FOOTBALL

HOOLIGANS
SUBCULTURE OF MODERN AND OLD SCHOOL
HOOLIGANS IN EUROPE

BERDEA CRISTIAN
ENGLISH, 2ND SEMESTER, FACULTY OF PSYCHOLOGY AND
EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES
 EUROPEAN FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM HAS BEEN A
PERSISTENT PROBLEM IN THE SPORT FOR DECADES.
HOOLIGANISM REFERS TO VIOLENT AND UNRULY
BEHAVIOR BY FANS, OFTEN DURING OR AFTER
FOOTBALL MATCHES.
THIS ISSUE IS PARTICULARLY PREVALENT IN
EUROPEAN FOOTBALL, WITH INCIDENTS REPORTED
ACROSS THE CONTINENT.
 THE HISTORY OF FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM DATES BACK TO THE
1960S, AND SINCE THEN, THE PROBLEM HAS GROWN TO BECOME A
MAJOR CONCERN FOR THE FOOTBALL AUTHORITIES,
GOVERNMENTS, AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES.

FOOTBALL HOOLIGANS
USUALLY OPERATE IN
GROUPS, CALLED "FIRMS,"
WHICH ARE
CHARACTERIZED BY
THEIR LOYALTY TO A
PARTICULAR SOCCER
TEAM OR CLUB.
 THE REASONS BEHIND FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM ARE
DIVERSE, BUT THEY OFTEN STEM FROM A SENSE OF SOCIAL
EXCLUSION, MARGINALIZATION, AND FRUSTRATION.

FANS OF FOOTBALL TEAMS MAY FEEL THAT THEIR TEAM

REPRESENTS THEIR REGION OR ETHNICITY AND THAT
SUPPORTING THE TEAM IS A WAY OF AFFIRMING THEIR
IDENTITY. AS A RESULT, THEY MAY BE INCLINED TO ENGAGE IN
VIOLENCE AGAINST OPPOSING FANS TO DEMONSTRATE THEIR
LOYALTY AND PASSION FOR THEIR TEAM.
 FURTHERMORE, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IS A
CONTRIBUTING FACTOR TO FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM.
FOOTBALL MATCHES ARE OFTEN ACCOMPANIED BY ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION, WHICH CAN LEAD TO UNRULY BEHAVIOR BY
FANS.

MOREOVER, THE ANONYMITY OFFERED BY LARGE CROWDS

CAN EMBOLDEN INDIVIDUALS TO ACT AGGRESSIVELY AND
ENGAGE IN VIOLENT BEHAVIOR.
 THE IMPACT OF FOOTBALL
HOOLIGANISM CAN BE
SIGNIFICANT AND EXTEND
BEYOND THE IMMEDIATE
CONSEQUENCES OF PHYSICAL
VIOLENCE AND DESTRUCTION.

FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM
CAN TARNISH THE IMAGE OF
FOOTBALL CLUBS AND THE
SPORT AS A WHOLE,
DISCOURAGE FAMILIES AND
FANS FROM ATTENDING
MATCHES, AND CAN LEAD TO
LOST REVENUE FOR HOST
CITIES AND COMMUNITIES.
 FOOTBALL AUTHORITIES, GOVERNMENTS, AND LAW
ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES HAVE BEEN IMPLEMENTING
VARIOUS STRATEGIES TO COMBAT FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM.

THESE STRATEGIES INCLUDE BANNING THE SALE OF

ALCOHOL WITHIN THE STADIUMS, IMPLEMENTING STRICT
SECURITY CHECKS OF SPECTATORS, AND INCREASING POLICE
PRESENCE IN AND AROUND FOOTBALL STADIUMS.
 IN CONCLUSION, FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM IS A PERSISTENT ISSUE THAT HAS
NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR SOCIETY, THE SPORT OF FOOTBALL, AND ITS FANS.
IT IS ESSENTIAL TO CONTINUE TO DEVELOP INITIATIVES AND STRATEGIES THAT
REDUCE THE PREVALENCE OF THIS PROBLEM.

FOOTBALL CLUBS AND SUPPORTERS SHOULD WORK CLOSELY WITH LAW

ENFORCEMENT AND GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES TO CREATE SAFER AND MORE
INCLUSIVE ENVIRONMENTS FOR ALL FANS TO ENJOY FOOTBALL MATCHES
PEACEFULLY AND WITHOUT FEAR OF VIOLENCE.
 BIBLIOGRAPH
Y
HTTPS://HAENFLER.SITES.GRINNELL.EDU/SUBCULTURES-AND-SCENES/FOOTBALL-HOOLIGANS

HTTPS://WWW.ENCYCLOPEDIA.COM/HISTORY/ENCYCLOPEDIAS-ALMANACS-TRANSCRIPTS-AND-MA
PS/HOOLIGANISM-0

HTTP://PEOPLE.EXETER.AC.UK/WATUPMAN/UNDERGRAD/ROWLANDS/HOOLIGANISMHISTORY.HTM