Chapter 1

This study aims to show the comparison of using crushed glass and

standard aggregates in making interlocking concrete blocks. It aims to sought

answers to the following objectives; (1) to identify the different aggregates of

concrete used today and its compressive strengths. (2) to test the compressive

strength of interlocking blocks with crushed glass as a substitute for crushed

stone. (3) to develop an alternative construction material that would minimize

environmental and economic issues. (4) the comparison between an interlocking

block with crushed glass and with crushed stone in terms of its compressive

strength and water absorption test. (5) to find out if interlocking blocks with

crushed glass can minimize the cost of construction.

In this research, the researchers use several methods such as project

identification, project assessment, the gathering of materials, research design,

project development, project testing, project evaluation, and project presentation.

The scope of the study is more on enhancing the concrete compressive strength

and design of interlocking blocks. It will also give data that using crushed glass

bottle as coarse aggregate for interlocking blocks is a good quality of aggregate.

This study will also include testing and identifying the compressive strength of

blocks made of cement, sand, and gravel, and blocks with crushed glass bottles

as coarse aggregate.

Based on the findings from this study, it can be concluded that the use of

a crushed glass bottle is a potential alternative to coarse aggregate since the

interlocking block that has crushed glass attains more strength than the

i
interlocking block that has crushed stone. After several testing, we found out that

the maximum strength of the interlocking block with crushed glass was 1073 psi,

while the interlocking block with gravel was 914 psi. The interlocking blocks with

glass are stronger in terms of compressive strength than those with gravel. In

terms of water absorption; it shows that the interlocking blocks with crushed

glass got lesser absorption percentages than the interlocking block with gravel.

Therefore, the interlocking block with crushed glass is more durable.

Maybe the price of individual interlocking blocks is higher than the

conventional hollow blocks, it still shows that using interlocking blocks can

reduce the primary material that we usually used in construction. And by using

interlocking blocks, it can also minimize the cost of construction.

INTRODUCTION

Concrete is an artificial stone-like mass, which is the composite material

that is created by mixing binding material like cement or lime along with the

aggregates such as sand, gravel, stone, block chips, water, admixtures in

specific proportions. The strength and quality are dependent on the mixing ratios.

Concrete is a significant and useful material for construction work. Once all the

ingredients-cement, aggregate, and water unit of measurement mixed inside the

required proportions, the cement and water begin a reaction with one another to

13]
bind themselves into a hardened mass.

Interlocking blocks are made to fit each other. It is possible to build a

strong wall without mortar with the use of interlocking concrete blocks. Each

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block is designed to have vertical holes which means, not only saving on the

number of materials used in its production but also allowing metal rods to be

inserted or cement to be filled in to increase its structural strength during

construction. Today, the construction industry has internationally recognized the

role of the interlocking block system. Using traditional materials, the interlocking

blocks system may solve some construction issues. [7]

An interlocking concrete block is one way to build a well-built mortarless

wall. Some blocks are made with rims that slip by the rear edge of the leading

row; others depend on a system of joins. With the couple types, you don't have to
[1]
practice delivering mortar or mounting blocks.

The main objective of this study is to make a comparison between an

interlocking block with crushed glass and crushed stone. The study primarily

aims to: first, identify the different aggregates of concrete used today and its

compressive strengths. Second, test the compressive strength of interlocking

blocks with crushed glass as a substitute for crushed stone. Third, develop an

alternative construction material that would minimize environmental and

economic issues. Fourth, compare interlocking block with crushed glass, and

with crushed stone in terms of its compressive strength and water absorption.

Fifth, to find out if interlocking blocks with crushed glass can minimize the cost of

construction. And lastly, apply engineering techniques in the comparative study

of concrete blocks using crushed glass.

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 The result of this study will benefit the construction companies because it

will lessen their cost of labors and materials for their construction works. It will be

beneficial too for Urdaneta City University for the output of this study is a study

shed. This study will provide students of this school a learning place. The

findings of this study have the potential to enrich the teaching approaches of the

instructors in education for the students. Using the interlocking concrete blocks

provides a low cost of housing, which will be beneficial to the community. Also,

the students will benefit because the study aims to discover what strategies they

are going to use as their reference for the learning process for the construction.

The research reflected on the practices for the students for improving the

alternative way of building construction.

The scope of the study is more on enhancing the concrete compressive

strength and design of interlocking blocks. It aims to give data that using crushed

glass bottle as coarse aggregate for interlocking blocks is a good quality of

aggregate. This study will also include testing and identifying the compressive

strength of blocks made of cement, sand, and gravel, and blocks with crushed

glass bottles as coarse aggregate.

Due to the high cost of gravel in the market, this research of using crushed

glass will give a result that could be a substitute to minimize the cost of entire

house construction. This study is limited to the investigation of the capability of

blocks made up of crushed glass for low-cost housing.

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 The researchers will build a study shed made of interlocking blocks as an

output of the study. The chosen place for the output was in Don Amadeo Perez

Sr. Elementary Central School beside Urdaneta City University.

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 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

This chapter presents a summary of related studies which has shown

similar result considered relevant to the research. The evaluation was

undertaken to gain further insights and lend support to the present study.

Structural Behavior of Interlocking Blocks

In the study conducted in California, the interlocking compressed earth

block walls were tested its seismic behavior and its flexure dominated. The test

result shows that the flexure dominated ICEB walls can exhibit stable until a
[2]
ductile failure occurs. In conclusion, the ductility of the wall increase as the

height-to-width ratio increases, and the strength of the ICEB will improve with a

flange.

In a research conducted in the Tunis, Tunisia, they test the compressive

strength of the Stabilized Earth Blocks that are laid dry without grout mortar. As a

result of the study conducted, the compressive strength decreases because it

[3]
has an effect on the contact area and the clearance between the blocks.

Therefore, they used a finite element method (FEM) can emphasize the impact of

the local stress on the macroscopic compressive behavior of the masonry.

Walling System

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 As stated by the researchers of the Dubai, United Arab Emirates, we can

use an innovative way to develop a new construction component without a

settling mortar, with a perfectly fitting system. They used three soil-cement

mixtures were undergone a compressive strength test, water absorption, and

[5]
sizing. As a result of the experiment, only water absorption fails. Therefore,

future researchers may work on the improvement of the mixture composition.

In the study conducted in Ghana, a comparative study using an

interlocking block system and concrete sand blocks were made. The result

statistically showed that using the interlocking blocks eliminated the use of some

admixtures, making it cheaper, and in terms of the construction process, it is

faster than the concrete sand blocks. The result of the compressive strength of
[9]
the two samples has no difference. Therefore, it is more convenient, cheaper,

and faster to use interlocking hollow blocks than the concrete sand blocks.

According to the study conducted in Malaysia about the water-resistance

of the interlocking block wall, water absorbed by a block will make it weaker. To

identify the water-resistance of the interlocking block wall, they use a different

sample that are block wall with mortar as infill, block wall added with grout

around the block, and traditional block wall. The block wall with grout around the
[6]
block is the best water resistance among the three samples. It can conclude

that the assembly of the interlocking block can affect the time for the water to

went through the wall.

Development of Interlocking Blocks

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 According to the study conducted in India, aluminum hydroxide and

granite waste are added to cement as a stabilizer. Because of the waste problem

about aluminum hydroxide, they came up with proposing this study that can
[12]
lessen the pollution to the environment. Therefore, using the materials above,

it can produce a cement stabilized masonry interlocking blocks. Furthermore,

studies can be made to the mixture to attain good strength.

In the study conducted in Malaysia, they sought to search for a new

building technique that may result in an even higher economy, more efficient, and

durable as an alternative for the conventional brick. Several developed and

implemented in building constructions and several types of research had studied

the manufacturing of interlocking brick and its structural behavior as load-bearing

[1]
and non-load bearing elements. Hence, the idea of interlocking block system

has been trendy as a substitute for the traditional system where it has been used

either as a non-load bearing or load-bearing masonry system.

According to the study conducted in India, interlocking masonry blocks are

20% higher in compressive strength than the conventional masonry blocks and

40% higher on bricks. In terms of aligning and laying the blocks, it is convenient,

so it reduces the number of high wage skilled masons. It can be a load-bearing

[8]
wall because it increased the strength of 30% when it infilled with mortar.

Therefore, interlocking blocks can be so useful from single to multi-story

construction.

Analysis of Materials Used as Substitute to Aggregate

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 In the study conducted in Aukland, the use of pelletized cut rubber as an

alternative coarse aggregate for concrete mixture could lower the cost of

production. He uses rubber tires that cannot be used by vehicles or re-threaded

[11]
anymore. Therefore, it is more beneficial to use the pelletized cut rubber than

the conventional aggregate; it is eco-friendly and cheaper.

In this study conducted in Aukland, they focus on developing hollow

concrete blocks using coconut shells and fibers as a substitute to coarse

aggregates. According to the test result, it is a non-load bearing type of hollow

blocks because the compressive strength is higher than the usual hollow blocks

after the 28 days of curing, the good indicator as an aggregate of hollow concrete

blocks are particles, shape, and texture, resistance to crushing, absorption and
[10]
surface moisture, grading, resistance to freezing and heating, and light-weight.

Thus, coconut shells and fibers are acceptable as a partial substitute to coarse

aggregate for hollow concrete blocks.

In the study conducted in Singapore, National University stated that the

substitution of refining glass as sand had shown no significant influence on the

mechanical properties of concrete. Because of the negligible water absorption of

[4]
the glass sand, the drying shrinkage was reduced. In conclusion, using glass

sand has no harmful effect on substituting it on conventional aggregates

according to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) test, but using admixtures like fly ash and

slag can improve its durability.

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 Chapter 3

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INTERLOCKING CONCRETE BLOCKS USING

STANDARD AGGREGATES AND CRUSHED GLASS

ABSTRACT

In this study, entitled “Comparative Study of Interlocking Concrete Blocks

Using Standard Aggregates and Crushed Glass,” two designs of interlocking

blocks will be presented, and in each design, there are two blocks with a different

mixture. The mixture will compose of sand, gravel, cement, and water, and the

other ratio will use crushed glass instead of gravel. Overall, four interlocking

blocks will undergo testing. Required amounts of sand, cement, water, gravel,

and crushed glass are measured to obtain the proper amounts of material. Each

block will undergo 7-28 days of curing before testing.

After several testing, the result in every sample will be determined which

mixture and design got the highest compressive strength will be recommended

soon for building constructions.

INTRODUCTION

The study focuses on comparing four interlocking blocks. It was to show if

crushed glass bottles can be a substitute to coarse aggregate as a component of

the interlocking block. The result of this study will not only benefit the

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construction industry but also the environment by reducing waste glass bottle in

the surrounding.

Concrete is a mixture of fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, cement, and

water. Mixing coarse aggregates within the mixture will provide a hard-skeletal

structure and to lessen the space of the cement. Both coarse aggregates and

fine aggregates are required, but the ratios of different sizes of coarse aggregate

will range depending on the appropriate mixture needed for each particular end-

use. The smaller the size of aggregate, the better its surface and the more

cement will be mixed to bind it all together will result in a higher cost. However,

the concrete will become stronger when using a higher quantity of cement.

Therefore, a balance needs to be made between the price willing to be paid and
[23]
the strength requirements of the end-use.

Glass is an inorganic solid material that is commonly transparent or clear

as well as brittle, hard, and impenetrable to the natural elements. Since ancient

times, glass has been invented into efficient, functional, rational, and ornamental

objects, and it is still very essential in operations such as building construction,

[28]
telecommunications, and housewares.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This part represents the actions required in the study. It gives an overview

of how the steps of the research will flow.

The study aims to design and produce interlocking blocks that are more

economical and useful compared to the current blocks that are widely used

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nowadays. Using these interlocking blocks is cheaper since plastering costs will

be reduced, including the number of workers, steel bars, cement, and other

construction materials. This kind of block can be used in weatherproof

construction, and nowadays, it is one of the key factors to finish work faster than

conventional construction.

The researchers came up with this research because they see a lot of

problems in the field of construction. One of these is the lack of materials needed

in the development of a construction project. Over the years, the supply of

materials here has diminished. Not all of us can afford to buy or build a home, but

with the help of this idea, we can now construct a house with a lesser budget.

Because using these interlocking blocks will save you a lot of money. Also, with

the use of these interlocking blocks can lessen the number of workers needed in

construction. These interlocking blocks are one of the solutions to the shortage of

workers here in our region. Not only the worker shortage can be solved to this

project, but also the lack of skill of a worker. Because these types of blocks look

like lego toys, and we all know that lego toy is a kind of block toy that was easy to

generate. In this study, the researchers also used recycled bottle glass as a

substitute to coarse aggregate to help our nature to eliminate solid waste. Solid

waste materials like glass bottles are one of the reasons of pollution here in our

country.

METHODOLOGY

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 This part of the chapter will determine the procedure of the study. It is

composed of research design, data gathering procedure, project procedure,

project testing, evaluation, and validation.

Project Identification. This part is where the researchers plan what the

study would be. This part includes problem identification, possible solutions to

the problem, and the actions that may be taken.

Project Assessment. It is the process by which the researchers planned

and evaluated the study. In this part, the researchers consider some

environmental issues and how to deal with it.

Materials and Data Gathering. In this study, the material that the

researchers used for the first block are cement, sand, and 3/8inch crushed stone,

and for the second block, the researchers used cement, sand, and crushed

glass. The researchers used portland cement because it is more economical

among others. For coarse aggregate in the second block, the researchers used a

crushed glass bottle, which provides a low cost but high quality. The process of

mixing the mixtures of the first and second blocks is just the same. The only

difference of the mixing process is the substitution of crushed glass bottles as

coarse aggregate.

Research Design. The goal of this study was to determine the result of

the crushed glass as an aggregate type of improving the conventional

interlocking blocks. This part was to show that crushed glass bottles could also

be an alternative element for the mixture for interlocking blocks. It also provides a

benefit as a low-cost material. As an outcome of the study, crushed glass is used

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to the concrete mix and compare the output to the usual interlocking blocks

mixture.

Project Development. In this part of the study, the samples of

interlocking blocks will be created and tested through compressive strength tests

and water absorption tests after the proper days of curing.

Project Testing. In this research, two different laboratory tests were

conducted to test the strength and durability of every block; these are the

compressive strength test and water absorption test. Before every test

performed, each block was subjected to a proper day of curing. And for the field

test of this study, the researchers constructed a study shed made up of

interlocking blocks with crushed glass.

Project Evaluation. In this part of the study, the laboratory test result

would determine if the crushed glass has the potential to replace gravel in

making interlocking blocks.

Project Presentation. In this part, the researchers needed to present

detailed information about their studies, such as the procedures, developments,

test results, and the evaluation of their project in front of their panels.

Interlocking Blocks Design

The shape of the interlocking block was made by considering its hollow

arrangement and interlocking.

Interlocking Block-Design 1

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 The first design is a single block with a key on top and a groove on the

bottom. The dimensions of the block are 12inch by 6inch by 4inch. The diameter

of its hollow is 2 inches, while the thickness of the key is 5 mm. The key fits into

the groove, and this is how interlocking works since the interlock is in the top-

bottom, therefore, no mortar laying is needed. Design 1 is a load-bearing block.

Using this design, it can consume 34 pieces of blocks per square meter.

Design 2 interlocking block

In this design, interlocking blocks fit on one another with keys pointing

upwards interlocking in one another. Every key of the top block is in direct

contact with the bottom groove of another block. The dimensions of the block are

40cm by 10cm by 20 cm. Its thickness is 2 cm from all sides. The rectangular

hollow measures 15.5cm by 6cm. The keys are 10mm thick. It is a non-load

bearing block since its width is only 10 cm. This design of the interlocking block

can consume 13 pieces of blocks per square meter.

Components and Materials

Cement. The researchers used Portland cement because it is more

economical among the others. Portland cement is made by crushing a mixture of

limestone and shale. It is in the form of a finely ground powder. Also, Portland

cement is the most common type of general cement use around the world.

Sand. In this study, the researchers used sand from the quarry. Sand is

made up of mineral particles and finely divided rock. It is needed to use a sand

i
screen to obtain uniform particles so that the quality of the product will not be

affected.

Gravel. Gravel is a loose collection of rock particles. In this study, 3/8inch

crushed gravel was used. The crushed gravel is commonly available in many

hardware here in Pangasinan.

Crushed Glass. Glass recycling is the processing of waste glass into

usable products. The glass bottles used in this research came from different

junkshops here in Pangasinan. The crushed obtained the same proportion of

gravel.

Water. The water is required for the preparation of the mixing of cement

concrete and for curing. Water has many effects on the strength of cement

concrete in construction work by the quality and quantity of it. The water was

taken from a nearby deep well source, since it is free and always available.

Molder. In design 1, the researchers used a hydraulic block machine,

while in design two, they used a molder made up of plastic. PHILIN Builders,

located at Calasiao, Pangasinan, provided both molders.

Table 3.1 shows the list of materials and their prices. The prices listed in

this table were based on the cost of materials around Urdaneta City, Pangasinan.

The given quantities of products listed above were computed based on a single

block only.

Table 3.2 shows the list of materials, but instead of gravel, crushed glass

was used. The researchers bought recycled glass bottles from nearby junk

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shops, and since there is no available crushing machine around Urdaneta City,

the researchers did the crushing. In the given price of the crushed glass listed

above was computed based on the cost of the glass bottles bought in junkshops

and the labor of the person.

The researchers used a ratio of 1:3.5:2 for their raw materials in

interlocking block-design 1. They used a box with a dimension of 0.3 m by 0.3 m

by 0.3 m to get the exact amount of materials. The amount of crushed glass used

has the same quantity as crushed stone. With that ratio, 40 blocks will be

produced. The prices listed above were based on the latest prices in hardware

stores around the Pangasinan area.

Table 3.3 shows the number of materials required for one block. The

prices were based around hardware stores in Urdaneta City.

Table 3.4 shows the list of materials and corresponding prices. Instead of

gravel, crushed glass was used. The computation of the cost of crushed glass

was the same as the process in table 3.2.

In interlocking block-design 2, the researchers used a ratio of 1:2:1.5. The

way of measuring material is just like the same as in design 1. Also, the amount

of crushed glass is the same as the amount of gravel. The researchers produced

28 pieces of blocks in this ratio.

TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Compressive strength of individual block (Laboratory test)

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 To know the suitability of concrete masonry units or concrete blocks, a

compressive strength test is required. Concrete blocks are made of an

aggregate, cement, and water. It is used in the construction of the masonry

structure and usually rectangular. Concrete blocks are available in hollow and

solid forms. [26]

Conclusion

Table 3.5 and Table 3.6 shows the results of the interlocking block with

a different mixture of each design at different curing age. At day 9, the design

2(with gravel) got the lowest compressive strength, while the design 2(with glass)

and design 1(with gravel) failed to meet the required compressive strength of 550

psi. Design 1(with glass) got the highest compressive strength of 667 psi. Hence

it passed the required strength.

On day 14, only design 1 with glass and without glass got the

necessary compressive strength to pass the required compressive strength. And

design 2, failed the test.

On day 21, design 2 failed to meet the required strength. But design 1,

continuously rising its strength.

On day 28, only design 2(with gravel) failed to meet the required

compressive strength. Maybe one of the reasons why interlocking block design

2(with gravel) does not achieve the needed strength is because of the ratio of

materials used. Design 1(with glass) got the highest compressive strength of

1,073 psi, while design 1(with gravel) got 914 psi.

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 Based on the above observations, the interlocking blocks with glass is

stronger in terms of compressive strength than those with gravel.

Water absorption test (Laboratory test)

Water absorption tests on blocks are used to determine the durability of

blocks such as the degree of burning, quality, and behavior of blocks in

weathering. A block with water absorption of less than 7% provides better

resistance to damage by freezing. The degree of compactness of block can be

obtained by water absorption test, as water absorbed by pores in blocks. The

[16]
water absorption by blocks increases with the increase in pores.

Conclusion

Table 3.7 and Table 3.8 shows the result of the water absorption test of

two designs of interlocking blocks. It shows that the interlocking blocks with

crushed glass got lesser absorption percentages than the interlocking block with

gravel. Therefore, the interlocking block with crushed glass is more durable.

Comparing Interlocking Blocks Design 1 to a Load Bearing Hollow Blocks

To prove that using interlocking blocks can reduce other construction

materials, the researchers estimated the materials to be in a 4-meter-long and 3-

meter-high wall by using a load-bearing hollow block and then using interlocking

blocks design 1. We used the book “Simplified Estimate” by Max Fajardo as the

reference. [7]

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Conclusion

Table 3.9 and Table 3.10 shows the summary of materials and their

prices. Maybe the price of individual interlocking blocks is higher than the

conventional hollow blocks; it still proves that using interlocking blocks can

reduce the primary material that we usually used in construction. And by using

interlocking blocks, it can also minimize the cost of construction.

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Book References

[1] A. Al-Fakih, B. Mohammed, F. Nuruddin, and E. Nikbakht, Development of

Interlocking Masonry Bricks and its’ Structural Behaviour: Vol 140. IOP

Publishing Ltd April 01, 2018.

[2] B. Qu, B. Stirling, D. Jansen, D. Bland, and P. Laursen, Testing of flexure-

Dominated Interlocking Compressed Earth Block Walls. Vol. 83. May 15, 2015.

[3] H. Ayed, O. Limam, M. Aidi, and A. Jelidi, Experimental and Numerical Study

of Interlocking Stabilized Earth Blocks Mechanical Behavior. Vol. 07. June 01,

2016.

[4] H. Du and K. Tan, Concrete with Recycled Glass as Fine Aggregates. Vol.

111. January 01, 2014.

[5] L. Fay, P. Cooper, and H. Morais, Innovative Interlocked Soil–Cement Block

for the Construction of Masonry to Eliminate the Settling Mortar. Vol. 52. Elsevier

Ltd. February 01, 2014.

[6] M. Aizuddin and B. Kamar, The Water Resistance of Interlocking Block Wall.

Malaysia: July 2015.

[7] S. Ahmad, S. Hussain, M. Awais, M. Asif, H. Muzamil, R. Ahmad And S.

Ahmad, Study of the Behavior of Interlocking of Masonry Units/Blocks. Vol. 04.

Issue 03. March. 2014.

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[8] S. Assiamah, H. Abeka, and S. Agyeman, Comparative Study of Interlocking

and Sandcrete Blocks for Building Walling Systems. Vol. 05, Issue 01. Ghana:

January 2016.

[9] T. Ganiron Jr, N. Ucol-Ganiron, and Tommy Ganiron III, Recycling of Waste

Coconut Shells as Substitute for Aggregates in Mix Proportioning of Concrete

Hollow Blocks. Vol. 77. January 06, 2017.

[10] Tomas Ucol Ganiron Jr, Pelletized Cut Rubber: An Alternative Coarse

Aggregate for Concrete Mixture. Vol. 64. March 31, 2014.

[11] Vinay Raj, Cement Stabilized Masonry Interlocking Blocks. August 05, 2019.

Procedure and Testing

To show the procedures in making interlocking blocks and to determine

the compressive strength. The materials being used in the research are cement,

sand, gravel, crushed glass bottles, and water.

1. Collecting of glass bottle

At the beginning, the researchers collect glass bottles at their

homes individually. And when they found out it wasn’t enough, they

decided to buy recycled glass bottles at nearby junkshops.

2. Crushing of glass bottle

Because of no availability of glass crusher, the researchers decided to

crush the glass bottles manually.

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 3. Getting the proper amount of materials

To determine the exact quantity of materials to be used, the

researchers, used a box made of plywood that was sized; 0.3 meters long,

0.3 meters wide, and 0.3 meters thick.

4. Mixing the raw materials

Here, all the raw materials are mixed together, using a shovel it is

mixed to make the mixture equal. The amount of water needed is just a

little, because to must water in the mixture can affect the quality of the

blocks.

5. Molding

In molding the blocks, the researcher uses interlocking block

machine for the first design and a plastic molder for the second design.

6. Curing

After 24 hours, upon taking the blocks from the mold, cure it for

7,14,21 and 28 days in water. Soak it in water every morning to make it

even harder.

7. Testing

After curing, in accordance with the curing age, test it using a

compression testing machine.

In this picture, shows the perspective view of a study shed wherein we

used the interlocking blocks in the walls to test it in actual. It has a dimension of 2

meters by 2 meters and a total height of 2.5 meters. The height of its wall is 1m.

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 Chapter 4

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY

Based on the result from this study, it can be concluded that the use of the

crushed glass bottle is a potential alternative to coarse aggregate since the

interlocking block that has crushed glass attains more strength than the

interlocking block that has crushed stone. It was found out that the maximum

strength of the tested block was 1073 psi after several testing.

CONCLUSIONS

Interlocking concrete blocks were studied through a series of physical and

mechanical tests. Based on the results and findings, the researchers, therefore,

conclude the following:

1. Interlocking blocks with crushed glass are stronger in terms of

compressive strength compared to interlocking blocks with gravel.

2. Crushed glass can be a substitute to gravel in making interlocking blocks.

3. The price of the interlocking blocks with crushed glass is lower than the

usual interlocking block.

4. Using crushed glass in making interlocking blocks can eliminate

environmental issues.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the results and findings, the following are recommended by the

researchers:

1. The use of crushed glass bottles as a substitute for gravel in making

interlocking blocks is recommended since our society is facing a lot of

environmental issues; in this way, the waste glass bottles can be

lessened.

2. Conduct a study of the interlocking blocks using crushed glass as fine

aggregate.

3. Since the interlocking block with crushed glass got high compressive

strength, it is recommended to reduce the amount of cement to

produce more blocks.

4. Try other recycled materials that can be used as a substitute for

aggregates.