CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES (CUHAS)

SCHOOL OF PHARMACY

RESEARCH TITLE: Knowledge, attitude and practices of intermittent deworming

of preschool children among mothers attending selected under-fives’ clinics in

Mwanza city.

STUDENT’S NAME: NTENGO, Venance Wilfred.

REGISTRATION NUMBER: CUHAS/BP/3000169/T/14.

SUPERVISORS: Dr MAZIGO, Humphrey

Dr BASINDA, Namanya

Research Report submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of Pharmacy degree of

the Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences.

Submitted on 31st August 2018

DECLARATION

I, Venance Wilfred Ntengo, hereby declare that the work presented is original and has

not been published or submitted elsewhere for the same or other purposes.

STUDENT: VENANCE W. NTENGO

Signature: Date:

SUPERVISOR: HUMPHREY D. MAZIGO, PhD

Signature: Date:

CO-SUPERVISOR: NAMANYA BASINDA, MMed

Signature: Date:

This research thesis is a copyright material protected under the Berne Convention, the

Copyright Act of 1999 and other international and national enactments, in that behalf,

on intellectual property. It may not be reproduced by any means, in full or in part,

except for short extracts in fair dealing; for research or private study, critical scholarly

review or discourse with an acknowledgement, without written permission of the

School of Pharmacy, on behalf of both the author and Catholic University of Health

and Allied Sciences-Tanzania.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ...........................................................................................................ii

LIST OF FIGURES .....................................................................................................vii

LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... viii

DEDICATION .............................................................................................................. ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................. x

ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... xi

OPERATIONAL DEFINITON ...................................................................................xii

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... xiii

Background ............................................................................................................ xiii

Methodology .......................................................................................................... xiii

Results .................................................................................................................... xiii

Conclusion ............................................................................................................. xiii

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................ 1

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1

1.1. Background information ................................................................................. 1

1.2. Problem statement ........................................................................................... 3

1.3. Rationale of the study...................................................................................... 4

1.4. Research question ............................................................................................ 4

1.5. Objectives ........................................................................................................ 5

1.5.1. Broad objective ........................................................................................ 5

1.5.2. Specific objectives ................................................................................... 5

iii
CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................... 6

2. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................... 6

2.1. Population at risk............................................................................................. 6

2.2. Informed practice of deworming. .................................................................... 7

2.3. Factors influencing deworming practices in the community. ......................... 7

2.4. The optimal frequency of intermittent deworming ......................................... 8

CHAPTER THREE ....................................................................................................... 9

3. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................ 9

3.1. Study design .................................................................................................... 9

3.2. Study area ........................................................................................................ 9

3.3. Study period .................................................................................................... 9

3.4. Study population ............................................................................................. 9

3.5. Selection criteria .............................................................................................. 9

3.5.1. Inclusion criteria ...................................................................................... 9

3.6. Sample size...................................................................................................... 9

3.7. Sampling procedure....................................................................................... 10

3.8. Data collection procedure.............................................................................. 10

3.9. List of variables ............................................................................................. 11

3.9.1. Independent variables ............................................................................ 11

3.9.2. Dependent variable ................................................................................ 11

3.9.3. Knowledge scale .................................................................................... 11

iv
 3.10. Data analysis .............................................................................................. 11

3.11. Ethical consideration ................................................................................. 12

3.12. Study limitation ......................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................ 13

4. RESULTS ............................................................................................................ 13

4.1. Socio-demographic characteristics of Respondents ...................................... 13

4.2. Knowledge about soil-transmitted helminthiases ......................................... 14

4.3. Practices with regards to deworming of preschool children. ........................ 16

4.4. Attitude towards deworming of preschool children ...................................... 19

CHAPTER FIVE ......................................................................................................... 22

5.1. DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................... 22

5.1.1. General knowledge ........................................................................................ 22

5.1.2. The main sources of information ................................................................... 22

5.1.3. Deworming practices ..................................................................................... 22

5.1.4. Attitude towards deworming of preschool children....................................... 23

5.2. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 24

5.3. RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................ 25

5. REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 26

6. APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 28

6.1. Questionnaires ............................................................................................... 28

6.1.1. English version....................................................................................... 28

v
 6.1.2. Swahili version....................................................................................... 35

6.2. Consent form ................................................................................................. 41

6.2.1. Consent form in English ........................................................................ 41

6.2.2. Consent form in Swahili ........................................................................ 42

vi
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Preschool children deworming practices among mothers ............................ 18

Figure 2: Preschool children deworming frequencies among mothers ........................ 19

Figure 3: Mothers' perception on the existence of health risks due to intestinal worms.

...................................................................................................................................... 21

Figure 4: Mothers' perception on the benefits from intermittent deworming of

preschool children. ....................................................................................................... 21

vii
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: A summary of mothers' socio-demographic characteristics .......................... 14

Table 2: A summary of mothers' responses to knowledge questions. ......................... 16

Table 3: A summary of mothers' practices regarding intermittent deworming of their

preschool children. ....................................................................................................... 18

Table 4: Mothers' attitude towards intermittent deworming of their preschool children.

...................................................................................................................................... 20

viii
DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to Mzee Ntengo’s family; Mr Wilfred Ntengo, my father, Mrs

Subilaga C. Ntengo, my mother; my brother, sister and my twin sister, thanking them

for their support through prayers and good wishes to me. Dear sovereign GOD keep

us bound in your love.

ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thanks and praise be to the omnipotent, almighty GOD who brought me all the way

to the point (final year) of preparing this work and yet enlightened me by the light of

his Holy Spirit to enable me accomplish this work

I must express my heartfelt gratitude to the following:

 My mentors, my beloved supervisors; Dr. Humphrey Mazigo and Dr.

Namanya Basinda for that great work of advising, instructing and encouraging

me to execute this work to its accomplishment.

 All members of the staff at the School of Pharmacy, CUHAS led by Professor

Gilbert Kongola, Professor Mary Jande and Ms Kayo Hamasaki, I appreciate

their direct and indirect contributions for the accomplishment of this work.

 My classmates, Bpharm IV students, class of 2017/2018 for their advice,

support and cooperation during my research work and the preparation of this

work.

 The Tanzania’s Higher Education Students’ Loan Board (HESLB), who

funded my research work.

Dear GOD, bless all the aforementioned, grant them good health and happiness.

Amen.

x
ABBREVIATIONS

MDA- Mass Drug Administration.

STHIs- Soil-Transmitted Helminthic infections.

STHs- Soil-Transmitted Helminthes.

WHO- World Health Organization.

xi
OPERATIONAL DEFINITON

Intermittent deworming- means taking/administering chemotherapeutic agents

against intestinal worms at a regular interval.

Pre-school children- all children between 24 to 59 months of age who are usually not

yet attending primary school (WHO).

xii
ABSTRACT

Background

STHs are intestinal nematodes which spend part of their development in the soil.

Included are roundworm, whipworm and the hookworms. These infect about two

billion people worldwide with higher endemicity being in Sub-Saharan Africa

(WHO). Though not associated with high mortality rates, geo-helminthes can lead to

serious morbidities. Intermittent deworming is helpful in reducing morbidities.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study used questionnaires to interview 369 mothers each with at

least one child aged between two and five years of age and who is yet to go to school.

The study was conducted between December 2017 and August 2018 at two under-

fives’ clinics in Mwanza city. The collected data were analysed using the Statistics

Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0.

Results

Generally, 329 (89.2%) mothers had good knowledge with regard to STHIs. A total of

235 (63.7%) mothers had ever dewormed their preschool children with 51 mothers i.e.

21.7% of them doing so quarterly, while most of them (162 i.e. 68.9%) not

deworming their preschool children on a regular basis. All (369) interviewed mothers

showed willingness to deworm their children when diagnosed with STHIs.

Conclusion

Despite mothers’ satisfactory knowledge about STHIs, the practice of intermittent

deworming of their preschool children among them is still not as satisfactory. This

points out a need for sensitizing the community as well as devising programs to help

the economically insufficient societies in implementing this.

xiii
 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background information

Soil transmitted helminthes (STHs) also called geo-helminthes are the parasitic

worms of the group of intestinal nematodes having part of their development in the

soil(1). The most common ones are the roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides),

whipworms (Trichuris trichiura), and the hookworms (Necator americanus and

Ancylostoma duodenale). These infect around 820, 440 and 460 million people

respectively worldwide(2). These intestinal worms occur mainly in tropical and

subtropical regions, being most common in least developed countries, where there is

poor personal hygiene, insufficient access to clean water, and poor sanitation.

It is estimated that approximately 2 billion people are infected with geo-helminthes

worldwide(3). The prevalence of the Soil Transmitted Helminthic Infections (STHIs)

varies according to hygienic situation and socioeconomic status of the area and occurs

throughout all age groups and sex but is highest among children(4). The worms live in

human intestine and their eggs are shed in faeces and enter the soil. Humans ingest the

parasites’ eggs following touching the contaminated ground or eating unwashed fruits

and vegetables grown on that soil. The hookworms, Necator americanus and

Ancylostoma duodenale may infect an individual by burrowing into his or her skin,

especially when bare-footed individual walk on the infected soil(4).

The main health effects of STHIs include malnutrition, iron deficiency anaemia,

decreased nutrients intake (malabsorption), loss of appetite and growth retardation(5).

1
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends intermittent chemotherapy,

without previous individual diagnosis to all groups at risk, especially preschool and

school-age children who live in areas with high endemicity(6).

WHO advocates that, levels of infection can be kept below those leading to morbidity

through periodic chemotherapy at regular intervals with safe and less costly single

dose drugs(7). A randomized controlled trial in rural African children showed that

intermittent deworming decreased malnutrition and moderate anaemia and improved

the appetite(8). It has also been pointed out that periodic deworming has brought

about improvement of nutritional status, promote growth, and reduces prevalence and

intensity of Ascaris lumbricoides infestations in preschool children(9),(10).

Currently, data showing the extent of deworming practices in Tanzania are

unavailable. The WHO has set a goal of regular deworming for at least 75%

(approximately 266 million) of at-risk preschool children by 2020(11). In 2013, the

global coverage was only 24%(12).

Drugs that are recommended by WHO for periodic chemotherapy against worms

include Albendazole, Mebendazole, Pyrantel pamoate and Levamisole(5).

Some sub-Saharan African countries have developed Mass Drug Administration

(MDA) programs whereby school-age children benefit a lot as the drugs are

administered regularly at schools(13). Unfortunately, preschool children are excluded

in these campaigns as they do not go to school.

So that the importance of sensitizing parents and guardians to deworm preschool

children periodically is recognized by the government, it is important that, awareness

and practices of periodic deworming among parents be evaluated.

2
 1.2. Problem statement

Soil Transmitted Helminthic Infections (STHIs) are of significant concern in public

health as they cause serious morbidities especially in children(14). Fortunately,

promising control measures have been identified. They include chemotherapy among

other measures. Currently several anthelminthic drugs active against geo-helminthes

are available(5). They have broad spectrum of activity, relatively non-toxic, and can

be given orally(15). Periodic (preferably quarterly a year) deworming using

anthelmintic drugs can reduce morbidity and lower transmission(16).

Following different studies done so far, it is known that there exist MDA programs

which have been adopted by various countries including some sub-Saharan countries.

School-aged children benefit a lot as anthelmintic drugs are administered regularly at

schools. It can be seen that preschool children are excluded by these campaigns and it

is not known whether the community considers well the need to deworm them as

required.

A study done by Brooker S. et al. in Ghana and Tanzania showed that parents had a

positive attitude towards intervention using chemotherapeutic agents against worms

through MDA programs and some were willing to pay for deworming medicines for

their children(17). However, it is not known as to whether parents do practice

deworming of their preschool children from their own motive.

It can be seen that little about knowledge, practices and frequency of deworming of

preschool children is known, and the infestations are still highly prevalent in our

communities as implicated in various morbidities in children.

Therefore, the aim of this study is to find out whether mothers know about, and

practice periodic deworming as required and also to find out the determinants

3
influencing practices of periodic deworming of preschool children among mothers, so

that a clue about the existing situation can be available for the relevant authorities to

execute appropriate measures.

1.3. Rationale of the study

Elaborate programs for delivering mass education to people in the community about

the importance of periodic deworming of preschool children are yet to be established.

This study is expected to provide an evidence-based emphasis on the importance of

providing mass education to the community about the necessity of regularly

deworming the children especially those who are not reached by the existing MDA

programs.

The coverage of MDA programs is not sufficiently broad whereby young children

who are yet to go to school are excluded in these programs. Therefore, the study will

also try to point out the need for the input by the government to help the economically

marginalized people in implementing the regular deworming of their children.

Furthermore, it is not clear as to how frequent periodic deworming should optimally

be, nor has it been stated in the existing treatment guidelines. The study also aims at

pointing out the need for the government to state clearly and provide such information

to people in the community as to how frequent should deworming optimally be.

1.4. Research question

What are the determinants of intermittent deworming among mothers attending

selected under- fives’ clinics in Mwanza city?

4
 1.5. Objectives

1.5.1. Broad objective

To assess knowledge, attitude and practices towards deworming of preschool children

among mothers attending under-fives’ clinics at Karume and Makongoro health

centres in Mwanza city.

1.5.2. Specific objectives

1. To determine knowledge about deworming of preschool children among

mothers attending clinics at Karume and Makongoro health centres.

2. To determine mothers’ attitude towards deworming their preschool aged

children.

3. To determine practices of deworming preschool children among mothers

attending clinic at Karume and Makongoro health centres.

5
 CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Intermittent deworming using anthelminthic drugs is becoming one of the markedly

popular and successful public health interventions that are undertaken in STH-

endemic countries. The inclusion of preschool children in these programs is currently

advocated following published evidence and country experience that justify this(15).

Much of the work has since then been done by many researchers to evaluate the

progress of this intervention, covering community perception, acceptance as well as

practices.

2.1. Population at risk

WHO had identified the population at risk as far as STHIs are concerned to be young

children (12-23 months of age), preschool (24-59 months of age), and school-age

children (5 to 12 years), adolescent girls (10- 19 years of age), women of reproductive

age (15-49 years of age) and pregnant women in any health care and community

setting.

Preschool children comprise between 10% and 20% of the 3.5 billion people living in

STHIs-endemic areas(15).Though STHIs are not among the deadliest diseases, they

endanger children’s health through a number of the aforementioned morbidities.

A study done by Chinyem et al. in North-East Nigeria in 2016, mainly focused on

assessing the parental perception and factors associated with the practice of

deworming among parents or guardians of the school-age children(18). The study

covered awareness and perception of deworming of school-age children among

parents and guardians. A study specifically targeting the preschool children needs to

6
be conducted as these are excluded in the MDA programs which have been adopted

by many countries so far.

It is well known that preschool children suffer a lot from mortality and morbidity due

to many infestations(14).

2.2. Informed practice of deworming.

In less developed countries like Tanzania, the larger proportion of people in the

community is uneducated, lacking formal education. Yet, those educated if did not

pursue health sciences studies, they tend to lack basic health education. Most people

obtain education about health affairs informally.

The study done in Nigeria by Jimam et al. to assess the knowledge, attitudes and

awareness towards worm infestation and deworming showed that 70% of the studied

population had the knowledge about deworming(19).

So that the need to provide mass education to the Tanzanian community can be

advocated, a study should be done particularly in Tanzania to assess the sources of

information about STHIs and the concept of deworming. The sufficiency of these

sources needs to be established as well.

2.3. Factors influencing deworming practices in the community.

The role of socio-economic status in the community towards deworming practices

needs to be assessed.

The level of education among individuals has been shown to be associated with

knowledge of deworming which in turn influence deworming practices. According to

the study done in North-East Nigeria by Chinyem et al. in 2016, 26.6% of guardians

who were deworming their school-age children had a tertiary education compared to

7
6.9 of guardians with primary education(18). This study also aims at establishing the

extent of association between the level of education and knowledge of intermittent

deworming among the Tanzanians.

2.4. The optimal frequency of intermittent deworming

Some works have been done to determine the frequency of deworming per year

among people in the community. According to the study done by Stanley et al. 37.2%

and 44.8% deworm at three months interval for adults and children less than 5 years

respectively. Stanley et al. concluded that greater than 50% of people did not deworm

as often as they should. They pointed out the importance of increasing awareness of

quarterly deworming in endemic areas(20). Cluster randomised trial according to the

study done in Uganda from 2000 through 2003 by Alderman et al. to determine the

effect on weight gain of routinely giving Albendazole to preschool children showed

that periodic treatment with Albendazole given twice a year as part of child health

services in Uganda led to a 10% extra gain in weight of about 166g per child per year

compared with untreated controls, or an extra weight gain of around 5% if children

were treated annually(21). This study will also determine the deworming frequencies

among mothers so as to come out with what is actually happening in the Tanzanian

community.

8
 CHAPTER THREE

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1. Study design

This was a cross-sectional study conducted from December 2017 to August 2018.

3.2. Study area

The study was conducted at the under-fives’ clinics at Karume and Makongoro health

centres both located in Ilemela district in Mwanza City, Tanzania.

3.3. Study period

The study was carried out from December 2017 to August 2018

3.4. Study population

It was carried out among mothers attending under-fives’ clinic at Karume and

Makongoro health centres each with at least one child aged between 2 to 5 years who

is yet to go to school.

3.5. Selection criteria

3.5.1. Inclusion criteria

A mother with at least one child aged between 2 to 5 years of age.

3.6. Sample size

The sample size was calculated according to the Cochran (1963:75) formula.

Cochran formula:

𝑍 2 𝑝𝑞
𝑛0 = 𝑒2

Where, n0 is the sample size

9
 Z is the confidence interval of 95% (corresponding to 1.96)

p is the prevalence of study of interest

q is equal to the value 1-P

e is the alpha error also called level of precision (0.05)

According to the study done by Stanley et al to determine Knowledge, Attitudes and

Practices of intermittent deworming in Alakahia Community, Rivers State, Nigeria in

September 2011, the practice of periodic deworming of children was 60.2%

(0.602)(20).

The sample size is then computed as follows

1.962 ×0.602 (1−0.602)

𝑛0 = (0.05)2

= 369 mothers

Therefore, the study involved interviewing 369 mothers.

3.7. Sampling procedure

Consecutive sampling was used whereby mothers found at the clinics were

consecutively recruited and asked for their consent to participate in the study.

3.8. Data collection procedure

Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires. The questionnaires were be

filled by myself.

10
 3.9. List of variables

3.9.1. Independent variables

1. Knowledge.

2. Attitude.

3. Practice.

4. Age.

5. Education level.

6. Marital status.

3.9.2. Dependent variable

Giving a preschool-aged child, an anthelmintic drug at a three months interval.

3.9.3. Knowledge scale

Number of knowledge questions

answered correctly 0-4 5-10

Remarks Poor Good knowledge

3.10. Data analysis

The collected data, both continuous and categorical were analysed using a statistical

software called Statistics Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0 to

determine knowledge, attitude and practice according to the cut-off points set. The

continuous data were be summarized as mean, median and standard deviation (SD)

whereas categorical data will be summarized as proportions. Statistical significance

was assumed at a p value of less than 0.05.

11
 3.11. Ethical consideration

The proceeding approval was obtained from the joint CUHAS/BMC Research and

Ethics committee and a written informed consent was obtained from each participant

mother.

A permission to conduct a study at Karume and Makongoro health centres were

obtained firstly from the Ilemela and Nyamagana District Medical Officers and later

from the centres’ management upon introducing myself through an official letter of

introduction which I obtained from the University management.

3.12. Study limitation

Since the study used consecutive sampling, it was limited by mother’s attendance to

the clinics.

12
 CHAPTER FOUR

4. RESULTS

All 369 questionnaires were well filled and subjected to analysis. 216 respondent

mothers were recruited at Karume health centre located at Igombe whereas the rest

153 were recruited at Makongoro health centre located at Mwanza city centre.

4.1. Socio-demographic characteristics of Respondents

Mothers’ socio-demographic distribution revealed the mean age of 28.5 years with the

standard deviation of 5.588 years.

On their level of education, 259 (70.2%) mothers had completed primary education,

56 (15.2%) completed secondary education and above 30 (8.1%) had not attended the

school and 24 (6.5%) had incomplete primary education.

136 (36.9%) mothers were vendors, 123 (33.3%) housemothers, 83 (22.5%) peasants,

15 (4.0%) were doing other businesses like tailoring, hairstyling and food vending, 6

(1.6%) were government employees and 5(1.4%) were fisherwomen.

13
Variables Frequency (n=369) Percentage (%)
Age group 15-20 15 4.1
21-25 128 34.7
26-30 112 30.4
31-35 68 18.4
36-40 34 9.2
41-45 12 3.2
Total 369 100.0

Level of Education Not attended school 30 8.1

Incomplete primary education 24 6.5
Completed primary education 259 70.2
completed secondary education and above 56 15.2
Total 369 100.0
Occupation Peasant 83 22.5
Fisherwoman 5 1.4
Housemother 123 33.3
Teacher/Government employee 6 1.6
Vendor 136 36.9
Student 1 .3
Food vendor 1 .3
Gardener 1 .3
Hairstylist 1 .3
Housegirl 1 .3
Journalist 1 .3
Secretary 1 .3
Tailor 9 2.4
Total 369 100.0

Table 1: A summary of mothers' socio-demographic characteristics

4.2. Knowledge about soil-transmitted helminthiases

Generally, according to the knowledge score that I set, 329 (89.2%) mothers had good

knowledge whereas 40 (10.8%) mothers had poor knowledge as far as soil-transmitted

helminthiases, their manifestations, modes of transmission, most at-risk groups, ways

of prevention and the concept of intermittent deworming are concerned.

368 (99.7%) mothers said that they had ever heard about worm infestations. These

mothers mentioned several sources as their sources of information about worm

infestations; Health care providers were mentioned by 226 mothers i.e. mentioned 226

times (61.2%); as a group, family/friends/neighbours was mentioned by 140 mothers

i.e. 140 times (37.9%); Mass media were mentioned by 14 mothers i.e. 14 times

14
(3.8%) and Local government leaders were mentioned by 9 mothers i.e. 9 times

(2.4%).

304 (82.4%) mother were able to mention at least one manifestation of worm

infestation while 65 (17.6%) were not.

335 (90.8%) mothers were able to mention at least one source of intestinal worms,

whereas 34 (9.2%) were not.

349 (94.6%) mothers mentioned at least one means by which a person can get infested

with intestinal worms while 20 (5.4%) mothers were not able.

211 (57.2%) mothers named ‘children under five years of age’ as the most at-risk

group, 99 (26.8%) named ‘all age groups’, 30 (8.1%) named ‘all children’, 9 (2.4%)

named ‘school children’, 2 (0.5%) mothers named ‘adults’, 1 (0.3%) named ‘children

and pregnant women’ while 17 (4.6%) mothers were not able to name any group as

at-risk group.

354 (95.9%) mothers managed to suggest at least one preventive measure against soil-
transmitted helminthiases whereas 15 (4.1%) mothers were not.

240 (65%) mothers declared to had ever heard about the concept of intermittent
deworming of preschool children while 129 (35%) said they did not. However, only
131 (54.6%) of those who said they have ever heard about intermittent deworming of
preschool children (i.e. 240 mothers) were able to correctly explain briefly about the
concept of intermittent deworming, stating that it involves giving an under-five child
anthelminthic drugs after every 3 months, whereas 109 (45.4%) mothers gave wrong
explanations, some stating that the deworming should be done weekly, others
monthly, others annually while others said deworming should be done whenever the
child is diagnosed with intestinal worms.

Of 240 mothers who said that they had ever heard about the concept of intermittent
deworming, 188 (78.3%) stated that they obtained such information from Health care
providers while 35 (14.6%) said they obtained the information from Non-health
15
professionals and 17 (7.1%) mothers said that they educated themselves about
intermittent deworming.

Variable Frequency (n=369) Percentage (%)

General knowledge score Good knowledge 329 89.2
Bad knowledge 40 10.8
Total 369 100
Ever heard about worm infestations Yes 368 99.7
No 1 0.3
Total 369 100
Mentioned at least one manifestation Yes 304 82.4
No 65 17.6
Total 369 100
Mentioned at least one source of worm Yes 335 90.8
No 34 9.2
Total 369 100
Mentioned at least one mode of transmission Yes 349 94.6
No 20 5.4
Total 369 100
At-risk group named Under-fives 211 57.2
All age groups 99 26.8
All children 30 8.1
Adults 2 0.5
School children 9 2.4
Children and pregnant women 1 0.3
Do not know 17 4.6
Total 369 99.9
Suggested at least one preventive measure Yes 354 95.9
No 15 4.1
Total 369 100
Ever heard about intermittent deworming Yes 240 65
No 129 35
Total 369 100

Table 2: A summary of mothers' responses to knowledge questions.

4.3. Practices with regards to deworming of preschool children.

A total of 235 (63.7%) mothers had ever dewormed their preschool children, with the

rest, 134 (36.3%) mothers having never dewormed their preschool children.

Of 134 mothers who had never dewormed their preschool children, 11 (8.2%) mothers

named economic insufficiency as the reason for not deworming their children, 2

(1.5%) mothers said that they are uncertain with the safety of the drugs used for

deworming while 121 (90.3%) mothers gave other reasons like lack of time,

16
negligence, unawareness, children being of good health, absence of signs and reliance

on drugs that are issued at the clinic.

Of 235 mothers who had ever dewormed their preschool children, 16 (6.8%) mothers

said that they had dewormed their preschool children 6 months ago from the day of

interview, 33 (14.1%) said ‘3 months ago’, 21 (8.9%) said ‘2 months ago’, 32 (13.6%)

months said ‘1 month ago’, 81 (34.5%) were not able to remember whereas 52

(22.1%) stated other dates.

Regarding deworming frequencies, of 235 mothers who had ever dewormed their

preschool children, 2 (0.9%) mothers said that they use to deworm their children

weekly, 12 (5.1%) said ‘monthly’, 51 (21.7%) quarterly (i.e. after every 3 months), 4

(1.7%) biannually, 4 (1.7%) annually whereas 162 (68.9%) mothers said that they do

not deworm their children on a regular basis.

When these mothers were asked to name the drug(s) they use to deworm their

preschool children, 31 (13.2%) mothers named Albendazole, 36 (15.3%)

Mebendazole, 3 (1.3%) mothers said that they use traditional drugs, 138 (58.7%) were

not able to remember the name of the drug, 22 (9.4%) were not able to name the drugs

while 5 (2.1%) mothers named wrong modern drugs.

17
Variable Frequency (n=369) Percentage (%)
Ever dewormed her child Yes 235 63.7
No 134 36.3
Total 369 100
Variables Frequency (n=235) Percentage (%)
The last time to deworm her child 6 months ago 16 6.8
3 months ago 33 14.1
2 months ago 21 8.9
1 month ago 32 13.6
Cannot remember 81 34.5
other date 52 22.1
Total 235 100
Deworming frequency Weekly 2 0.9
Monthly 12 5.1
Quarterly 51 21.7
Bianually 4 1.7
Annually 4 1.7
Not after a regular time 162 68.9
Total 235 100
Drug used Albendazole 31 13.2
Mebendazole 36 15.3
Traditional drug 3 1.3
Cannot remember 138 58.7
Do not know 22 9.4
Wrong modern drug 5 2.1
Total 235 100

Table 3: A summary of mothers' practices regarding intermittent deworming of their preschool children.

Deworming practices among mothers

Never
dewormed
36%
Ever dewormed
64%

Ever dewormed Never dewormed

Figure 1: Preschool children deworming practices among mothers

18
 Deworming frequencies among mothers
100.0%

90.0%

80.0%
68.9%
70.0%

60.0%

50.0%

40.0%

30.0%
21.7%
20.0%

10.0% 5.1%
0.9% 1.7% 1.7%
0.0%
Weekly Monthly Quarterly Bianually Annually Not after a
regular time

Figure 2: Preschool children deworming frequencies among mothers

4.4. Attitude towards deworming of preschool children

Out of 235 mothers who had ever dewormed their preschool children, 4 (1.7%)

mothers stated that their children experienced adverse effects. Of those four mothers 1

(25%) mother said that the experience of adverse effects caused fear to her to continue

deworming her preschool child.

Of all (369) interviewed mothers, 366 (99.2%) mothers acknowledged that there are

health risks associated with worm infestations, whereas 3 (0.8%) mothers were not

sure with the existence of the risks.

362 (98.1%) mothers admitted that there are benefits from intermittent deworming of

preschool children whereas 7 (1.9%) mothers were not sure with the existence of

benefits

19
73 (19.8%) mothers said that they had beliefs on the drugs used in deworming, and all

those beliefs were positive with regards to the safety and efficacy of drugs.

All 369 mothers said that they will be willing to buy anthelminthic drugs whenever

their children are diagnosed with intestinal worms.

Variable Frequency (n=369) Percentage (%)

Thinks there are health risks Yes 366 99.2
associated with worm infestation Not sure 3 0.8
Total 369 100
Thinks there benefits from Yes 362 98.1
intermittent deworming of preschool children Not sure 7 1.9
Total 369 100
Willing to deworm the child Yes 369 100
No 0 0
Total 369 100
Variable Frequency (n=235) Percentage (%)
Saw adverse effects to the child Yes 4 1.7
No 231 98.3
Total 235 100
Variable Frequency (n=4) Percentage (%)
Feared from observed adverse effects Yes 1 25
No 3 75
Total 4 100
Variable Frequency (n=369) Percentage (%)
Has belief on the drugs used Yes 73 19.8
No 296 80.2
Total 369 100
Variable Frequency (n=73) Percentage (%)
Sort of beliefs Good 73 100
Bad 0 0
Total 73 100

Table 4: Mothers' attitude towards intermittent deworming of their preschool children.

20
 Thinks there are health risks due to worms

Not sure 0.8%

yes 99.2%

0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0%

Figure 3: Mothers' perception on the existence of health risks due to intestinal worms.

Thinks there are benefits from intermittent

deworming of preschool children

Not sure 1.9%

Yes 98.1%

0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0%

Figure 4: Mothers' perception on the benefits from intermittent deworming of preschool children.

21
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1. DISCUSSION

5.1.1. General knowledge

The findings of this study shows that 89.2% of interviewed mothers had good general

knowledge about soil-transmitted helminthiases. 65% of mothers were aware with

intermittent deworming, a higher level compared to the study done in 2016 in North

Eastern Nigeria, which revealed that 45.5% of parents/guardians were aware with

deworming(18). However, the level is lower compared to the findings of the study

done in another state of Northern Nigeria in 2010 whereby 70.9% of the studied

population had heard about deworming(19).

5.1.2. The main sources of information

The results of this study show that health care providers were mentioned 226 times

which is equivalent to 61.2% as mothers’ as sources of information about intestinal

worm infestations. These included those working in hospital pharmacies, community

pharmacies and nurses found at the clinics. A study done in Rivers state in Nigeria

showed that 33.1% of respondents who heard about intestinal worm infestations got

that information from health care providers.

5.1.3. Deworming practices

Results in this study shows that a total of 235 (63.7%) mothers had ever dewormed

their children, much higher than a study done in North Eastern Nigeria whereby

28.4% of interviewed parents/guardians had ever dewormed their children(18).

22
Cross tabulation analyses showed associations between education level and the

practice of deworming preschool children (p=0.022) and between economic activity

(occupation) and the practice of deworming preschool children (p=0.030)

8 (3.4%) mothers who had ever dewormed their preschool children did so more than

one year ago from the time of interview while 81 (34.5%) mothers were not able to

able to remember the last time they dewormed their children. A study done in North

Eastern Nigeria revealed that 51.7% of children who were dewormed by their

parents/guardians got the drug more than one year ago from the time of survey(18).

With regard to deworming frequencies, 51 mothers, equivalent to 21.7% of those who

had ever dewormed their preschool children claimed that they use to do so every three

months (i.e. quarterly). This is much lower compared to the findings of the study done

in Rivers State, Nigeria whereby 44.8% of the respondents dewormed their under-five

children quarterly(20). A larger proportion (68.9%) of mothers who claimed to have

ever dewormed their preschool children do so in after an irregular time interval (i.e.

occasionally). Since the prevalence of intestinal helminthiases in our communities is

very high, there is a need of increasing awareness about quarterly deworming. Studies

had pointed out that shortened duration between treatments reduces the morbidity

associated with STHIs(22).

5.1.4. Attitude towards deworming of preschool children

The findings of this study shows that 98.1% of interviewed mothers had good

perception (i.e. claimed the existence of benefits) with regard to intermittent

deworming of preschool children. 95.7% of parents/guardians in a survey done in

2016 in North-Eastern Nigeria had good perception toward deworming their school

children(18).

23
5.2. CONCLUSION

Intermittent deworming, especially of preschool children among mothers (parents) in

our communities is still not adhered to at its best, despite good knowledge and

positive attitude among mothers. This could partly be explained by negligence of the

STHIs due to the fact that they are less associated with mortalities and overt

morbidities. However in view of their potential risk to general health and the

complications that they can cause and the effects to growth of children they bear, they

should never be overlooked. It should also be born in mind that most of our

communities live in areas where there is high endemicity of STHIs due to poor

sanitation, poor human excreta disposal and overcrowded. Children are more prone to

contact STHIs due to their eating behaviour and that they prefer playing in dirty

environment.

The practice of regular deworming of children, especially the preschool children who

are excluded by MDA programs taking place in schools should therefore be

emphasized among parents in our communities. Some means to deliver such basic

education to people in the community should be devised in such a way to broaden its

area of coverage and access to.

Considering high endemicity of STHIs in our residential areas, the practice of

intermittent deworming of preschool children should preferably be quarterly.

24
 5.3. RECOMMENDATION

I recommend for the government to launch programs for administering antihelminthic

drugs to preschool children especially those from economically marginalized families

and societies.

Finally, I recommend further studies especially community-based ones to assess

deworming practices in the community at large, as well as determining various

approaches used by different people in the community regarding prevention and

treatment of STHIs.

25
 5. REFERENCES

1. Brooker S, Clements AC, Bundy DA. Global epidemiology, ecology and control
of soil-transmitted helminth infections. Adv Parasitol. 2006;62:221–61.

2. Pullan RL, Smith JL, Jasrasaria R, Brooker SJ. Global numbers of infection and
disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010. Parasit Vectors.
2014;7(1):37.

3. De Silva NR, Brooker S, Hotez PJ, Montresor A, Engels D, Savioli L. Soil-

transmitted helminth infections: updating the global picture. Trends Parasitol.
2003;19(12):547–51.

4. Adeyemi Adeola F, Abodunrin Olugbemiga L, Oke Funmi E, Bamidele James O.

PREVALENCE OF GEO-HELMINTHS AND PREVENTIVE PRACTICES
AMONG FARMERS IN A LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF NORTH
CENTRAL ZONE NIGERIA. 2017;4(8):634-642.

5. Brooker S. Estimating the global distribution and disease burden of intestinal

nematode infections: adding up the numbers–a review. Int J Parasitol.
2010;40(10):1137–44.

6. World Health Organization, UNAIDS. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis

and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: report of a WHO expert committee. World
Health Organization; 2002.

7. Urbani C, Palmer K. Drug‐based helminth control in Western Pacific countries: a

general perspective. Trop Med Int Health. 2001;6(11):935–44.

8. World Health Organization. Deworming for health and development: report of the
Third Global Meeting of the Partners for Parasite Control. 2005;

9. Adams EJ, Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Kinoti SN. Physical activity and growth
of Kenyan school children with hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris
lumbricoides infections are improved after treatment with albendazole. J Nutr.
1994;124(8):1199–206.

10. Kirwan P, Asaolu SO, Molloy SF, Abiona TC, Jackson AL, Holland CV. Patterns
of soil-transmitted helminth infection and impact of four-monthly albendazole
treatments in preschool children from semi-urban communities in Nigeria: a
double-blind placebo-controlled randomised trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9(1):20.

11. Strunz EC, Suchdev PS, Addiss DG. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis and vitamin A
deficiency: two problems, one policy. Trends Parasitol. 2016;32(1):10–8.

12. World Health Organization. Soil-transmitted helminthiases: number of children

treated in 2013. Wkly Epidemiol Rec Relevé Épidémiologique Hebd.
2015;90(10):89–94.

13. Brady MA, Hooper PJ, Ottesen EA. Projected benefits from integrating NTD
programs in sub-Saharan Africa. TRENDS Parasitol. 2006;22(7):285–91.

26
14. Black RE, Morris SS, Bryce J. Where and why are 10 million children dying
every year? The lancet. 2003;361(9376):2226–34.

15. Albonico M, Allen H, Chitsulo L, Engels D, Gabrielli A-F, Savioli L. Controlling

soil-transmitted helminthiasis in pre-school-age children through preventive
chemotherapy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008;2(3):e126.

16. Holland C, Asaolu S, Crompton D, Whitehead R, Coombs I. Targeted

anthelminthic treatment of school children: effect of frequency of application on
the intensity of Ascaris lumbricoides infection in children from rural Nigerian
villages. Parasitology. 1996;113(1):87–95.

17. Brooker S, Marriot H, Hall A, Adjei S, Allan E, Maier C, et al. Community

perception of school‐based delivery of anthelmintics in Ghana and Tanzania The
Partnership for Child Development. Trop Med Int Health. 2001;6(12):1075–83.

18. Chinyem MU, Friday UA, Ibrahim TB, Chinedu IA, Ndubueze AB,
Chukwuemeka MC, et al. Frequency of Deworming, Parental Perception and
Factors Associated with the Practice of Deworming School-age Children in
North-East Nigeria.2017;24(4):1-10.

19. Jimam N, Wetkos D, Falang K, David S, Akpor O. Assessment of the knowledge,

attitude and awareness of residents of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, towards worm
infestation and de-worming. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2013;7(17):886–92.

20. Stanley C, Oreh N, Johnson-Ajinwo R. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of

intermittent deworming in Alakahia community, Rivers State, Nigeria. education.
2013;27:8–8.

21. Alderman H, Konde-Lule J, Sebuliba I, Bundy D, Hall A. Effect on weight gain

of routinely giving albendazole to preschool children during child health days in
Uganda: cluster randomised controlled trial. bmj. 2006;333(7559):122.

22. Chan L, Kan S, Bundy D. The effect of repeated chemotherapy on the prevalence
and intensity of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infection. Southeast
Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1992;23(2):228–34.

27
 6. APPENDICES

6.1. Questionnaires

Identification number:

6.1.1. English version

Hallo madam, (salutation), my name is Venance W. Ntengo, a Bpharm student at

Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences at Bugando. I would like to ask you
some questions about your knowledge about helminthic infections. Please answer the
questions as honestly as you can remember.

The information about you shall be kept private. If you have any question or do not
understand what I am asking you at any time, please ask for clarification.

Party 1: Background information

Area of residence:

Number of children aged 2 to 5 years:

Date of interview:

Party 2: Questions

A. QUESTIONS ON MOTHER’S SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC

CHARACTERISTICS

1. What is your age?

2. What is your highest level of education?

a) Never attended school
b) Did not complete elementary school
c) Completed elementary school
d) Completed secondary school and above

28
3. What is your occupation?
a) Farmer/peasant
b) Fish processor
c) Housewife
d) Teacher/government employee
e) Petty business
f) Student
g) Others: specify
4. What is your religion?
a) Catholic
b) Protestant
c) Muslim
d) Seventh day Adventist
e) Others: specify
5. What is your tribe?
a) Sukuma
b) Zinza
c) Jita
d) Kala
e) Others: specify

B. QUESTIONS ON MOTHER’S KNOWLEDGE

6. Have you ever heard about worm infestation?

a) Yes
b) No
If ‘Yes’ in question 6, where/from who did you first heard about intestinal
worms?
a) Newspaper and magazine
b) Mass media: Radio; TV; Billboards
c) Posters
d) Professionals: Health workers; Teachers
e) Family members, friends, neighbours and colleagues
f) Leaders, at village meetings

29
7. Mention three manifestations of worm infection.
a) Pruritus ani
b) Insomnia and restlessness
c) Loss of appetite
d) Loss of weight
e) Vomiting
f) Flatulence
g) Growth deficits
h) Clubbing of fingers
i) Anaemia
j) Blood in stool
k) Skin itchy
l) Others: Specify
m) Do not know
8. What are the potential sources of intestinal worms?
a) Contaminated soil
b) Unwashed contaminated fruits
c) Undercooked vegetables
d) Dirt/contaminated water
e) Improperly disposed faecal matter
f) Another source(s): Specify
g) Do not know
9. How does a person get infected with intestinal worms?
a) Practice of geophagia
b) Fingernail contamination to the mouth
c) Eating unwashed contaminated fruits
d) Eating undercooked contaminated vegetables
e) Drinking unboiled water
f) Skin penetration
g) Others: Specify
h) Do not know
10. Who are most at risk of getting intestinal worms?
a) Children under five years of age
30
 b) Adults
c) All age groups
d) Elderly
e) Do not know
f) Others: Specify
11. How can intestinal worms be prevented?
a) Improved use of pit latrines
b) Cutting fingernails short
c) Washing fruits and vegetables thoroughly
d) Thorough cooking of vegetables
e) Practicing thorough hand washing after visiting the toilet and before eating
f) Avoiding going bare-footed
g) Other ways: Specify
h) Do not know
12. Do you know about the concept of intermittent deworming of preschool
children?
a) Yes
b) No
If ‘yes’ in 12 above, state a sentence about what you know.
a) Correct idea: Specify
b) Wrong idea: Specify
13. Who educated you on deworming of preschool children?
a) Self-educated
b) Health professional
c) Non-health professional

C. QUESTIONS ON PRACTICE
14. Have you ever dewormed your preschool children?
a) Yes
b) No
If ‘no’ in question 14 above, what is the constraint?
a) Economical
b) Cultural belief
c) Uncertainty of safety
31
 d) Uncertainty of efficacy

If ‘yes’ in question 14, when was the last time to deworm your preschool
children?
a) 6 months ago
b) 3 months ago
c) 2 months ago
d) 1 month ago
e) Cannot remember
f) Other date: Specify
15. How often do you deworm your preschool child/children?
a) Weekly
b) Monthly
c) Quarterly
d) Biannually
e) Annually
f) Not after a regular time period
16. What type of anthelmintic do you give your preschool child/children?
a) Albendazole
b) Mebendazole
c) Levamisole
d) Pyrantel pamoate
e) Wrong modern drug
f) Traditional drugs
g) Cannot remember the name
h) Others: Specify
i) Do not know
17. In what form do the drugs you give your preschool child/children exist?
a) Tablet
b) Liquid
c) Wrong dosage form
d) Cannot remember

32
18. After giving your child/children anthelmintic drugs, did he/she/they
experience any problem?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Do not remember
d) Do not know
If ‘Yes’ in question 18, what was/were the problem(s)
a) Abdominal pain
b) Muscle/body pains
c) Nausea/vomiting
d) Dizziness
e) Headache
f) Skin rashes
g) Swelling of the face/body
h) Others: specify

D. QUESTIONS ON ATTITUDE
If ‘Yes’ in question 18, did the experience result in fear to continue giving
the child/children anthelmintic drugs?
a) Yes
b) No
19. Are there health risks associated with worm infestation?
a) Yes: State
b) No
c) Not sure
20. Are there benefits in intermittent deworming of preschool children?
a) Yes: State
b) No
c) Not sure
21. Do you have any belief about the medicines used to treat intestinal
worms?
a) Yes
b) No

33
 If ‘Yes’ in question 21 above, which one?

22. If your child is tested and found with intestinal worms today, what will
you do?

34
 Nambari ya utambulisho:

6.1.2. Swahili version

Hallo mama (salamu), jina langu ni Venance Ntengo, mwanafunzi wa shahada ya

ufamasia katika Chuo kikuu cha Kikatoliki Cha Afya na Sayansi shirikishi, Bugando.
Ningependa kukuuliza maswali machache kuhusu ufahamu juu ya magonjwa ya
minyoo. Tafadhali jitahidi kuyajibu kiaminifu kadiri utakavyokumbuka.

Taarifa zako zitatunzwa kwa usiri. Kama utakuwa na swali lolote au hautaelewa
nitakachokuuliza muda wowote, tafadhali niulize kwa ufafanuzi.

Sehemu ya 1: Taarifa za jumla.

Makazi:

Idadi ya watoto wenye umri kati ya miaka 2 hadi 5:

Tarehe ya usahili:

Sehemu ya 2: Maswali.

A. MASWALI KUHUSU TAARIFA ZA KIJAMII ZA MAMA

1. Je, una umri gani?

2. Una kiwango gani cha elimu?
a) Hajasoma
b) Hakumaliza elimu ya msingi
c) Amehitimu shule ya msingi
d) Amehitimu shule ya sekondari na kuendelea
3. Shughuli yako ya kiuchumi ni ipi?
a) Mkulima
b) Mchakataji wa samaki
c) Mama wa shughuli za nyumbani
d) Mwalimu/mwajiriwa wa serikali
e) Mfanyabiashara ndogo ndogo
f) Mwanafunzi
g) Nyingine: taja

35
4. Dhehebu lako ni lipi?
a) Katoliki
b) Lutheri
c) Uislamu
d) Msabato
e) Lingine: Taja
5. Kabila lako ni lipi?
a) Msukuma
b) Mzinza
c) Mjita
d) Mkala
e) Linguine: Taja
B. MASWALI YA UFAHAMU

6. Je, umewahi kusikia kuhusu ugonjwa wa minyoo?

a) Ndio
b) Hapana
Kama ‘Ndio’ katika swali la 6, wapi/toka kwa nani ulipata taarifa kwa
mara ya kwanza kuhusu minyoo?
a) Gazeti na jarida
b) Vyombo vya habari: redio; luninga; mabango ya barabarani
c) Vibandiko
d) Wataalamu: wafanyakazi sekta ya afya, waalimu
e) Wanafamilia, marafiki, majirani na jamaa
f) Viongozi, katika mikutano ya kijiji
7. Taja dalili tatu za magonjwa ya minyoo.
a) Kuwashwa sehemu ya njia ya haja kubwa
b) Kukosa usingizi na kutotulia
c) Kukosa hamu ya kula
d) Kupungua uzito
e) Kutapika
f) Tumbo kujaa gesi
g) Kudumaa
h) Kuharibika kucha

36
 i) Kupungukiwa damu
j) Damu kuonekana kwenye haja kubwa
k) Kuwashwa mwili
l) Nyingine: Taja
m) Hafahamu
8. Taja vyanzo vikuu vya minyoo.
a) Udongo wenye mayai ya minyoo
b) Matunda yasiyooshwa
c) Mbogamboga zisizopikwa vizuri
d) Maji machafu
e) Kinyesi
f) Kingine: Taja
g) Hafahamu
9. Ni kwa njia gani mtu hupata minyoo?
a) Kula udongo
b) Kula uchafu ulioko kwenye kucha
c) Kula matunda yasiyooshwa
d) Kula mbogamboga zisizopikwa vizuri
e) Kunywa maji yasiyochemshwa
f) Minyoo kupenya kwenye Ngozi
g) Nyingine: Taja
h) Hafahamu
10. Ni kundi lipi wapo katika hatari ya kupata minyoo?
a) Watoto wenye umri chini ya miaka mitano
b) Watu wazima
c) Watu wote
d) Wazee
e) Hafahamu
f) Kundi lingine: Taja
11. Je, ni kwa njia zipi za kuzuia maambukizi ya minyoo?
a) Kutumia vyo vizuri vya shimo
b) Kukata kucha
c) Kuosha matunda na mbogamboga vizuri
d) Kupika mbogamboga kikamilifu
37
 e) Kunawa mikono vizuri baada ya kutoka msalani na kabla ya kula
f) Kuepuka kutembea peku
g) Nyingine: Taja
h) Hafahamu
12. Je, unafahamu kuhusu uwapaji watoto wadogo wasioenda shule dawa za
minyoo mara kwa mara?
a) Ndio
b) Hapana
Kama ‘ndio’ katika swali la 12 elezea kwa kifupi unachofahamu.
a) Wazo sahihi: Taja
b) Wazo lisilo sahihi: Taja
13. Ni nani alikufundisha juu ya uwapaji dawa watoto wadogo wasioenda
shule?
a) Binafsi
b) Mtaalamu wa afya
c) Mtu asiye mtaalamu wa afya

C. MASWALI YA UTENDAJI
14. Je, umewahi kumpa/ kuwapa mtoto/ watoto wako dawa ya minyoo?
a) Ndio
b) Hapana
Kama ‘hapana’ katika swali la 14, ni nini kikwazo?
a) Hali ya uchumi
b) Imani za jadi
c) Mashaka juu ya usalama
d) Mashaka juu ya utendaji kazi
Kama ‘ndio’ katika swali la 14, ni lini ulimpa/ uliwapa mwanao/ wanao
dawa ya minyoo kwa mara ya mwisho?
a) Miezi 6 iliyopita
b) Miezi 3 iliyopita
c) Miezi 2 iliyopita
d) Mwezi 1 uliopita
e) Hawezi kukumbuka
f) Tarehe nyingine: Taja
38
15. Unampa/ unawapa mwanao/ wanao dawa za minyoo mara ngapi kwa
mwaka?
a) Kila baada ya wiki
b) Kila baada ya mwezi
c) Kila baada ya miezi mitatu
d) Kila baada ya miezi sita
e) Mara moja kwa mwaka
f) Sio baada ya muda maalumu
16. Ni dawa gani huwa unampa/ unawapa mtoto/ watoto wako wasioenda
wadogo wasioenda shule?
a) Albendazole
b) Mebendazole
c) Levamisole
d) Pyrantel pamoate
e) Dawa ya kisasa isiyo sahihi
f) Dawa ya kienyeji
g) Haikumbuki jina
h) Nyingine: Taja
i) Hafahamu
17. Je, dawa ambayo huwa unampa/unawapa mtoto/watoto iko katika hali
gani ya kimuundo?
a) Kidonge
b) Ya maji
c) Hali ya kimuundo isiyo sahihi
d) Hakumbuki
18. Baada ya kumpa/kuwapa mtoto/watoto wako dawa za minyoo, walipata
matatizo yoyote?
a) Ndio
b) Hapana
c) Hakumbuki
d) Hafahamu
Kama ‘Ndio’ katika swali la 18, matatizo yalikuwa yapi?
a) Kuumwa tumbo
b) Misuli/mwili kuuma
39
 c) Kichefuchefu/kutapika
d) Kizunguzungu
e) Kuumwa kichwa
f) Vipele mwilini
g) Kuvimba uso/mwili
h) Nyingine: taja

D. MASWALI YA MTAZAMO
Kama ‘Ndio’ katika swali la 18, matatizo yaliyotokea yalikufanya
kuogopa kuendelea kumpa mtoto/watoto wako dawa za minyoo?
a) Ndio
b) Hapana
19. Je, unadhani kuna madhara yoyote kwa afya kutokana na maambukizi
ya minyoo?
a) Ndio: Taja
b) Hapana
c) Hana uhakika
20. Je, unadhani kuna faida yoyote kutokana na kuwapa watoto wasioenda
shule dawa za minyoo mara kwa mara?
a) Ndio: Taja
b) Hapana
c) Hana uhakika
21. Je, una dhana/fikra yoyote kuhusiana na dawa zinazotumika kutibu
ugonjwa wa minyoo?
a) Ndio
b) Hapana
Kama ‘Ndio’ katika swali la 21, ni zipi hizo?

22. Kama leo hii mwanao akapimwa na kukutwa na ugonjwa wa minyoo,

utafanya nini?

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 Identification number:

6.2. Consent form

6.2.1. Consent form in English

Title: Knowledge, attitude and practices of intermittent deworming of preschool

children among mothers attending selected under-fives’ clinics at in Mwanza city.

I (name of the participant) being 18 years

and above, and having full capacity to consent hereby do consent voluntarily to
participate in this study

The study has been well explained well and I have understood it. I have been given
the opportunity to ask questions about the study as well. The benefits of this and
giving authentic data have been explained.

I therefore give consent to be interviewed and answer the questionnaires.

Signature:

Date:

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 Nambari ya utambulisho:

6.2.2. Consent form in Swahili

Mimi (jina la mshiriki) nikiwa na umri wa

miaka kumi na minane na zaidi, nikiwa na akili timamu ya kushiriki kwenye utafiti
huu, ninakubali kushiriki kwenye utafiti huu.

Nimeelezwa vizuri kuhusu utafiti huu na nimeelewa. Pia nimepewa fursa ya kuuliza
maswali. Faida za matokeo ya utafiti huu na kutoa majibu yaliyo sahihi nimeelezwa
pia.

Kwa hiyo ninaruhusu kuulizwa maswali na kujibu maswali yanayohusu maswali na

kujibu maswali yanayohusu utafiti huu.

Sahihi:

Tarehe:

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