ADVANCE ENGINEERING MATH (TCIE 3-1)

Quiz 2 - Matrices

0. Multiply the matrices together to show that

" #" #" # " #
1 2 0 1 2 −1 13 1
=
−3 4 1 1 3 1 11 −3

1. Let " # " #

a11 a12 b11 b12
A= , B= .
a21 a22 b21 b22
Compute
(a) AB (c) AT (e) B T AT
(b) (AB)T (d) B T
Hence show that (AB)T = B T AT holds generally in the 2 x 2 case. Explain why this
formula remains true if A and B are both n x n.

2. If    
2 −2 3 4 0 2
A =  −1 4 1  and B =  3 −5 1 
 
 
2 3 4 2 3 −6
find
(a) A + 2B, (b) 2A − B, (c) AT + B T , (d) AB, and (e) BA

3. Given that
" # " # " #
0 1 0 −i 1 0
X= , Y = and Z =
1 0 i 0 0 −1

(a) Determine which, if any, of X, Y and Z are:

(i) diagonal, (ii) unit matrices, (iii) symmetric, (iv) anti-symmetric
(b) Evaluate
X2 , Y2 and Z 2

4. Suppose  
" # " # 1 2
1 2 1 4 1 3
A= , B= and C =  3 1 

3 0 2 0 2 1

2 3
Which of the following products are meaningful?

(a) AB, (b) BC, (c) AB T , (d) AC T , and (e) BC T

Evaluate those products that are defined.

1
 Determinants, minors and cofactors

1. Consider the determinant  

 3 −4 5 

 6 −5 −3  .
 
 −2
 
1 2 

(a) Compute the minors of the elements in the second row.

(b) Compute the cofactors A21 , A22 , A23 of these elements and hence the value of the
determinant.
(c) Check the value obtained in (ii) by expanding the determinant about its first row.

2. Using the determinant in Question 1, verify the truth of the statement regarding expansion
by alien cofactors by evaluating

a11 A21 + a12 A22 + a13 A23 ,

a31 A21 + a32 A22 + a33 A23 .

3. Show that  
 x a a 
 
2
 a x a  = (x + 2a) (x − a) .
 
 
 a a x 

4. Evaluate the determinant  


 1 1 1 1 

 1 1+a 1 1 
.
 
1 1 1+b 1

 
 
 1 1 1 1+c 

5. Evaluate the determinant  

 1 1 1 
 
 a b c ,
 
 2
b2 c2

 a 

where a, b, c are arbitrary constants. Express your answer as a product of three linear
terms.

6. We have seen the theorem: If A, B are both n x n matrices, then |AB| = |A| |B|. Verify
this for the example matrices
" # " #
2 −1 −2 5
A= , B= .
3 1 1 −4

2
 Matrix inversion

0. Find the matrix inverse of " #

2 3
A=
5 7
by applying the 2 × 2 matrix inverse formula
" #
−1 1 d −b
A =
ad − bc −c a

Use the inverse to show that the pair of simultaneous equations 2x+3y+1 = 0 = 5x+7y+3
has the (unique) solution x = −2, y = 1.

1. If  
1 2 3
A =  1 3 5 ,
 

1 5 12
find adj(A), |A|, and A−1 . Verify that AA−1 = I = A−1 A.

2. If " # " #
1 2 0 1
A= and B = ,
2 1 1 1
verify that (AB)−1 = B −1 A−1 .

3. By matrix methods solve the equations

4x − 3y + z = 11
2x + y − 4z = −1
x + 2y − 2z = 1.

3
 Simultaneous equations

1. Find all values of α such that

x + 5y + 3z = 0
5x + y − αz = 0
x + 2y + αz = 0

has nontrivial solutions. Find these solutions.

2. Show that there is only one value of α for which the equations

(α + 1) x − y + (1 − α) z = 0
2x + (2 − α) y − z = 0
x+y−z = 0

have a non-trivial solution. Find all solutions for this value of α.

3. Show that the three equations

−2x + y + z = a
x − 2y + z = b
x + y − 2z = c

have no common solutions unless a + b + c = 0, in which case they have infinitely many.
Find the solutions when a = 1, b = 1, c = −2.

4. Use Gaussian Elimination to

(a) solve the equations in Question 3 (Week 6),

(b) invert the matrix in question 1 (Week 6).

5. Find the eigenvalues, along with corresponding eigenvectors, for the following matrices.
 
" # 4 0 1
1 2
A= , B =  −1 −6 −2 
 
3 2
5 0 0

4
 Eigenvectors and eigenvalues

The eigenvalues λ of a matrix A are found by solving the characteristic equation:

|A − λI| = 0,

i.e. by finding the roots of the determinant. Here I is the identity matrix. For an n × n matrix,
the characteristic equation has n roots (although they may be complex). The eigenvectors X
are found by substituting the eigenvalues into

(A − λI) X = 0

and solving for the components of the column vector X. The normalized eigenvectorsq X̂ are
1 2 2
found by dividing by the ‘length’ of the eigenvector, i.e. X̂ = |X| X, where |X| = x1 + x2 + . . . x2n .
Questions

1. Let " #
3 4
A= .
4 −3

(a) Find the eigenvalues of A.

(b) Find the two normalized eigenvectors, X1 and X2 .
(c) Show that the eigenvectors are orthogonal: X1T X2 = 0.
(d) Why are the eigenvectors orthogonal?

2. Show that the eigenvalues of the 2 × 2 antisymmetric matrix

" #
0 a
A=
−a 0

are imaginary, λ = ±ia. Show that the same is true of a 3 × 3 antisymmetric matrix.

3. Find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of the following matrices:

" #
1 1
(a)
1 1
" #
1 2
(b)
3 2
 
1 0 −4
(c)  0 5 4 


−4 4 3
 
1 1 2
 0 2 2 
(d)  

−1 1 3