Paper Chromatography

Paramita Indra Saputri

1716441007/ICP of Science Education
6
Dien Aulia Bansu, B. Ed
A. Title of Experiment
The title of Experiment is “Paper Chromatography”

B. Experiment Objective
The experiment objective is to determine water quality through testing the
chemical properties of water which include the pH value and the content of some
chemical in water

C. Literature Review
Chromatography is a group of similar separation techniques. Each depends on
how fast a substance moves, in a stream of gas or liquid, past a stationary phase to
which the substance may be slightly attracted. An example is provided by a simple
experiment in paper chromatography (Ebbing, 2007: 14).
Paper chromatography is an analytical method for purification and separating
of organic and inorganic compounds. This method was introduced by martin et al.
(1994) by using paper as a support for thr stationary phase (stationary phase) and
ethanol as the mobile phase (mobile phase). The mobile phase is a liquid that is
absorbed between the structure of the paper pores, which can flow a small amount of
deposited samples in the form of spots/spots or spots or spots on filter paper
(Ramlawati, 2020).
Gas chromatography (GC) is a more recent separation method. Here the
moving stream is a gaseous mixture of vaporized substances plus a gas such as
helium, which is called the carrier. The stationary material is either a solid or a liquid
adhering to a solid, packed in a column. As the gas passes through the column,
substances in the mixture are attracted differently to the stationary column packing
and thus are separated. Gas chromatography is a rapid, small-scale method of
separating mixtures. It is also important in the analysis of mixtures because the time it
takes for a substance at a given temperature to travel through the column to a detector
(called the retention time) is fixed.You can therefore use retention times to help
identify substances. Figure 1.19 shows a gas chromatograph and a portion of a
computer plot (chromatogram). Each peak on the chromatogram corresponds to a
specific substance. The peaks were automatically recorded by the instrument as the
different substances in the mixture passed the detector. Chemists have analyzed
complicated mixtures by gas chromatography. Analysis of chocolate, for example,
shows that it contains over 800 flavor compounds (Ebbing, 2007: 14).
 An important method of separating the components of a homogeneous
mixture is distillation, a process that depends on the different abilities of substances
to form gases. For example, if we boil a solution of salt and water, the water
evaporates, forming a gas, and the salt is left behind. The gaseous water can be
converted back to a liquid on the walls of a condenser, The differing abilities of
substances to adhere to the surfaces of solids can also be used to separate mixtures.
This ability is the basis of chromatography (literally, “the writing of colors” (Brown,
2012: 13-14).
Depending on the author and the conditions used, this technique can be named
as “subcritical water chromatography” (SBWS). “Chromatography in very hot water”
“Superheated water Chromatography”(HTLC) or “Pressurized Hot Water Liquid
Chromatography”. Pure water in elevated temperature can be used as mobile phase
in liquid chromatography mainly due to change of dielectric constant. Water
dielectiric comstant. Water dielectric constant is reduced from 85 at 25oC to 35 at
200oC cause that water behave like an organic solvent (Dempek, 2020).
The key to success of all ion chromatography method is the ability to
manipulate and control selectivity based on the ionic equilibria. The ionic form of a
given species is chemically altered both in the mobile and stationary phases to effect
the chromatography distribution and retention. Research work within our laboratory
the multiple eluent/analyte species retention model was developed for traditional ion
chromatography as a means of considering all competing ions, e.g multiprotic
oxoanic, inorganic anions (Lukacs, 2020).
Ink is one example of a homogeneous mixture in which the components in it
are difficult to distinguish so to find out what the ink components are needed for
separating. Mixed separating has many methods, are of which is to determine the
color of ink used by the chromatography separating method. Chromatographic
separating has many methods, one of which is paper chromatography.paper
chromatography is a separation method used to separate pigment components, as well
as a separating method that is in accordance with the indicators in the SMP
curriculum (Rosalina, 2018).
Chromatography is a method of physical separation, where the separated
components are distributed between two phases, one phases is a stationary with a
large surface, the other as a fluid that flows softly along a stationary foundation. In all
chromatography techniques, separated solutes migrate along the column (or as in
paper chromatography or thin layers, the column’s physical equivalents), and of
course the separation base lies in different tranfer rates for different solutions. We
may assume the rate of change of a solute as s result of two factors which one tends
to move the solute and the other holds it (Day, 2002:487).
The flame ionization detector is a sensitive and universally used detector in
gas chromatography. Due to the lack of such a sensitive apparatus in LC techniques,
attempts have been made to use it for liquid phase determination. It is well known
that the FID is used for non-volatile analytes and for the determination of all
substances containing carbon, which makes it a very versatile detector. Unfortunately,
the widespread use of organic solvents in both normal and reversed phase systems in
LC increases the volatility of the analytes and provides a significant background for
FID-based determinations. Water is transparent for FID, so the use of 100% water as
a mobile phase increases the possibility of using FID in liquid chromatography
determinations (Dembek, 2019).
Chitosan not only supports electrostatic interactions by protonation of its
primary amine groups, but their acetyl functions also favor hydrophobic interactions
while hydrogen bonds can also be formed via hydroxyl groups [22]. Nonetheless, the
sole application of ink by mixing with chitosan and water led to sample accumulation
on specific areas of the test zone; thus suggesting that this coating method is not the
most suitable for immobilization on 3MM chromatography paper, unlike its adequate
deposition behavior seen on metallic electrodes (Merida,2020).
The method often used for identify the dyes Rhodamin B is with Paper
Chromatography and Layer Chromatography methods Thin. In qualitative analysis
using methods paper chromatography, the stationary phase is supported by a
substance solid in the form of cellulose powder. As for the phase motion, used
ethanol, butanol, and aquadest as polar solvents in the ratio of 4: 5: 5 in 50 ml.
Rhodamin B itself is a substance dissolves easily in water and alcohol. So solvents
and substances the colors used are polar so they occur interaction between solutes and
solvents. From the results of research that has been done on samples using Rhodamin
B as Comparative standard, obtained positive results signifies that the sweet arum
sample is used to contain Rhodamin B. It can be seen from the colors in the same
sample with color on the standard (Rhodamin B) and Rf value the sample is the same
as the standard Rf value (Rhodamin B) where a sample is said to contain positive
Rhodamin B if the Rf value of the sample is the same or close to the standard
standard Rf (Rhdamin B) value and have the same color on the identification results
using paper chromatography (Asrina, 2018).
D. Apparatus and Chemicals
1. Apparatus
a. Beaker glass (1 piece)
b. Pencil (1 piece)
c. Ruler (1 piece)
d. Wacth glass (1 piece)
2. Chemicals
a. Filter paper
b. Color marker (6 pieces)
c. Aquades (H2O)
d. Ethanol (C2H4OH)

E. Work Procedure
1. Aquades Solvent
Source : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOhefwQBAbI
a. Cut fiter paper with a size of 8 x 18 cm. Marked using a pencil from the bottom
edge of distance 2 cm and the bottom edge of distance 1 cm. Bottom ink right on
the bottom line
b. Put distilledwater into the beaker glass. Insert the filter paper into the beaker glass
with ink bottle position below (do not let ink in the distilled water
c. Cover the beaker glass using a watch glass. Allow to occurs elution
d. Note and measured length the composition of the color in each ink (ink used is
color red, green, blue, yellow and black). Calculated Rf
2. Ethanol Solvent
Source: : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GxYUNVqXSg
a. Cut fiter paper with a size of 8 x 18 cm. Marked using a pencil from the bottom
edge of distance 2 cm and the bottom edge of distance 1 cm
b. Bottom ink right on the bottom line. Put distilled ethanol into the beaker glass
c. Insert the filter paper into the beaker glass with ink bottle position below (do not
let ink in the distilled water. Cover the beaker glass using a watch glass. Allow to
occurs elution. Note and measured length the composition of the color in black
ink. Calculated Rf

F. Observation Result
Solvent Colour Pigment Time Spot Distancce Information
Aquades a. Black Ink 25 • Red → Brown =
Red → Brown minute 6 cm
→ Green → • Brown→ Green =
Blue 1,4 cm
• Green → Blue =
0,8 cm
b. Blue Ink • Purple → Light
Purple → Light blue = 0,7 cm
blue
c. Green Ink • Yellow → Light
Yellow → Light green = 6,5 cm
green → Tosca • Light green →
Tosca = 0,9 cm
d. Red Ink • Pink → Yellow Elution is
Pink → Yellow =6,5 cm fast
e. Brown ink • Pink → Brown =
Pink → Brown 7,7 cm
→ Green • Brown → Green =
0,3 cm
f. Yellow Ink • Light yellow →
Light yellow Yellow = 6,5 cm
→ Yellow
Alcohol a. Black Ink 24 • Green → Brown = Elution
Green → minute 0,3 cm occurs
Brown→ • Brown→ Purple =
slowly
Purple 1,3 cm
 Sumber : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOhefwQBAbI

G. Data Analysis
1. Aquades Solvent
a. Black Ink
1) Red – Brown
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 6 cm
Rf 1 = = = 0,69 cm
Solvent distance 8,7 cm
2) Brown – Green
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 1,4 cm
Rf 2 = = = 0,16 cm
Solvent distance 8,7 cm
3) Green – Blue
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 0,8 cm
Rf 3 = = = 0,09 cm
Solvent distance 8,7 cm
Rf 1+Rf 2+Rf 3 0,94 cm
4) Rf total = = = 0,31 cm
3 3

b. Blue Ink
1) Purple – Light blue
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 0,7 cm
Rf 1 = = = 0,08 cm
Solvent distance 8,7 cm
Rf 1 0,08 cm
2) Rf total = = = 0,08 cm
1 1

c. Green Ink
1) Yellow – Light green
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 6,5 cm
Rf 1 = = = 0,74 cm
Solvent distance 8,7 cm
2) Light green – Tosca
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 0,9 cm
Rf 2 = = = 0,10 cm
Solvent distance 8,7 cm
Rf 1+Rf 2 0,84 cm
3) Rf total = = = 0,42 cm
2 2

d. Red Ink
1) Pink – Yellow
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 6,5 cm
Rf 1 = = = 0,74 cm
Solvent distance 8,7 cm
Rf 1 0,74 cm
2) Rf total = = = 0,74 cm
1 1

e. Brown Ink
1) Pink – Brown
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 7,7 cm
Rf 1 = = = 0,88 cm
Solvent distance 8,7 cm
2) Brown – Green
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 0,3 cm
Rf 2 = = = 0,03 cm
Solvent distance 8,7 cm
Rf 1+Rf 2 0,91 cm
3) Rf total = = = 0,45 cm
2 2

f. Yellow
1) Light yellow – Yellow
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 6,5 cm
Rf 1 = = = 0,74 cm
Solvent distance 8,7 cm
Rf 1 0,74 cm
2) Rf total = = = 0,74 cm
1 1

2. Alcohol Solvent
a. Black Ink
1) Black – Brown
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 0,3 cm
Rf 1 = = = 0,04 cm
Solvent distance 6,2 cm
2) Brown – Purple
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 1,3 cm
Rf 2 = = = 0,20 cm
Solvent distance 6,2 cm
Rf 1+Rf 2 0,24 cm
3) Rf total = = = 0,12 cm
2 2
H. Discussion
Paper chromatography is an analytical method for the purification and separation
of organic and inorganic compounds. This technique can be used to test samples both
qualitatively and quantitatively with paper chromatography having two phases
namely the mobile phase and the stationary phase and the stationary phase in this lab
are cellulose from paper while the mobile phase is solvent in this case aquades and
ethanol. in this practicum has a basic principle that is based on the inferential
distribution of the components of substances between phases and the principle of
work in this practicum is narrative and identify.
Paper chromatography is a method of physical separation in which the separated
components are distributed between two phases. One of the phases is a stationary
layer with a wide surface, the other being a fluid that flows softly along a stationary
foundation, the stationary phase can be either solid or liquid whereas mobile phase
can be either liquid or gas (Day, 2000 :487).
in this practicum using a beaker as a container of solution, the pencil serves to
mark the filter paper. This practicum uses colored pencils containing graphite that is
not soluble in eluents, whereas if using ink the ink pen will absorb and disrupt the
appearance of stains. , the ruler functions to measure, The watch glass functions to
close the container so that elution occurs quickly, the scissors function as a cutting
tool or cutting filter paper and the stick acts as a buffer. The materials used are
aquades and ethanol to function as solvents, paper as a medium or stationary phase in
the process of separation and color ink as samples to be tested, after knowing and
preparing the tools and materials for this practicum filter paper cut with a size of 8 x
18 cm, Then Mark the filter paper using a pencil (bottom edge 2 cm and top edge 1
cm) then total in color on the bottom edge line. Next put the filter paper into a
container containing distilled water and ethanol container, cover the container with a
watch glass and observe what happens. color or color ink used in this lab is red green
brown blue, yellow and black.
after doing or observing the chromatography practicum video we can see that the
solution of black ink aquades produces red, brown, green and blue pigments, blue ink
produces purple and bright blue pigments, green ink produces yellow, bright green
and Tosca pigments, red ink produces pink and yellow pigments. brown ink produces
pink, brown and green pigments, and yellow ink produces bright yellow and yellow
pigments. the ethanol solution using black ink produces green, brown and purple
pigments.
polarity in chromatography plays a very important role because in
chromatography polarity properties are specifically used as an indication of the
properties of solutes., adsorbents and compounds to be separated. Water, including its
electron configuration solvent, and its molecular geometry can produce a very strong
permanent dipole. Therefore water is considered to have a very strong polarity. Other
compounds that have oxygen atoms such as alcohols, ketones, ethers and esters have
a weak dipole than water. Therefore water is more quickly absorbed by filter paper
than alcohol so that the formation of spot spots is more quickly formed in the mobile
phase that uses water. If the chromatography experiment uses polar aquades, the Rf
value is higher than alcohol because in this experiment it relates to the principle of
like dissolves like, which is a two element property or substances with similar
chemical structures generally can mix well together. The formula for calculating Rf is
as follows:
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑅𝑓 =
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Rf values are used as relative comparison values between samples. Rf values also
state the degree of retention of a component in the stationary phase so that Rf values
are often also called retention factors.
From the calculation results, the Rf value for black ink on the red-brown anode
with an analysis distance of 6 cm and eluent distance of 8.7 cm is 0.69 cm. in the
brown-green stain the analysis distance is 1.4 cm and the eluent distance is 8.7 cm
which is 0.6 cm and in the green-blue stain the analyte distance is 0.8 cm and the
eluent distance is 8.7 cm which is 0.09 cm so that the total Rf is 0,31 cm. on blue ink
Rf with an analytical distance of 0.7 cm and an eluent distance of 8.7 cm which is
0.08 cm on yellow ink Rf value on a bright yellow-green stain with a distance of 6.9
cm and an eluent distance of 8.7 cm is 0 , 74 cm and on the bright green-tosca stain
with an analyte distance of 0.9 cm and an eluent distance of 8.7 cm which is 0.10 cm
so that the total Rf of yellow ink is 0.42 cm. Rf value of red ink with an analyte
distance of 6.5 cm and an eluent distance of 8.7 cm which is 0.74 cm. Rf value of
brown ink on pink-brown stain with an analytical distance of 7.7 cm and an eluent
distance of 8.7 cm is 0.88 cm and on a brown-green stain with an analyte distance of
0.3 cm and an eluent distance of 8.7 cm is 0, 08cm so that the total Rf of brown ink is
0.45cm. Rf value of yellow ink with an analytical distance of 6.5 cm and an eluent
distance of 8.7 cm which is 0.74 cm. In ethanol solution using black ink, the Rf value
of black ink on black-brown stain with an analytical spacing of 0.3 cm and an eluent
distance of 8.7 cm is 0.04 cm and on a brown-purple stain with a distance of 1.3 cm
and a distance of 8, 7 cm which is 0.20 cm so that the total Rf is 0.12cm.
This shows the length of the size of the stain or analyte is directly proportional to
the value of Rf in other words the longer the distance of the analyte, the greater the
value of Rf. The same Rf value shows the same characteristics in both analytes.
According to Clark (2012) the Rf value for inks with ethanol eluents is 0.5 - 0.8.
However, the Rf value in black ink is not appropriate, possibly influenced by several
absorption factors during the experiment.
According to Day (1999) the factors that affect absorbent absorption are
component properties, absorbent properties and temperature but can also be
influenced by the affinity of the analyte. Where analytes with large affinity are more
restrained so that the RF value is small. For the temperature absorption increases with
decreasing temperature.

I. Conclusion and Suggestion

1. Conclusion
To separated the components of a substance, it can be done by
chromatography techniques based on differences in the speed of migration of the
components separated between two phases (Stationary phases and mobile phase). In
paper chromatography, compounds that can be separated can be taken from the paper
by cutting spots which then dissolve then separately. As for how to calculate Rf as
follow:
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑅𝑓 =
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Factor that effect absorbent absoption are component properties, absorben propreties
and temperature. It can be influenced by the affinity of the analyte, where the analytes
with large affinity will be more restianed so that the value of Rf is small. For
temperature, absorption increases with descreasing temperature.
2. Suggestion
a. To assistant, the assistant is already good in guiding and directing to be defended
in the future
b. To apprentice, to be more agile in writing temporary reports
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brown, Theodore L.; H. Eugene Lemay, JR; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy
and Patrick M. Woodword. 2012. Chemistry The Central Science. USA:
Pearson Education
Day, R. A and A. L. Underwood. 1998. Analisis Kimia Kuantitatif. Jakarta: Erlangga
Dempek, Mikolaj and Szymon Bocian. 2020. Pure Water as mobile Phase in Liquid
Chromatography Techniques. Trends in Analytical Chemistry Vol.123
Ebbing and Gammon. 2009. General Chemistry Ninth Edition. USA: Houghtoon
Mifflin Company
Lukacs, Diana; Krisztion and Peter Hajos. 2020. Development of Retention
Mechanism for The Separating of Carboxylic Acids and Inorganic anions in
Cryptand-Based Ion Chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A
Ramlawati. 2020. Panduan Praktikum Kimia Analitik. Makassar: Laboratorium IPA
FMIPA UNM
Rosalina, Vina: Tasviri Efkar and Lisa Tania. 2018. Pengembangan Animasi Berbasis
Simulasi Molekul pada Metode Kromatografi
 TEMPORARY REPORT

Title of Experiment : Paper Chromatography

Day/Date of Experiment : Friday/ May 8th 2020
Class : ICP of Science Education
Group :6
Member group/ID : 1. Paramita Indra Saputri 1716441007
2. Ruliana/1716441012
3. Nur Hikmah Umar/1716442001
4. Nur Amelia Amir/1716442002
Assistant : Dien Aulia Bansu, B.Ed

A. Experiment Objective
The experiment objective is to get to know the technique of separating ang
separating color pigments in ink

B. Apparatus and Chemicals

1. Apparatus
a. Beaker glass (1 piece)
b. Pencil (1 piece)
c. Ruler (1 piece)
d. Wacth glass (1 piece)
2. Chemicals
a. Filter paper
b. Color marker (6 pieces)
c. Aquades (H2O)
d. Ethanol (C2H4OH)
C. Documentations
1. Water

Cut filter paper Marked using a pencil on the bottom edge of a

distance of 2 cm and the top edge of 1 cm

Prepared the Ink is dotted on filter paper that has

beaker glass been marked with pencil

Added water in a beaker glass Insert the filtered paper that has
been marked into the beaker glass

Close the beaker glass with a watch glass Wait until elution occurs
 Repeated using ethanol Observed the result
Source : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOhefwQBAbI
2. Alcohol

Source : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GxYUNVqXSg

3. Calculate rf

Source : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnTGNAfu6GE

D. Observation Result

Solvent Color pigment Time note

happened
Aquades a) Red ink 25 minute Elution
Light brown → dark brown occurs fast
b) Green ink
Light green → blue
 c) Brown ink
Light red (pink) →
brown→ green
d) Blue ink
purple → tosca green→ blue
e) Yellow ink
Light yellow→ yellow
f) Black ink
Red →brown→green→blue
Etanol Black ink 24 minute Elution occurs
purple → green → blue slowly

Sumber : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOhefwQBAbI

E. Conclusion
Paper chromatography is one of the methods of analysis for the purification and
separation of organic and inorganic compounds. The silent phase (stationary phase) in this
experiment is filter paper and ethanol as the moving phase (mobile phase). From
experiments can be known if using aquades faster elution occur compared with ethanol
Makassar, May 8th 2020
Assistant Apprentice

Dien Aulia Bansu, S.Pd. Paramita Indra Saputri

ID.1716441007

known,
Dosen Penanggung Jawab

Dr. Ramlawati, M.Si

NIP. 196512311991032007
Name : Paramita Indra Saputri
ID number : 1716441007
Class/group : ICP of Science Education/6

DOCUMENTATION

Marked using a Ink is dotted on filter

Cut filter paper pencil on the bottom paper that has been
edge of a distance of marked with pencil
2 cm and the top
edge of 1 cm

Insert the filtered Added water in a Prepared the

paper that has beaker glass beaker glass
been marked into
the beaker glass

Close the beaker glass with a watch glass Wait until elution occurs
Repeated using ethanol Observed the result
LAMPIRAN JAWABAN
PERTANYAAN
Nama : Paramita Indra Saputri

NIM : 1716441007

Pendidikan IPA ICP 2017

1. Hitunglah Rf setiap jenis tinta

Jawab:
1. Aquades Solvent
a. Black Ink
1) Red – Brown
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 6 cm
Rf 1 = = = 0,69 cm
Solvent distance 8,7 cm
2) Brown – Green
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 1,4 cm
Rf 2 = = = 0,16 cm
Solvent distance 8,7 cm
3) Green – Blue
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 0,8 cm
Rf 3 = = = 0,09 cm
Solvent distance 8,7 cm
Rf 1+Rf 2+Rf 3 0,94 cm
4) Rf total = = = 0,31 cm
3 3
b. Blue Ink
1) Purple – Light blue
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 0,7 cm
Rf 1 = = = 0,08 cm
Solvent distance 8,7 cm
Rf 1 0,08 cm
2) Rf total = 1 = = 0,08 cm
1
c. Green Ink
1) Yellow – Light green
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 6,5 cm
Rf 1 = = = 0,74 cm
Solvent distance 8,7 cm
2) Light green – Tosca
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 0,9 cm
Rf 2 = = = 0,10 cm
Solvent distance 8,7 cm
Rf 1+Rf 2 0,84 cm
3) Rf total = = = 0,42 cm
2 2
d. Red Ink
1) Pink – Yellow
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 6,5 cm
Rf 1 = = = 0,74 cm
Solvent distance 8,7 cm
Rf 1 0,74 cm
2) Rf total = 1 = = 0,74 cm
1
e. Brown Ink
1) Pink – Brown
 𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 7,7 cm
Rf 1 = = = 0,88 cm
Solvent distance 8,7 cm
2) Brown – Green
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 0,3 cm
Rf 2 = = = 0,03 cm
Solvent distance 8,7 cm
Rf 1+Rf 2 0,91 cm
3) Rf total = = = 0,45 cm
2 2
f. Yellow
1) Light yellow – Yellow
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 6,5 cm
Rf 1 = = = 0,74 cm
Solvent distance 8,7 cm
Rf 1 0,74 cm
2) Rf total = 1 = = 0,74 cm
1

2. Alcohol Solvent
a. Black Ink
1) Black – Brown
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 0,3 cm
Rf 1 = = = 0,04 cm
Solvent distance 6,2 cm
2) Brown – Purple
𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 1,3 cm
Rf 2 = = = 0,20 cm
Solvent distance 6,2 cm
Rf 1 + Rf 2 0,24 cm
Rf total = = = 0,12 cm
2 2
LAMPIRAN BUKU DAN
JURNAL