一、LNG offshore hose transfer applications provided by KLAW LNG

broadly falls within four categories----- ship-to-ship, shore-to-ship,

bunkering and mobile response.
KLAW LNG delivers safe ship-to-ship transfer systems for LNG carriers and LNGRV (LNG
Regasification Vessels).
Hundreds of LNG commercial transfers are safely and efficiently conducted every year using KLAW
LNG safety transfer systems.
KLAW LNG Emergency Release Systems minimise risk of LNG spillage by shutting down flow of LNG
when an emergency occurs during transfer.
Integrating KLAW LNG systems into a LNG transfer system will help protect the system and other
assets such as ships, hoses and equipment in the area of the spill. Risk of injury to personnel in the
immediate area is therefore minimized and risk of contamination to others and the environment is also
greatly reduced.
If an emergency occurs then the KLAW LNG safety system will help maintain the integrity of the closed
system. Keeping the medium within the transfer system will therefore help ensure that you maintain
control over the event.
The technical knowledge and experience of KLAW and the considerable investment into LNG safety
transfer R&D is why KLAW delivers the reassurance that is vital when specifying and commissioning
safety-critical systems.
The care and diligence demonstrated in commissioning the proven technology of KLAW Emergency
Release Systems into a LNG transfer system is what helps to protect the reputation of not just the
LNG Ship Owner and LNG Operator but also the reputation of the LNG sector as a whole.

Reducing risk in LNG management and transfer

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The following is a simple introduction to the KLAW process of design and management of risk.
KLAW LNG safety transfer systems offer solutions to a particular segment of the overall process of
offshore LNG processing and management. This is the protection of the system during LNG ship to
ship, ship to shore and bunkering operations.
Protection against risk requires a continuing process of risk assessment and risk management and it
is this process that is integral to the design of KLAW systems.
Risk can be categorised as the events and consequences that produce the circumstances that present
the probability of an event occurring and the characteristics of such events; the probability of
performance and non-performance of the system in response to each event; the performance of units
within the system and the performance of individual components and material within these units.
KLAW risk assessment procedures are integral to its product design and manufacture and include
processes such as HAZOP and FMEA.

1. LNG ship-to-ship transfer systems

LNG Ship-to-Ship for offshore transfer systems is also referred to as LNG STS and is the transfer of
LNG from or to a feeder LNG vessel via a LNG Tanker.

STS could also occur between LNG carriers (LNGC) and LNGRV (LNG Regasification Vessels) or
Floating Storage and Regasification Unit (FSRU). KLAW LNG specialises in Hose Ship-to-Ship
Transfer Systems.

2. LNG ship to shore transfer

LNG Ship to shore transfer can be defined as a vessel offloading LNG to shore. The gas remains in
its liquefied cryogenic state and is stored and made ready for regasification.

A LNG hose transfer system is the more cost effective, more flexible and portable alternative to
conventional loading arm systems.

3. LNG Vessel Bunkering

LNG Bunkering is the practice of providing liquefied natural gas fuel to a ship for its own consumption.
The key advantage of LNG as a fuel is the vast reduction in pollutant caused by the more traditional
method of fuelling ships such as heavy fuel oil, marine diesel fuel (MDO) and marine gas oil (MGO).
Environmental regulatory pressure is building to cut emissions caused through ship transportation. It
is this imposition of stricter sulphur content limits to marine bunker fuel that is driving LNG Bunkering
system design as well as the construction of a LNG fuelling infrastructure. The declaration of an
Emission Control Area (ECA) of 200 nautical miles around the North America coastline in 2012 is a
typical development.
The currently forecasted stable price of LNG and reliable supply of natural gas as a resource are also
key factors as to why LNG is more than a feasible alternative to current fuels.

Safe LNG bunkering

The safe refuelling of LNG powered ships and even the safe evacuation of LNG fuel from ships in an
emergency is of paramount importance for the protection of LNG bunkering as a commercially viable
and acceptable sector.
Standards and regulations for LNG bunkering exist and are being developed by organisations such as
SIGTTO (Society of International Gas Tankers and Terminal Operators), OCIMF (Oil Companies
International Marine Forum), IMO (International Maritime Organization), International Organization for
Standardisation (ISO), EN (CEN – European Committee for Standardization) and the NFPA (National
Fire Protection Association).
Emergency Shut-down Systems (ESD) for LNG Bunkering
The expertise and reputation of KLAW LNG in the LNG transfer sector has placed KLAW at the
forefront of this cutting edge technology. KLAW LNG has been working meticulously in the LNG
Bunkering sector to ensure the delivery of efficient and safe ESD systems.

Types of LNG bunkering

KLAW will deliver ESD systems for both LNG Supply Facilities and the Receiving Ship. These will be
for both onshore and offshore supply which includes ship-to-ship (STS), terminal-to-ship (TPS) and
truck-to-ship (TTS) operations. KLAW will also offer ESD systems for Ship-to-Shore (STS) for the
supply of LNG from an LNG carrier into storage bunkering systems.

4. LNG Offshore Mobile Response

KLAW LNG provides a Mobile Response Service which includes transfer systems and personnel to
manage and participate in the offloading of LNG from vessels in an unscheduled or emergency
situation.

KLAW LNG can also advise on developing backup procedures that can be instigated if situations occur.
For further information on this Rapid Deployment System contact the KLAW LNG team on +44 1373
827 100.

二、KLAW LNG Transfer Systems

A crucial part of any LNG Transfer system is the Emergency Release System (ERS). This
reacts to events and manages the system to minimize spill and close down the transfer
system.
The KLAW LNG Emergency Release System consists of numerous components including the
Emergency Release Coupling (ERC). There are usually more than one ERC and transfer line within
the Emergency Release System. When required, the ERS will allow the Emergency Release
Coupling to activate.
The only proven Emergency Release System for LNG hose transfer systems
The KLAW LNG Emergency Release System design has been in service since 2006 and is the only
proven Emergency Release System for LNG hose transfer systems.
The purpose of KLAW LNG Emergency Release Systems
KLAW LNG Emergency Release Systems help provide an efficient and safe method of LNG transfer
during normal LNG transfer operations. When an event occurs then the system instigates and
manages a safe and effective closedown of the system.
KLAW LNG Emergency Release Coupling
The ERC is integrated within the line and is the safety link between the transfer hose and the on-ship
transfer system. The ERC is designed to close down, separate and make safe the LNG flow when
an event occurs.
KLAW LNG HPU Control system
The ERC is controlled a KLAW Hydraulic Power Unit (HPU) which allows the emergency release of
all the manifold connections in a matter of seconds. These connections offer double valve closure
and safe and identified parting points within the transfer system.