THE STUDY ON MAJOR ZOONOTIC HELMINTH PARASITES AND FINANCIAL

LOSSES IN BOVINE SLAUGHTERED AT AMBO MUNICIPAL ABATTOIR, OROMIA,

ETHIOPIA

BY ;

BIRATU NEGASA GERAMU

ADVISOR:

Dr. JIRATA SHIFERAW (DVM, MVSC, ASSIST PROF.)

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE AND

AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

BISHOFTU, ETHIOPIA
THE STUDY ON MAJOR ZOONOTIC HELMINTH PARASITES AND FINANCIAL
LOSSES IN BOVINE SLAUGHTERED AT AMBO MUNICIPAL ABATTOIR, OROMIA,
ETHIOPIA

DVM THESIS BY:

BIRATU NEGASA GERAMU

BOARD OF EXTERNAL EXAMINERS SIGNATURE DATE

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX ______________ _____________

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX _______________ _____________

ACADEMIC ADVISOR:

Dr.JIRATA SHIFERAW(DVM,MVSC,ASSIST PROF.) _______ ______________

DEPARTMENT CHAIRPERSON : _______________ _____________

Table of Contents page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................iv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................v

ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................1

1. INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................2

2. MATERIAS AND METHODS..........................................................................5

2.1 Study area..........................................................................................................5

2.2.Study design......................................................................................................5

2.3.Study animals....................................................................................................5

2.4.Sample size determination................................................................................6

2.5.Antemortem and Postmortem Inspection..........................................................6

2.5.1. Ant-mortem inspection..............................................................................6

2.5.2. Post-mortem inspection.............................................................................7

i
 2.6. Financial loss assessment.................................................................................7

2.7. Data analysis....................................................................................................8

3. RESULT..............................................................................................................9

3.1. Ant-mortem inspection result..........................................................................9

3.2. Post-mortem inspection result........................................................................10

4.DISCUSSION........................................................................................................15

6. REFERENCE....................................................................................................19

7. ANNEXES........................................................................................................24

ii
Table page

Table 7; Average price of each organ and carcass, total price of whole carcass and
organs calculate

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to praise God because of his love; I couldn’t do anything in
absence of his support, guidance, help and he guide me by his power.Then, I would
like thank my family for their support in my life. Next I would like to thanks my
advisor, Dr.Jirata Shiferaw for his advice, suggestion, encouragement and support
throughout the duration of my work. Finally, I would like to thank veterinarian
employed and workers at Ambo municipal abattoir as well as peoples who was
playing different role in study area and outside of study area.

iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

GDP ---------------------------------Gross Domestic Product

CSA------------------------------------Central Statically Agency

FAO------------------------------------ Food Agricultural Organization

WHO-----------------------------------World health organization

km2------------------------------------- Square kilometer

mm-------------------------------------- Millimeter

°C-------------------------------------- Degree centigrade

iv
BCS-------------------------------------Body condition score

%----------------------------------------Percentage

X2---------------------------------------Chi-square

ETB-----------------------------------Ethiopian-birr

v
ABSTRACT

Cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2021 to May 2021 on bovine
slaughtered at Ambo municipal abattoir for prevalence study of zoonotic helminth
parasites and analyzing economic losses from condemned organs. 510 bovines were
included in the study and routine ant-mortem and post-mortem axamination were
undertaken. External physical abnormalities and clinical resulted at the ante-mortem
inspection were emaciation (14.40%), lacrimation (0.2%), localized swelling
(0.2%), ticks (3.5), diarrhea (1.78%), nasal discharge (1.18%), salivation (1.58%),
depression (1.18%), coughing (1.18%), nodule (1.18%), lameness (0.59%), hernia
(0.2%), horn fracture (0.5%), and leg fracture (0.39%). The prevalence of Bovine
fasciolosis, Bovine hydatidosis and Bovine cysticercosis were 4.51%, 1.96%, 1.76%
respectively with the higher prevalence was reported in poor body condition (3.9%)
and lower in medium (3.5%) and good (3.3%) body conditions. The prevalence of
zoonotic helminthes reported in males and females were 93.33% and 0.9%
respectively. Local breeds (10.39%) were more affected than exotic (0.3%) as well
the adult age groups (9.01%) were more affected than young (1.7%). The
prevalence of zoonotic helminth parasite in liver, lung and carcass were 38 (2.4%),
20 (1.3%) and 11 (0.7%), respectively. A direct economic loss from liver, lung and
carcass condemnation due to major zoonotic helminthes was 6655.5ETB. Bovine
fasciolosis was main helminthic disease which caused direct economic losses
followed by Bovine hydatidosis and cysticercosis.

Keyword; Abattoir, Ambo, Economic loss, Inspection, Zoonotic, helminthes .

1
1. INTRODUCTION

The adaptation of animals is considered to be one of the most important

developments in history and one of the prerequisites for the growth of human
civilizations. These developments lead the rise of crop production and affected the
distribution and density of the wild species hunted for food (Duguma and Tegegne,
2012). From these domesticated animals, livestock is one of the fastest growing
agricultural sub-sectors in Africa. This fastest growing is because of livestock share
33% of agricultural Gross Domestic Production (GDP) and is quickly increasing.
As growth is driven by the rapidly increasing of demand for livestock products,
demand is driven by population growth, urbanization and increasing incomes in
developing countries (Delgado, 2005). In Ethiopia, More than 80% of Ethiopian
population is dependent on agriculture of from which the livestock plays a very
important role. Ethiopia has the largest livestock population in Africa. The bovine
population in Ethiopia is estimated to be 59.5 million among which 99 %
indigenious and 1 % are cross breeds (CSA, 2017). Although large livestock
population and increasing pressure of meat supply, constraints like inadequate
supply of quality feed, drought, parasites and other diseases were the reasons for
low productivity of the indigenous cattle breeds and are the major factors limiting
cattle productivity in Ethiopia (Firew, 2007).

Zoonotic bovines parasites including bovine parasitic diseases have emerged from
time to time and public health threat in developing countries (WHO, 2010). From
this zoonotic diseases, the major zoonotic helminthic parasitic disease in
slaughtered bovine are the basic issue of the current study. Major zoonotic
helminthic disease including Bovine fasciolosis, Bovine cysticercosis, Bovine
hydatidosis are causing economic loss and puplic health problem in Ethiopia
(Sirak, 1991).

2
Bovine fasciolosis is a serious infectious parasitic disease infecting domestic
ruminants and humans; It is the primary zoonotic helminthes worldwide. It is
caused by the genus fasciola also called as liver flukes. Fasciolosis is a major
problem that affects human health and causes economic loss in the world (Mas-
coma et al, 2009l).

Bovine hydatidosis is a zoonotic helminthic parasitic disease caused by the dog

tapeworm echinococcus and its larval stage, the hydatid cyst. This parasite is found
worldwide and causes serious public health problems in certain parts of the world
and readily recognizable in the lungs and liver of an effected animal is very much
linked with geographical location (Haridy et al, 2002). Hydatidosis is the major
causes of vital organs such as liver and lungs condemnation that resulted in huge
economic loss in ethiopia (Eshetu&Bogale, 1982). Vital organ such as liver and
lungs was lost with this parasite because of this organ are not suitable for human
consumption and such meat thus is forbiden to consume (Fesseha, 1998).

Bovine cysticercosis is a worldwide zoonotic helminthic disease affecting people

and cattle, caused by the tapeworm taenia saginata. Humans are the definitive host
for the tapeworm, and cattle are the most common intermediate host. Cattle become
infected when they ingest eggs that were shed in human feces. The eggs adhere to
grass and other vegetation, where they can survive for several weeks to months.
Once ingested by cattle, they develop into larvae and migrate to muscle tissue, most
commonly the heart or around the jaw, diaphragm and tongue. Each larvae forms a
fluid cyst surrounded by a fibrous capsule, known as a Cysticerci or Cysticercosis
bovis. The presence of cysticerci in muscle is commonly referred to as “beef
measles. An animal may have one to hundreds of cysts in its muscle. By these
major zoonotic helminthes and related factors, each year significant economic
losses result from condemnation of edible organs and carcass (Amene F et al,
2012). Therefore, meat inspection comprising of antemortem and postmortem
examination is necessary to understand to which the public is exposed to certain
zoonotic diseases detected in abattoirs, to remove affected organs and carcass by

3
these detected zoonotic diseases and the financial losses through condemnation of
affected organs and carcass (Nfi and Alonge, 1987).

Accordind to the gathered information, there was no information which recorded

before about zoonotic helminthes and It’s financial loss in Ambo municipal abattoir
among abattoirs in ethiopia. Therefore, based on this view the study of major
zoonotic helminthic parasite with it’s economic loss was undertaken in Ambo
municipal abattoir, west showa region, Ethiopia.

The main objective of this study was therefore;

 To study major zoonotic helminthes in slaughtered bovine at Ambo

Municipal Abattoir.
 To estimate economic loss due to carcass and organ condemnation.

4
2. MATERIAS AND METHODS

2.1 Study area

The study was conducted from March 2021 to May 2021 at Ambo Municipal
Abattoir, found in Ambo Town,West Showa Zone, oromia regional state, Ethiopia.
It is far about 115km from Addis Ababa and located at longitude and latitude
37032’ to 3803’E, at latitude of 8047’ to 9020’N. The average of altitude range is
about 2101m above sea level. It has an annual rainfall about 1000mm with long
rainy season from June to September and average temperature about 24 0c.
Agriculture is the common activity of population in the areas. Extensive system of
livestock production is dominates the area.

2.2. Study design

Cross-sectional study design was used to study major zoonotic helminthes in

slaughtered bovine by using different technique such as visual, inspection, palpation
and incision. Simple random sampling was used to select bovines for study.

2.3.Study animals

The study was carried out on bovine slaughtered at Ambo Municipal Abattoir. The
catagorise of bovines includes age, sex, body condition as well as breed originated
from Ambo market and Gudar market were recorded. 510 bovine, of about 476
males and 34 females were examined during ante-mortem and post-mortem
inspection.

5
2.4. Sample size determination

The sample size was calculated by Thrusfield formula and sampling technique was
undertaken by using simple random sampling method(Thrusfield, 2005).

Accordingly the sample size was determined by the following formula;

N=1.962 pexp(1-pexp)/ d2 where,

N=required sample size, pexp=expected prevalence, d2= absolute

precision

Within 95% confidence interval, 5% absolute precision as well as 50% considered

as previous prevalence. Althought 384 sample size was determined, 510 sample
size was under taken to increase precision.

2.5.Antemortem and Postmortem Inspection

2.5.1. Ant-mortem inspection

The physical examination such as sex, age, body condition as well as origin of
animals were obtained at antmortem inspection.Physical parameter like rumen
motility, temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate were taken before slaughter.
Age group was categorized as young(<7 age) and adult(>7 age according to
DeLahunta and Habel RE (1986) and body condition was catagorise as poor,
medium and good (Nicholson and Butterworth, 1986). The two type of breed, local
and exotic breed are included in the study (--).

6
2.5.2. Post-mortem inspection
Routine post-mortem inspection was undertaken on different organs and carcass by
using visual, palpation and incision technique. Affected organs and carcass were
partially or totally condemned due to puplic health proplem (zoonosis case).

2.5. Financial loss assessment

Data on the price of vital organ like liver, lung, heart, kidney and carcass were
collected from Ambo town butchers, workers in abattoir and veterinarian during
the period(March 01/2021 to May 26/2021).The financial loss due to vital organ
and carcass condemnation caused by major zoonotic helminthes were calculated.
The financial loss caused by condemned vital organs and carcass was calculated d
by formula of Ogurinade and Ogunrinade (1980) was as follow;

 El=srx*coy *roz

Where, El=estimated annual economic loss due to organ condemnation, Srx

=average annual bovine slaughter rate of the abattoir, Coy=average cost of each
bovine liver, lung, heart, kidney heart and carcass, Roz =average condemnation rate
rate of bovine liver,lung,heart,kidney and carcass

7
2.6. Data analysis

The data of antmortem examination result, postmortem pathological condition and

price of each organs and carcass was collected by researcher and recorded on paper
then stored in microsoft excel 2007 program. Finaly data analysis was done by
STATA (version 14) and and SPSS version20 software. Descriptive statistic was
used to calculate proportion. Also descriptive statistic named as pearson chi-square
test(X2) was used to determine statistical significance of analysed data. The
association between risk factor such as body condition, sex, age, breed, and
zoonotic helminthic diseases was analysed. Confidence interval received was 95%
and when p-value taken was less than 0.05, which is considered as significant
difference.

8
3. RESULT

3.1. Ant-mortem inspection result

The prevalence of physical abnormalities results at ante-mortem are tick and

emaciation(14.40%),ticks(3.5),diarrhea(1.78%),nasaldischarge(1.18%),salivation(1.
58%),depression(1.18%),coughing(1.18%),nodule(1.18%),lameness(0.59%),hernia(
0.2%), horn fracture(0.5%), and leg fracture(0.39%) in (Table 1).

Table 1; Frequence and proportion of abnormality found during ant-mortem

examination

Abnormality No of % of abnormality
abnormality
Horn fracture 1 0.20%
Diarrhea 9 1.78%
Tick ,Emaciated 73 14.40%
Depression 6 1.18%
Tick only 17 3.35%
Leg fracture 2 0.39%
Salivation 8 1.58%
Nodule(LSD) 6 1.18%
Nasal discharge 6 1.18%
lammenes 3 0.65%

Total 131 25.7%

3.2.Post-mortem inspection result

9
Out of 510 bovine examined in lairage and slaughtered at Ambo Municipal
Abattoir, 55(10.8%) were infected by Bovine fasciolosis, Bovine hydatidosis and
Bovine cysticercosis. From these 55(10.8%) infected animals 50(9.8) and 5(0.9%)
were found in males and female respectively. It was observed that the prevalence of
major zoonotic helminthes were higher in male (9.8%), adult (9.01), local breed
(10.39%), poor body condition (3.9%) than in females (0.9), youngs (1.7%), exotics
(0.3%), goods (3.5%) and mediums (3.3%), respectively as shown in Table 2).

Table 2; Frequence and proportion of inspected bovine

Risk Catagorise Total of No proportion No of proportion

inspected of infected of Infected

Factor bovines inspected bovines bovines

bovines

Sex Male 476 93.33% 50 9.8%

Female 34 6.67% 5 0.9%
Age Adult 321 62.94% 46 9.01%
Young 189 37.06 % 9 1.7%
Breed Local 496 97.25% 53 10.39%
Exotic 14 2.75% 2 0.3%
BCS Good 327 64.12% 18 3.5%
Medium 103 20.20% 17 3.3%
Poor 80 15.69% 20 3.9%

In the current study, the prevalence of major zoonotic helminthes such as Bovine
fasciolosis, Bovine hydatidosis and Bovine Cysticercosis were found as (4.51%),
(1.96%), (1.76%) respectively. As the table 3 indicates that the prevalence (4.51%)

10
of Bovine fasciolosis was dominate the prevalence of Bovine hydatidosis(1.96%)
and Bovine Cysticercosis (1.76%). The prevalence of mixed parasites was also
observed, then described as the prevalence of Fasciola and Hydatid cyst1 (96%),
Fasciola and cysticerci bovis (0.20%), Hydatid cyst and Cysticerci bovis (0.39%).
Mixed major zoonotic helminthic parasite had less prevalence than single as shown
in (Table 3).

Table 3; Frequence and prevalence of major zoonotic helminthes

Name zoonotic helminthes Frequence Percent of

parasite of zoonotic zoonotic
helminthes helminthes

Fasciola 34 6.7
Hydatid cyst 22 4.3
Cysticerci bovis 11 2.2

Total 67 13.1

From the whole of 1530 vital organs and carcass inspected, 67(13.1%) vital organs
and carcass were infected and condemned. Out of 67(13.1%) infected organs and
carcass, the proportion of liver, lung, carcass, were 36(7%), 20(3.9), 11(2.2%),
respectively. Among these infected and condemned organs, liver 36(7%) was more
infected and condemned than others as indicated in (Table 4).

Table 4; Frequence and proportion of infected and condemned of vital organs

Condemned organs and No Proportion

carcass condemned condemned

11
 organs, organs,carcas
carcass s
Liver 36 7.0
Lung 20 3.9
Carcass 11 2.2

Total 67 13.1

The higher prevalence of fasciola, hydatid cyst and cysticerci bovis were in liver
34(6.6%), lung 20(3.9%) and carcass 11(2.2%) respectively. Also liver was affected
with the hydatid cyst by 2(0.3%).

Table 5; Prevalence of zoonotic helminthes in each organ and carcasss

Categorize Liver Lung Carcass

Fasciola 34(6.6%) - -
Hydatid cyst 2(0.3%) 20(3.9%) -
Cysticerci bovis - - 11(2.2%)

Total 36(7%) 20(3.9%) 11(2.2%)

In the present study, association between risk factor and the parasites was assessed.
The prevalence of major zoonotic helminthic parasite higher in male(9.8%), adult
(9.01), local breed(10.39%), poor body condition(3.9%) and lower in medium
(3.5%) and good body conditions (3.3%), exotic (0.3%), young (1.7%) indicated in
(Table 2).

12
The statistical analysis indicate that there were an association between risk factors
like age, sex, body condition and prevalence of major zoonotic helminthic parasite
being statistically significant(p<0.05) showed in (Table 4).

Table 6; Association risk factor and major zoonotic helminthes

Risk Fasci Hyda cystice Fasciola Fasciola Hydatid X2 p-

factor ola d rci and and and valu
cyst bovis Hydatid Cysticer cysticerci e
cyst ci
Age

Adult 16 9 8 10 1 2 15. 0.02

0
Young 7 1 1 0 0 0
Sex

Male 21 7 9 10 1 2 10. 0.10

5
Female 2 3 0 0 0 0

BCS

Good 7 6 4 0 0 1 0.00

55.
6
Medium 9 2 3 2 0 1
Poor 7 2 2 8 1 0

Breed
Local 21 10 9 10 1 2 3. 0.68

13
 9
Exotic 2 0 0 0 0 0

3.3. Direct economic loss result

Direct economic loss due to condemnation of vital organs such as liver, lung and
carcass was analyzed by multiplying of the average annual bovine slaughter rate of
the abattoir, average cost of each bovine liver, lung and carcass, and average
condemnation rate of bovine liver, lung, and carcass.

 El=Srx *Coy* Roz (Ogurinade and Ogunrinade, 1980).

A number of bovine slaughtered in the study period was 510 while Average market
price of each liver, lung and carcass were estimated as 80birr, 50birr, 250birr,
respectively as well as average condemnation rate of bovine livers, lungs, and
carcass were found as 7%, 3.9%, 2.2% respectively. Therefore, an annual economic
loss of condemned organ and carcass were analyzed as 6655.5ETB.

Table 7; Average price of each organ and carcass, total price of whole carcass and
organs calculate

Condemned No of % of Average price Annual loss

organs condemned of each
organs condemned of condemned organs
carcass organs organs
Liver 36 7.0 80birr

2856.00birr

14
 Lung 20 3.9 50birr

994.50birr
Carcass 11 2.2 250birr

2805.00birr

Total 67 13.1 2180birr 6655.5birr

4. DISCUSSION

The current study shows that out of 510 bovines, 55 bovines had major zoonotic
helminthes. Among the zoonotic helminth parasites Bovine fasciolosis, Bovine
hydatidosis and Bovine Cysticercosis were found as (6.7%), (4.3%) and (2.2%)
respectively.This is lower than the reported prevalence (7.5%) of slaughtered cattle
at Tigray abattoir, northern part of Ethiopia by Kebede, et al. (2008). The highest
prevalence was reported by Said and Tadesse (2020), who reported 27.2%
prevalence at Selected Municipal Abattoirs, North Shewa Zone, Oromia, Central
Ethiopia; also well as 34.5% prevalence reported by Nigatu et al (2009) in Bahir
Dar abattoir,North,Western, Ethiopia. This difference might be because of
geographical variation, managing practice, availability of intermediate host at study
area.

The highest prevalence 6.7% of Bovine fasciolosis is relative with 9.1%, 12.4%,
4.9% reported by Tilahun et al (2014) and N Ibrahim et al (2009) and Fufa A et al
(2009) respectively.This relative might be due to comparable size of inspected
animal, management system and availability of intermediate host such as snail.
However,It is not comparable with 39.95%, 46.58% reported by Fikirtemariam et
al (2013) from Bahir Dar municipality abattoir and Tadelle, et al (2007) from

15
Jimma abattoir, respectively. These diference could be due to the variation of
management system, habitat of snail, the climate and veterinary service. The
prevalence of bovine fasciolosis was found higher in poor body condition bovines
than medium and good body condition bovines and it agree with reported by M.
Bekele et al (2010).

The Prevalence of Bovine Hydatidosis is medium and recorded as 4.3%. The

prevalence was lower than the prevalence (7.5%) report of kebede et al (2008) in
slaughtered cattle at Tigray abattoir, northern part of Ethiopia and 29.69%
prevalence recorded by Endrias (2008) in Ambo Municipality Abattoir, West Shoa,
Ethiopia.This differences could be because of the variation of latitude and
longitude, temperature and rainfall, ecology, population of dogs, the season,
deworming activity, puplic awareness, contact between dog and bovine.

The current prevalence of Bovine cysticercosis was found to be the least prevalent
and comparable with 2.9% and 3.2% reported by Tembo (2001) and Tekka (1997),
respectively. It is higher than 1.1% and 0.9 % reported by Abusier (2006) in
Germany and Sau’rez et al (2005) in Cuba, respectively. But, lower than 5.4%, 4.9,
13.8% prevalence reported by Alula (20100). Dawit (2004), Getachew (1990)
respectively.It is may be because of the variation of culturral activities, deworming
activity and managing practice.

Out of 510 bovine inspected, 67 (13.1%) of the organs were totally condemned by
major zoonotic helminthes. Out of 67 (13.1%), the rejection rate of liver, lung and
carcass were 7%, 3.9%, 2.2% respectively. Liver was the main totally condemned
organs by Bovine Fasciolosis followed by Hydatidosis.

The prevalence of major zoonotic helminthic parasite is higher in the adult age
9.0% than young age 1.7% and it is statistically significant (p<0.05) with this
parasite. This difference might be due to chronic exposure of infectious and this
parasite by itself. Body condition was significant (p<0.05) effect on the prevalence

16
of major zoonotic helminthes and higher in poor body condition (3.9%) than in
medium (3.5%) followed by good body conditions (3.3%). The difference might be
due to lack of balanced feed which exposes to disease and the precence of this
helminthic parasite by itself causes chronic emaciation in bovine. Breed and sex
also statistically significant (p<0.05) effect on the prevalence being higher in the
local breed and male than exotic and female, respectively, This difference due to
sample size of slaughtered bovine was high in local breed and male(reference) .

Many veterinarian in Ethiopia have shown that high financial loss was caused by
rejection of organ and carcass due to helminthic parasite infestation(Shegaw, 2008
and Fitsum, 2009). The economic losses analyzed in the current study as the result
of condemned organ and carcass of bovine in Ambo municipal abattor 5,11,401.6
ETB; Where, 2880 was the average annual bovine slaughtered based on
retrospective study.

17
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The current study revealed that Bovine fasciolosis, Bovine hydatidosis and Bovine
cysticercosis were major zoonotic helminthic disease that causes liver, lung and
carcass condemnation in bovine slaughtered at Ambo Municipal Abattoir and
resulted in great economic losses. From the finding, Bovine fasciolosis were
reported as higher prevalence and followed by Bovine hydatidosis and
cysticercosis. Among organs and carcass rejected, liver was mainly condemned
which is caused by Bovine fasciolosis then followed by lung which is affected by
Bovine hydatidosis. Risk factors like age, sex, body conditions and breed of bovines
were statistically significant and effect on the prevalence of major zoonotic
helminthic parasites.
Based on the written conclusion, the following recommendations were given;
 Proper drainage of harsh area which is the habitat of intermediate
host(snail).
 Proper deworming of bovine and dog as well as control population of dogs.
 Avoiding consuming of raw meat.
 Burning condemned carcass and avoiding dogs from exposure to offal.
 Proper facilities should be given by government to construct good abattoirs,
practice post-mortem inspection.

18
  Surveillance about the zoonotic helmithes should be done by veterinary
authority to give awareness and control it.

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7. ANNEXES

Fasciola gigantica in liver. Fasciola hepatica in liver

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Fasciola gigantic and Hydatid cyst in liver Cysticerci bovis in Carcass

Hydatid cyst in lung

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