Chapter 8

Two-stroke Engine
The cycle is completed in two strokes, one revolution of against two revolutions of four
stroke cycle. The crank shaft as and The difference between the (2-stroke & 4-stroke) engines
is in the method of filling the cylinder with the fresh charge removing the burned gases from
the cylinder , only two piston strokes are required to complete the cycle, one for Compression
the fresh charge and the other expansion or power stroke.

Fig.8.1 loop scavenged Fig.8.2 crankcase scavenged 2-

2-stroke engine stroke engine
Fig.8.3 ideal and actual Pv diagram

scavenging process:
There is no exhaust stroke available to clear the cylinder from burnt gases. The process
of clearing the cylinder, after the expansion stroke is called scavenging process. This must be
completed in very short duration available between the end of expansion stroke and start of the
charging process.
‫ عباس محمد اسماعيل‬.‫ م‬.‫أ‬ 1
scavenging parameters:
Because there is a significant difference between the mass of air that enters the cylinder and
the mass of air that is retained trapped, the concept of ( η v ) is replaced by:
1- scavenging ratio λ sc:
mass of air supplied
λ sc = fill cylinder vol at (Po∧¿)¿ ¿ [ ṁ a ¿s ¿ ¿ ṁ cy ]by mass=[ V̇ a ¿ s ¿ ¿ V̇ cy ] by volume
mass of air ¿
2- delivery ratio λ d :
mass of air supplied
λ d= fill cylinder vol . at(Po∧¿)¿=ṁa ¿s ¿
mass of air ¿ ṁd ( ṁs )

3- scavenging efficiency η sc:

mass of air retained ṁ trapped
η sc= fill cylinder vol at (Po∧¿)¿=
mass of air ¿ ṁcy

4- charging efficiency ηch :

mass of air retained ṁ
ηch = fill displacement vol . at( Po∧¿) ¿= trapped ¿
mass of air ¿ ṁa ¿ s

Theoretical scavenging processes:

1- perfect displacement scavenging:
The fresh charge should remain separated from the products of combustion with respect to
both mass of heat Transfer during the scavenging process, this ideal process would represent
perfect scavenging with no short-circuiting loss.
η sc= λd for λd ≤ 1
η sc=1.0 for λ d >1
2- perfect mixing:
In the incoming fresh charge mixes completely and instantaneously with the cylinder contents
and a portion of this mixture passes out of the exhaust ports at a rate equal to that entering the
cylinder. The η sc for perfect mixture is:
η sc=1−e− λd
3- short circuiting:
The fresh charge coming from the scavenging ports directly goes out of the exhaust ports
without removing any residual gas. This is a This is a dead loss and it is occurrence must be
avoided. The actual scavenging process is neither one of perfect scavenging nor perfect
mixing. It probably consists partially of perfect mixing and short circuiting.

‫ عباس محمد اسماعيل‬.‫ م‬.‫أ‬ 2

 Fig.8.4 relationship of scavenging ratio and scavenging efficiency

Scavenging system:

Fig.8.5 scavenging systems

Example: The scavenging if the scavenging efficiency of a two-stroke engine is 75%,

efficiency is increased by 20 %. what would be the percentage change in the scavenging ratio?
Solution:
1 1
η sc=1−e− λd=1− → =1−η sc
e λd
−λd
e
1 1
=1−0.75=0.25→ e λd= =4
e λd
0.25

λd=ln ( 4 )=1.386(at ηsc =0.75)

 for 20% increase in η sc :

η sc=0.75+ 0.75∗0.2=0.9

1
Now: λd
=1−η sc=0.1 → e λd =10 → λd=2.303
e
2.303−1.386
%increasing in λd= ∗100=66.2 %
1.386

‫ عباس محمد اسماعيل‬.‫ م‬.‫أ‬ 3