Name:- Nazeer Alyas Khalaf

University of Zahko
Class :- 2nd
College of Engineering

Petroleum Engineering Department

Second Year- 2018-2019

Petroleum Reservoir
Introduction:-

A petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir is a subsurface pool of

hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured rock formations. Petroleum
reservoirs are broadly classified as conventional and unconventional
reservoirs. In case of conventional reservoirs, the naturally occurring
hydrocarbons, such as crude oil or natural gas, are trapped by overlying rock
formations with lower permeability. While in unconventional reservoirs the
rocks have high porosity and low permeability which keeps the hydrocarbons
trapped in place, therefore not requiring a cap rock. Reservoirs are found
using hydrocarbon exploration methods.
Oil field:-
A region with an abundance of oil wells extracting petroleum (crude oil) from below ground. Because
the oil reservoirs typically extend over a large area, possibly several hundred kilometres across, full
exploitation entails multiple wells scattered across the area. In addition, there may be exploratory wells
probing the edges, pipelines to transport the oil elsewhere, and support facilities. Because an oil field
may be remote from civilization, establishing a field is often an extremely complicated exercise in
logistics. This goes beyond requirements for drilling, to include associated infrastructure. For instance,
workers require housing to allow them to work onsite for months or years. In turn, housing and
equipment require electricity and water. In cold regions, pipelines may need to be heated. Also, excess
natural gas may be burned off if there is no way to make use of it—which requires a furnace, chimney
and pipes to carry it from the well to the furnace. Thus, the typical oil field resembles a small, self-
contained town in the midst of a landscape dotted with drilling rigs or the pump jacks, which are known
as "nodding donkeys" because of their bobbing arm. Several companies, such as Hill International,
Bechtel, Esso, Weatherford International, Schlumberger Limited, Baker Hughes and Halliburton, have
organizations that specialize in the large-scale construction of the infrastructure and providing
specialized services required to operate a field profitably. More than 40,000 oil fields are scattered
around the globe, on land and offshore. The largest are the Ghawar Field in Saudi Arabia and the Burgan
Field in Kuwait, with more than 60 billion barrels (9.5×109 m3) estimated in each. Most oil fields are
much smaller. According to the US Department of Energy (Energy Information Administration), as of
2003 the US alone had over 30,000 oil fields. In the modern age, the location of oil fields with proven oil
reserves is a key underlying factor in many geopolitical conflicts.[1] The term "oilfield" is also used as a
shorthand to refer to the entire petroleum industry. However, it is more accurate to divide the oil
industry into three sectors: upstream (crude production from wells and separation of water from oil),
midstream (pipeline and tanker transport of crude) and downstream (refining and marketing of refined
products).
Gas field

Natural gas originates by the same geological thermal cracking process that converts kerogen to
petroleum. As a consequence, oil and natural gas are often found together. In common usage, deposits
rich in oil are known as oil fields, and deposits rich in natural gas are called natural gas fields. In
general, organic sediments buried in depths of 1,000 m to 6,000 m (at temperatures of 60 °C to 150 °C)
generate oil, while sediments buried deeper and at higher temperatures generate natural gas. The
deeper the source, the "drier" the gas (that is, the smaller the proportion of condensates in the gas).
Because both oil and natural gas are lighter than water, they tend to rise from their sources until they
either seep to the surface or are trapped by a non-permeable stratigraphic trap. They can be extracted
from the trap by drilling. The largest natural gas field is South Pars/Asalouyeh gas field, which is shared
between Iran and Qatar. The second largest natural gas field is the Urengoy gas field, and the third
largest is the Yamburg gas field, both in Russia. Like oil, natural gas is often found underwater in
offshore gas fields such as the North Sea, Corrib Gas Field off Ireland, and near Sable Island. The
technology to extract and transport offshore natural gas is different from land-based fields. It uses a few,
very large offshore drilling rigs, due to the cost and logistical difficulties in working over water. Rising
gas prices in the early 21st century encouraged drillers to revisit fields that previously were not
considered economically viable. For example, in 2008 McMoran Exploration passed a drilling depth of
over 32,000 feet (9754 m) (the deepest test well in the history of gas production) at the Blackbeard site
in the Gulf of Mexico. Exxon Mobil's drill rig there had reached 30,000 feet by 2006 without finding gas,
before it abandoned the site. Formation Crude oil is found in all oil reservoirs formed in the Earth's
crust from the remains of once-living things. Evidence indicates that millions of years of heat and
pressure changed the remains of microscopic plant and animal into oil and natural gas. Roy Nurmi, an
interpretation adviser for Schlumberger oil field services company, described the process as follows:
Plankton and algae, proteins and the life that's floating in the sea, as it dies, falls to the bottom, and
these organisms are going to be the source of our oil and gas. When they're buried with the
accumulating sediment and reach an adequate temperature, something above 50 to 70 °C they start to
cook. This transformation, this change, changes them into the liquid hydrocarbons that move and
migrate, will become our oil and gas reservoir. In addition to the aquatic environment, which is usually
a sea, but might also be a river, lake, coral reef or algal mat, the formation of an oil or gas reservoir also
requires a sedimentary basin that passes through four steps Deep burial under sand and mud. Pressure
cooking. Hydrocarbon migration from the source to the reservoir rock. Trapping by impermeable rock.
Timing is also an important consideration; it is suggested that the Ohio River Valley could have had as
much oil as the Middle East at one time, but that it escaped due to a lack of traps.[4] The North Sea, on
the other hand, endured millions of years of sea level changes that successfully resulted in the formation
of more than 150 oilfields. Although the process is generally the same, various environmental factors
lead to the creation of a wide variety of reservoirs. Reservoirs exist anywhere from the land surface to
30,000 ft (9,000 m) below the surface and are a variety of shapes, sizes and ages. In recent years igneous
reservoirs have become an important new field of oil exploration, especially in trachyte and basalt
formations. These two types of reservoirs differ in oil content and physical properties like fracture
connectivity, pore connectivity, and rock porosity Traps A trap forms when the buoyancy forces driving
the upward migration of hydrocarbons through a permeable rock cannot overcome the capillary forces
of a sealing medium. The timing of trap formation relative to that of petroleum generation and
migration is crucial to ensuring a reservoir can form. Petroleum geologists broadly classify traps into
three categories that are based on their geological characteristics: the structural trap, the stratigraphic
trap and the far less common hydrodynamic trap