↓ Quality
↑ Quality ( BLERtar ↓ ) ↓ Capacity
Coverage & Quality

↑ Quality ( AMR ↑ ) ↓ Cell Coverage
WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process
Radio Network Planning (RNP) Process

Step1 : Radio network dimensioning
Step2 : Pre-planning of radio network

Step3 : Cell planning of radio network
Step1 : Radio network dimensioning

Radio network dimensioning includes coverage
dimensioning and capacity dimensioning.
Obtain the scale of sites and configuration according to

input requirements when the coverage and capacity are
balanced.
Input & output of radio network dimensioning

Input
Capacity Related
-Spectrum Available
-Subscriber Growth Forecast Number of NodeB
-Traffic Density
Carrier configuration
Coverage Related
-Coverage Region CE configuration
-Propagation Condition
-Area Type Information Iub configuration
QoS Related ……
-Blocking Probability
-Indoor Coverage
-Coverage Probability
Step2 : Pre-planning of radio network – Initial Site Selection

Based on RND, radio network pre-planning is intended to
determine:
Theoretical location of sites
Implementation parameters
Cell parameters
Step2 : Pre-planning of radio network - Prediction
Based on RND result, sites location, implementation parameters
and cell parameters, we should predict coverage results such as
best serving cell, pilot strength, overlapping zone
We should carry out detailed adjustment (such as NodeB number,
NodeB configuration, antenna parameters) after analyzing the
coverage prediction results
Finally ,we obtain proper site location and parameters that should
satisfy coverage requirement
Step2 : Pre-planning of radio network - Prediction
Coverage by transmitter: Coverage by signal level: Overlapping zones:

Display the best server Display the signal level Display the signal level
coverage across the studied area across the studied area
Step3 : Cell planning of radio network - Site Survey

We have to select backup location for site if theoretical location is
not available
Based on experience , backup site location is selected in search

ring scope , search ring =1/4×R
Step3 : Cell planning of radio network – Simulation

U-Net use Monte Carlo simulation to generate user distributions
(snapshots)
By iteration, U-Net get the UL/DL cell load, connection status and
rejected reason for each mobile
The example of Monte Carlo simulation:
The following takes coverage probability for an example to

further understand how Monte Carlo simulation is performed
1st snapshot 2nd snapshot
3rd snapshot Simulation result
100% 20% 60% 100%
0% 75% 60% 40%
Step3 : Cell planning of radio network – Simulation

Generate certain quantity of network instantaneous state (snapshot)
Obtain connection performance between terminals and UTRAN by

incremental operation
Step3 : Cell planning of radio network - Simulation

Measure and analyze results of multiple “snapshots” to have a
overall understanding of network performance
Handover Status: Pilot Quality (Ec/Io): Pilot Pollution:

Display areas depending on the Displays the pilot quality across Displays pilot pollution statistics
probe mobile handover status the certain area across the certain area
Contents
Contents
2.1 Process of R99 Coverage Planning
2.2 R99 Uplink Budget
2.3 R99 Downlink Budget
Process of R99 Coverage Planning
Goal of R99 coverage planning
obtain the cell radius
estimate NodeB number that could satisfy coverage requirement

Start
Link Budget
R
Path Loss 9
Area = * 3R 2
Propagation model Cell Radius 8
NodeB Coverage Area R 3

NodeB number Area = * 3R 2
2
Total coverage area NodeB Number
=
NodeB coverage area
End
Contents
Uplink Budget Principle
Antenna Gain
SHO Gain against Slow

fading Slow fading margin
Pa SHO Gain against fast Fast fading margin

th fading
L os Interference margin
s
NodeB Antenna Gain Body Loss
Cable Loss
UE Antenna Gain
Cable Loss UE Transmit Power

Penetration Loss
NodeB
Sensitivity
Penetration
Loss
UPLINK BUDGET
Antenna Gain Maximum

Allowed path loss
SHO Gain
Margin
Loss
NodeB reception sensitivity
Element of Uplink Budget
1. UE_TransmissionPower ( dBm )
The UE maximum transmit power is determined by the power
class of the UE, which is specified by the 3GPP standard
The Class 4 UE, with maximum power 21 dBm, are normally

considered due to their popularity in the market
Grade of UE power （TS 25.101 )
Power Class Nominal maximum output power Tolerance
1 +33dBm +1/-3dB
2 +27dBm +1/-3dB
3 +24dBm +1/-3dB
4 +21dBm +2/-2dB
2. Body Loss ( dB )
For voice, the body loss is 3 dB
For the other service , the body loss is 0 dB
3. Gain of UE TX Antenna ( dBi )

In general, the gain of UE antenna is 0 dBi
4. Penetration Loss ( dB )
Indoor penetration loss means the difference between the
average signal strength outside the building and the average
signal strength of first floor of the building
In terms of service coverage performance, micro-cells provide an

effective solution for achieving a high degree of indoor
penetration
5. NodeB_AntennaGain ( dB )
Sector Type Gain of Antenna (dBi)
Omni 11
2 Sector 18
3 Sector 18
6 Sector 20
Cable Loss
6. Cable loss ( dB )
- Cable loss between NodeB and antenna
- Jumper loss between NodeB and antenna
- Connectors loss between NodeB and antenna
Path Loss and Fading
Path Loss - fading due to propagation distance
Long term (slow) fading - caused by shadowing
Short term (fast) fading - caused by multi-path propagation
7. Slow Fading Margin
Slow Fading Margin depends on
Coverage Probability @ Cell Edge
The higher the coverage probability is, the more SFM is required
Standard Deviation of Slow Fading
The higher the standard deviation is, the more SFM is required
Probability Density
SFM required Coverage

CoverageProbability
Probability@
@Cell
CellEdge:
Edge:
PPCOVERAGE (x) = P [ F(x) > F ]
COVERAGE (x) = P [ F(x) > Fthreshold
threshold ]
Without SFM
With SFM
Fthreshold Received Signal Level [dBm]

8. SHO Gain against Slow Fading
SHO reduces slow fading margin compared to the single cell case
SHO gain against slow fading can improve the coverage probability
SHO Gain against slow fading = SFM without SHO - SFM with SHO
SHO Gain Against SFM

(dB)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
98% 95% 92% 90% 85%
Standard deviation=11.7
Path loss slope=3.52 Area coverage probability
9. Fast Fading Margin
Fast fading margin
required to guarantee fast power control
the factors affect FFM include channel model, service type, BLER requirement
Fast Fading Margin= Eb/No without fast PC - Eb/No with fast PC
Uplink case: UE moves

towards the edge of the cell
10. SHO Gain against Fast fading
SHO gain against fast fading reduces the Eb/No requirement
SHO gain against fast fading leads to a gain for reception

sensitivity
SHO gain against fast fading exists for both uplink and downlink
(Typical value of SHO gain against FFM is 1.5dB)
SHO Gain Against Fast Fading = Eb/No without SHO – Eb/No with SHO
11. Interference Margin in Uplink
Interference Margin is equal to Noise Rise
N oiseR ise = − 10 ⋅ L og 10 (1 − η U L ) [dB ]

Higher cell load leads to heavier interference
Interference margin affects cell coverage
50% UL Load — 3dB

Interference Curve in Uplink 60% UL Load — 4dB
NoiseRise(dB)
75% UL Load — 6dB
UL Load
12. NodeB Reception Sensitivity
Re ceptionSen sitivity = N th + NF + E b / N 0 − PG
Nth : Thermal Noise
NF: Noise Figure
Eb/No : required Eb/No to maintain service quality
PG: Processing Gain
Nth : Thermal Noise is the noise density generated by environment
and equals to:
N th = 10 log( K * T * W )
K：Boltzmann constant, 1.38×10-23J/K
T：Temperature in Kelvin, normal temperature: 290 K
W：Signal bandwidth, WCDMA signal bandwidth 3.84MHz
Nth = -108dBm/3.84MHz
NF: Noise Figure :
For Huawei NodeB, latest NF is 1.6dB
For commercial UE, typical NF is 7dB.
PG: Processing Gain :
Processing gain is related with the service bearer rate, and the detail
formula is present below:
chip rate
Pr ocess Gain = 10 log( )
bit rate
Eb/No is required bit energy over the density of total noise to
maintain service quality
Eb/No is obtained from link simulation
Eb/No is related to following factors
Service type
Multi-path channel model
User speed
The target BLER
Contents
Downlink Budget Principle
Antenna Gain SHO Gain against Slow
fading Slow fading margin
SHO Gain against fast Fast fading margin

Pa fading
th
L os Interference margin
s
NodeB Antenna Gain Body Loss
Cable Loss
UE Antenna Gain
NodeB Transmit Power

CableLoss Penetration Loss
Penetration UE
Loss Sensitivity DOWNLINK BUDGET
Antenna Gain Maximum

allowed path loss
SHO Gain
Margin
Loss
UE reception sensitivity
Element of Downlink Budget
Interference Margin in Downlink
I total PN + I own + I other No + (α + f )× PMax ⋅η DL / CL
NoiseRise = = =
PN PN PN
Wherein, α is non-orthogonality factor, f is the interference
ratio of other cell to own cell
Interference margin is equal to noise rise

IM(dB) Interference Margin
30.00
25.00
α =0.6, f = 1.78, 20.00

15.00
10.00
PMax=20W, η DL = 0.9 5.00
0.00
120 125 130 135 140 145 150
CL(dB)
Case Study : R99 Uplink Budget
Case Study : R99 Downlink Budget
Contents
Link Budget Difference of HSDPA and R99
Coverage Requirement
R99: Based on target continuous coverage service
HSDPA: Based on cell edge throughput
Simulation KPI
R99: Connect Success Rate, Coverage Probability, Pilot Pollution
Proportion and SHO
HSDPA: Cell Average Throughput and Cell Edge Throughput
Target Network Load

R99: DL target load should be set to 75%
HSDPA: DL target load can be raised to 90%
HSDPA
power
Cell total power Cell total power
More power
R99 DCH Power 90% R99 DCH Power to ensure
75% R99 capacity
CCH CCH
time time
Other Parameters
R99:
Power control margin should be considered.
SHO gain should be considered.
HSDPA:
Power control margin need not be considered.
SHO gain should not be considered for HSDPA.
Other elements: Number of HS-PDSCH, HSDPA power, etc.
HSDPA Deployment Strategy
Mature Phase HSDPA+R99 f2 HSDPA+R99
Focus on: R99+HSDPA R99+HSDPA R99+HSDPA

f1
HSDPA Performance
Initial Phase HSDPA+R99 f2

Focus on:
R99 f1 R99+HSDPA R99
HSDPA coverage
no impact on R99
Hot Spot & Dense

Urban Suburban & Rural
Urban
HSDPA Link Budget Categories
HSDPA+R99
HSDPA Throughput Requirement
Guarantee R99 CS Traffic Capacity
R99 Not Change R99 Coverage
R99 requirement should be met first, and then HSDPA throughput !
HSDPA+R99
HSDPA Throughput Requirement
No WCDMA R99/R4 Capacity, Coverage Requirement
R99 and HSDPA requirement should be met simultaneously !
HSDPA Link Budget Element
DL Coupling Loss
DL _ CouplingLo ss = PL _ DL + Lf _ BS − Ga _ antenna + Lb + SFM NSHO + Lp
Cell edge Ec/No
Ec PHS − DSCH
= 10 × log( DL _ CoupleLoss ＋ NF ＋ Nt
)
No
(α + f )× η DL × Pmax + 10 10
HSDPA Link Budget Principle
Goal of HSDPA link budget
The HSDPA link budget is usually based on the R99 link budget to get the
cell edge throughput in downlink
The HSDPA cell edge throughput need to be calculate depend on

simulation results, which is related with cell edge Ec/No
Simulation Conditions
Channel model-TU3
5 codes
According to R99 Uplink Budget Result and HSDPA Power
Allocation, calculate Cell Edge Throughput
R99 Network Uplink Budget (downlink pathloss = uplink pathloss+1.37) If ASSET or SPM is adopted
Downlink Path Loss DL_CoupleLoss=DL_PL+TxBodyLoss+TxCableLoss-TxAntennaGain+RxBodyLoss+

RxCableLoss-RxAntennaGain+PenetrationLoss+SlowFadingMargin
Downlink Coupling Loss

HSDPA power
Ec PHS − DSCH
Ec/No at Cell Edge = 10 × log( DL _ CoupleLoss＋NF＋Nt
)
No
(α + f )×η DL × Pmax + 10 10
Simulation Results
Cell Edge Throughput
According to R99 Cell Radius and HSDPA Power Allocation,
calculate Cell Edge Throughput
R99 Network Cell Radius
Downlink Path Loss DL_CoupleLoss=DL_PL+TxBodyLoss+TxCableLoss-TxAntennaGain+RxBodyLoss+

RxCableLoss-RxAntennaGain+PenetrationLoss+SlowFadingMargin
Downlink Coupling Loss

HSDPA power
Ec PHS − DSCH
Ec/No at Cell Edge = 10 × log( DL _ CoupleLoss＋NF＋Nt
)
No
(α + f )×η DL × Pmax + 10 10
Simulation Results
According to Cell Edge Throughput requirement and HSDPA
Power Allocation, calculate HSDPA Cell Radius
Simulation results
Ec/No at Cell Edge

HSDPA power
PHS DSCH
Ec
( f) DL P
DL CoupleLoss No
Downlink Path Loss
NF Nt
HSDPA Cell Radius
ERROR: rangecheck
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STACK:
66038
33018
32512
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WCDMA Radio

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Understand uplink budget and related parameters

Understand downlink budget and related parameters

2. R99 Coverage Planning

3. HSDPA Coverage Planning

2. R99 Coverage Planning

3. HSDPA Coverage Planning

Coverage & Quality

Radio Network Planning (RNP) Process

Step2 : Pre-planning of radio network

Step1 : Radio network dimensioning

Obtain the scale of sites and configuration according to

Input & output of radio network dimensioning

Step2 : Pre-planning of radio network – Initial Site Selection

Step2 : Pre-planning of radio network - Prediction

Coverage by transmitter: Coverage by signal level: Overlapping zones:

Step3 : Cell planning of radio network - Site Survey

Based on experience , backup site location is selected in search

Step3 : Cell planning of radio network – Simulation

The example of Monte Carlo simulation:

The following takes coverage probability for an example to

3rd snapshot Simulation result

100% 20% 60% 100%

0% 75% 60% 40%

Step3 : Cell planning of radio network – Simulation

Obtain connection performance between terminals and UTRAN by

Step3 : Cell planning of radio network - Simulation

Handover Status: Pilot Quality (Ec/Io): Pilot Pollution:

2. R99 Coverage Planning

3. HSDPA Coverage Planning

2.2 R99 Uplink Budget

2.3 R99 Downlink Budget

estimate NodeB number that could satisfy coverage requirement

NodeB Coverage Area R 3

2.2 R99 Uplink Budget

2.3 R99 Downlink Budget

SHO Gain against Slow

Pa SHO Gain against fast Fast fading margin

Cable Loss UE Transmit Power

Antenna Gain Maximum

NodeB reception sensitivity

The Class 4 UE, with maximum power 21 dBm, are normally

Power Class Nominal maximum output power Tolerance

For the other service , the body loss is 0 dB

3. Gain of UE TX Antenna ( dBi )

In terms of service coverage performance, micro-cells provide an

Long term (slow) fading - caused by shadowing

Short term (fast) fading - caused by multi-path propagation

 Standard Deviation of Slow Fading

SFM required Coverage

Fthreshold Received Signal Level [dBm]

SHO Gain Against SFM

Fast Fading Margin= Eb/No without fast PC - Eb/No with fast PC

Uplink case: UE moves

SHO gain against fast fading leads to a gain for reception

N oiseR ise = − 10 ⋅ L og 10 (1 − η U L ) [dB ]

Interference margin affects cell coverage

50% UL Load — 3dB

75% UL Load — 6dB

Nth : Thermal Noise

NF: Noise Figure

Eb/No : required Eb/No to maintain service quality

Standard Deviation of Slow Fading

T：Temperature in Kelvin, normal temperature: 290 K

W：Signal bandwidth, WCDMA signal bandwidth 3.84MHz

For commercial UE, typical NF is 7dB.

SHO gain should be considered.

SHO gain should not be considered for HSDPA.

Other elements: Number of HS-PDSCH, HSDPA power, etc.

Guarantee R99 CS Traffic Capacity

R99 Not Change R99 Coverage

No WCDMA R99/R4 Capacity, Coverage Requirement