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At
the ends of the fiber, the axial stress is zero. It increases
h d f h fib h i l i i
until it reaches σfu in the center of the fiber (assuming a
sufficiently long fiber that will enable the stress to build to
ffi i l l fib h ill bl h b ild
σfu). The shear stress is a maximum at the fiber ends and a
minimum in the center of the fiber.
i i i h f h fib
Deformation Mechanisms in Composites
Parallel to fiber orientation:
• Stage I
Stage I: Strain is small, fibers and matrix both
elongate (or deform) elastically
Fibers carry the load, Ec≅VfEf
• Stage II
Stage II: Incompatibility of the lateral matrix and
fiber deformation strains
Matrix deforms plastically; Fibers deform
elastically
• Stage III
Stage III: Fiber deformed plastically before
fracture (found in metallic fibers)
Both matrix and fibers deform plastically
Courtney p254
Nonconventional Composites
p
• Nanocomposites (polymer, metal, and
ceramic matrix)
ceramic matrix),
• Self‐healing composites
Self‐healing composites
• Self‐reinforced composites,
p ,
• Biocomposites
• Laminates made of bi‐dimensional
layers
Nanocomposites
p
• Definition: have one component that has at
least one dimension in the nm range(
least one dimension in the nm range(
generally reinforcement)
• Reinforcements: nanotubes, nanofibers,
nanoparticles.
nanoparticles
• Matrices: polymeric, metallic, or ceramic
• Producing strong and wear‐resistant metal
matrix nanocomposites
ti it by liquid processing
b li id i
and PM routes
Polymer Clay Nanocomposites
• Nanoclay composites: polymeric matrix composite
reinforced with nanoclayy pparticles.
• Most of the clay additives are in the form of
platelets (with thickness is in the nanometer range )
platelets (with thickness is in the nanometer range )
that have been organically treated.
• Clays: layered magnesium aluminum silicates with
thickness of about 1 nm and length or width in the
thickness of about 1 nm and length or width in the
• range of 70–150 nm (Aspect ratio: over 100)
Self‐Healing(self‐repairing) Composites
• The basic idea is to incorporate a healing agent in
e bas c dea s to co po ate a ea g age t
the material of interest which will come into action
when damage in the form of a crack appears
when damage in the form of a crack appears.
healing or repair agent (a
kind of cross‐linking
polymer) encapsulated
l ) l d
in a hollow microsphere (or
a hollow fiber) can be
a hollow fiber) can be
embedded in the matrix
serves to polymerize the
healing agent.
When the crack propagates
Wh h k
and breaks the microsphere
,healing agent is released
healing agent is released
through capillary action
Self‐Reinforced Composites
• Single
Single polymer composites (SPC)
polymer composites (SPC)
• Common example is Polypropylene reinforced with
glass fibers to increase strength and stiffness.
• use aligned polypropylene to reinforce
use aligned polypropylene to reinforce
polypropylene; such a material will have an
i
intermediate stiffness, good impact performance,
di iff di f
a “class A” surface finish, and it is fully recyclable
Biocomposites
• composites
composites that have at least one component that
that have at least one component that
is derived from biological or natural sources.
• Biodegradable • Renewable • Cheap
• Natural resource
Natural resource
• High moisture absorption
• Poor wettability of fibers by polymeric resins leading
• Poor wettability of fibers by polymeric resins leading
to poor interfacial bonding
• High viscosity of bioresins
Hi h i i f bi i making processing more
ki i
difficult