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    Slope Stabilization With High-Performance Steel Wire Meshes in Combination With Nails and Anchors PDF

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    ‘Symposium on SLOPE STABILITY November 17, 2000, SEOUL, KOREA Slope stabilization with high-performance steel wire meshes in combination with nails and anchors Authors: Rudolf Rieger, Civil Eng. Grad. ETHZ/ SIA clo Riiegger Systems Ltd, St, Gallen, Switzerland Daniel Flum, Civil Eng. Grad. ETHZ/ SIA c/o Ruegger Systems Ltd, St. Gallen, Switzerland Table of contents |. Introduction . Traditional technique using wire mesh and wire rope nets Traditional dimensioi Mesh of A 2. 3, 4, 5, RUVOLUM, the new dimensioning concept 6. 7. 8 ‘Tangential transmission of forces from mesh to nail ‘Transmission of forces nail - mesh in nail direction Dimensioning example Practical example from Hundwil, Switzerland 10. Older examples of wire mesh and wire rope net protection systems 11. Preview Abstract Slope draperies in soil and rock are a well known method to avoid rockfalls into the roads or onto housings. ‘Common wire mesh or a combination of wire mesh and wire rope nets are pinned to the slope by the means of fully grouted nails or anchors. Most of these installations have not been designed to stabilize the slope, but simply avoid the rocks from bouncing. The combination of soll- or rocknaiting with a designable flexible facing system offers the advantage of a longterm stabilization of slopes and can replace other standard methods for slope stabilization. The capa- bilty to transfer axial and shear loads from the flexible facing system to the anchor points is most dezisive for the design of the stabilization system. But the transfer of forces by mesh as pure surface protection de- Vices is limited on account oftheir tensile strength and above all also by the possible force transmission to the anchoring points. Strong wire rope nets increase the performance for slope stabilzations with greater distances between nails and anchors and are widely used in Europe. However, they are comparatively expensive in relation tothe protected surface. Today, special processes enable the production of diagonally structured mesh from high-tensile steel wire. These mesh provide tensile strengths comparable to wire rope nets. The interaction of mesh and fastening to nail / anchor has been investigated in comprehensive labo- ratory tests. This also in an effort to find a suitable fastening plates which allows an optimal utilization of the strength of the mesh in tangential (slope-parallel) as well as in vertical direction (perpendicular to the slope). The tials also confirmed that these new mesh, in combination with sutable plates, enable substantial pre- tensioning of the system. Such pretensioning increases the efficiency ofthe protection system. This restricts deformations in the surface section of eical slopes which might otherwise cause slides and movements as 2 result of dlatation. Suitable dimensioning models permit to correctly dimension such systems. The new mesh with the adapted fastening elements have already been installed in frst pilot projects in Switzerland and Germany and provide useful information on handing and effects ‘Adress of authors: Rudolf Ruegger Ruegger Systems Lt Danie Flam ‘Oberstrasse 200, CH 9000 St Gaten, Switzerand Phone: +41 71.277'5355 fax: +41 27779 41 ‘e-mail: ruegger@rueggersysteme.ch Table of contents 4. Introduction. 2. Traditional technique using wire mesh and wire rope nets... 24 Wire mesh as a flexible measure to protect surfaces 2.2 Wire rope nets as a flexible measure to protect surfaces... 3. Traditional dimensioning concept... Sliding off parallel to the slope. 2 Local wedge-shaped bodies liable to break out 3 Required input quantities. ‘4 Proof of the terain's resistance against sliding (deep sliding surfaces) 4. Mesh of high-tensile wire. 4.41 High-tensile wire mesh as a surface protection system. 4.2 Nail arrangement... 4.3 Pretensioning of the nails. 4.4 High-tensile mesh, type TECCO........ 45 Material properties of high-tensile wire mesh, type TECCO . 5. RUVOLUM, the new dimensioning concept. : 5.1 Investigation of global instabilities parallel to the slope 1.2 _Stabilty proofs nthe investigation of alobl flues para to the slope 1 Proof against sliding of parallel to the slope 2 Proof against puncture of the mesh due to pretensioning force... 3 Bearing capacity nail (combined stress). I 4 2 3 1 1 1 investigation of local instabilities... a 1 1 3 1 Failure mechanism A a Failure mechanism B ......- 1.4. “Proofs of bearing safety in the investigation of local failure mechanisms. 1 1 5 6 1 Shearing-off of the mesh at the upslope edge of the spike plate at the lower nail. 1.2, Selective transiting of the slope-paratel force Z fom the mesh tothe upper nail Development .. : . nts Parameters to be determined empirically... 6. Tangential force transmission, mesh to nail. 6.1 Test setup for tangential force transmission, mesh to nail 6.2. Test results of tangential force transmission, mesh to nail. 7. Force transmission nail - mesh in nail direction. 7.4 Test setup for force transmission nail - mesh in nail direction 7.2. Test results of force transmission nail - mesh in nail direction... 8. Dimensioning example... 4.1 Investigated variants. 1.2 Dimensioning results. 9, Project built at Hundwil, Switzeriand, 10, Older examples of wire mesh and wire rope net protection systems Bemeck SG, Switzerland... 10.2 Bayreuth A 9, Germany. 10.3. Grabs - Wildhaus SG, Switzerland... 11. Outtook... List of appendices Number Dimensioning example wire rope net (PENTIFIX) ... z : Dimensioning example steel wire mesh (MACCAFERR., small spike plate, round) on 23 Dimensioning example steel! wire mesh (TECCO, small spike plate, round) Dimensioning example steel wire mesh (TECCO, large spike plate, rhomboidal) .. 4. Introduction The use of wire mesh and wire rope nets as a flexible measure to protect surfaces has proved worth- while in many cases and is offen an altemative to stiff constructions of concrete. Hereby the open structure of the mesh also permits fulsurface greening. Wire mesh from wires of a tensile strength of approx. 500 Nimm? are mostly used for these protection measures. Ropes threaded into the mesh can be used as reinforcements. If the distances between nails are kept at an economical level, these sim- ple mesh are often unable to absorb the occurring forces and to selectively transmit them onto the nails. Wire rope nets, while finally allowing bigger distances between nails, are comparatively expen- sive and therefore only used in particularly delicate cases with very high forces and a need for long nails. ‘The development of a wire mesh made from high-tensile steel wire with a tensile strength of approx. 1,700 Nimm? offers new possibilities for the efficient and also economical protection of slopes. The system lends itself for dimensioning by means of suitably adapted dimensioning models considering the statics of soil and rock. In the practical application these high-strength mesh are often able to re- place the expensive wire rope nets. 2. Traditional technique using wire mesh and wire rope nets So far, the slope of soil or solid rock to be protected was cut as suitable and leveled as possible to the profile and then covered with a wire mesh whose individual wires provided a tensile strength of approx. ‘500 N/mm, The mesh was fastened to short soil or rock nails. if the mesh itself was inadequate, either the distance between nails had to be reduced or the mesh had to be reinforced by threaded-in steel ropes secured to the nail heads. If long nails (generally more than approx. 4 m) are required for protection to a certain depth, the costs of nailing increase comparatively rapidly and systems become of interest which can absorb and transmit substantially higher forces and thereby allow to increase the distance between nails. Wire rope nets could be used in these instances. 2.4 Wire mesh as a flexible measure to protect surfaces se Mf hily, Ly | som ncn WY dif wie mash i ed th Spe pate Figur 2.1: Wire mesh in combination wth nating The slope of soll or rock to be protected is covered by a wire mesh which is fastened to the soil or rock nails by means of spike plates. ‘A boundary rope (tensioning rope) is addition- ally provided at the top, if necessary retained by rope anchors, Local, superficial instabilities are to be pre~ vented by the mesh as a securing system. The forces occurring from a local instability are to be transmitted over the mesh and the spike plates onto the nails. Hereby the forces which can be transmitted are limited and de- end on the strength of the mesh as well as on the size and type of spike plate. 2.2 Wire rope nets as a flexible measure to protect surfaces The slope of soil or rock to be protected against erosion or rockfalls is first covered with a durable geosynthetic fabric of plastic or if appropriate also with steel wire mesh. This is followed by a cover of special rope nets ‘which are sewn together and whose comers. are fastened by steel ropes to the soil or rack nails. The mesh size of 150...300 mm * 150...300 mm permits greening and combined with it also planting of higher growing shrubs. and small trees suitable for the location. Figur 2.2: The PENTIFIX system ‘The PENTIFIX System To prevent local superficial instabilities, the retaining forces resulting from the equilibrium considerati- ‘on can be absorbed by the rope net and passed on directly to the corresponding nails. The principle of ‘comradeship dominates in the PENTIFIX protection system: If one nail head wants to move down- wards due to a high local force, the "surplus forces” are diagonally guided upwards over the upper rope net covers and distributed over several nails. Important, therefore, is that the uppermost fasten- ing points are always perfectly anchored. Additional rope anchors may be required at the top to trans- mit and carry these forces into the solid subsoil Compared to simple mesh covers, this protection system can absorb very considerable forces. How- ever, the PENTIFIX system is restricted by a fixed nail pattern of 3.3 - 3.5 * 3.3 - 3.5 m. Extra nails can be placed in the centres of the fields if necessary. The use of flexible protection systems is basically limited to the prevention of more or less slope- parallel instabilities close to the surface, such as they can occur in e.g. weathered, loose cover layers. If a danger prevails from deeper sliding surfaces, the nails alone have to absorb the forces resulting from the overall stability and transmit them to the firm subsoil outside the existing or potential rupture mechanisms. 3. Traditional dimensioning concept For the purpose of dimensioning the surface protection systems of mesh / wire fope nets in their inter- action with nailing it is necessary to investigate possible failure mechanisms. On the one hand, the installation of the protective devices must ensure that a layer of soil or also a layer of weathered and unconsolidated rock of thickness t can be retained with a certain safety against sliding off parallel to the slope on a stable layer. On the other hand, local wedge-shaped bodies must be stopped from breaking out. Fig. 3.4: Sliding of parallelto the siope Fig. 3.2; Local wedge-shaped rupture bodies 3.1 Sliding off parallel to the slope From considerations of equilibrium concerning a body of width a, length b and thickness t, and taking into account the rupture condition of Mohr - Coulomb, the following shear force S with a stabilizing effect results as far as sliding off parallel to the slope is concemed. Since the nail heads are fixed against each other, proof of the admissible inner shear resistance of the nail S,.. an, being greater than the shear resistance S per individual nail required for a certain safety, is generally sufficient. Fig. 33: Al forces active on the body of width a, length b and thickness t to determine the shear force S required fora certain safety SIKN]= Equation 3.4 3.2 Local wedge-shaped bodies liable to break out As a result of the investigation of “Sliding off parallel to the slope”, the nails are now dimensioned so that the cover layer as a whole can be retained with a certain safety. Further investigation is then re- Quired in the area between the individual nails. Depending on the slope's geometry it is possible that wedge-shaped rupture bodies come loose unless they are covered by mesh or wire rope nets. Such bodies are to be retained and secured by the use of mesh or wire rope nets as surface protection measures ‘The body liable to break out wants to move down- wards on a slant. The mesh, held a the top by nails and if appropriate by boundary ropes, is thus sub- jected to tension. This on the one hand via friction and on the other over the outward movement of the body in question. Fig. 3.4: Surtace protection in combination wth soll naling. Local wedge-shaped bodies, ‘The force Z parallel to the slope and with a stabilizing effect is called the net or fastening force Z. Itis theoretically the force which is transmitted over the mesh / net in the line of slope onto the nail, as- ‘suming that the entire force exerted by the mesh / net onto the soil or rock wedge is transmitted onto the nail, Fig. 35: Wire mesh withthe Fig. 3.5: Rope net withthe net force 2 active on the nail net force Z active onthe nal The equilibrium conditions are formulated on the basis of the wedge-shaped body in Fig. 3.7 to deter- mine the net force Z. The rupture condition of Mohr - Coulomb is again taken into account, The fol owing equation results for the net force Z per fastening point by solving the equation system and after the corresponding algebraic conversions. Hereby the angle p is varied to such an extent that Z is, maximum, whereby p < arctan (tb) is to be the case. { a*b*b*tanp = ys (F* sin(a-p) - cos(a-p) * tang) ctatb 2° pty conta) Equation 32. Fig, 27; All frees active on the wedge-shaped body of width a, whereby N and T represent the Feacton forces irom the subsoil Taking into account a certain safety factor, the wire mesh plus possibly installed bracing ropes or the wire rope net, respectively, must be able to transmit the force Z into the nail If this is not possible with the selected distance between nails due to the system, the distances between nails must be adapted accordingly. 3.3 Required input quantities To dimension the surface protection system consisting of wire mesh / wire rope net and nailing, it is necessary on the one hand to determine the geotechnical characteristic values of the surface layer to be protected. On the other, various geometrical figures such as the inclination of the slope, the hori- zontal distance between nails and that in the line of slope, or the layer thickness must be stated. The table below shows the parameters required for dimensioning, Geotechnical parameters Friction angle ° Cohesion © kN? Volume weight 7 kN Geometrical input quantities Inclination ofthe slope eon Distance between nails, horizontal am Distance between nails, line of slope bm Layer thickness tm Safety Fnet 3.4 Proof of the terrain's resistance against sli ing (deep sliding surfaces) This concems the proofs of safety against rupture of the terrain, for which the nails are included in the stability caculations with the topographically and geologically adapted sliding surfaces, usually as ten- sion elements with a stabilizing effect and in rarer cases as shear elements. Fig. 28: Curved slaing surtaces Fig. 3.9: Straightsined sicing surtaces ‘These proofs must be established separately and are not directly related to the proofs for the protec- tion of the surface, except that the nail pattern should correspond as far as possible to the system- related, usual nail distances. 10 4. Mesh of high-tensile wire 4.4 High-tensile wire mesh as a surface protection system When using high-tensile wire mesh as a surface protection system, the slope of soil or rock to be pro- tected is cut as suitable and leveled as possible to the profile (analogous to the application of simple mesh as protection systems) and then covered with a high-tensile steel wire mesh which is secured to soil or rock nails. Boundary ropes are threaded into the top, sides and bottom edges, and fixed to rope anchors in the comers. In special cases the top boundary rope and thereby also the mesh can be deep-anchored by means of additional rope anchors / intermediate nails. wre Mesh MAIN NAL Fig. 4.2: High-tensilo wire mosh Fig. 43: General profile 128 a Surface protction systom In comparison with traditional protection systems, the use of high-performance mesh of steel wire for the surface protection of slopes of soil and rock is economical and, thanks to more freedom in the selection of the distances between nails, very flexible. Developments in the material technology en- able high-grade and durable products which are ideally matched to the application area. ‘As will be explained in chapter 5, the refined dimensioning concept adapted to the new system can be applied to high-performance mesh as well as the traditionally used simple mesh. Hereby the material specific characteristics must be selected to suit the protection system concemed. Before dealing in detail with the new dimensioning concept, two important novelties compared to the traditional dimensioning of slope protection systems need to be explained. They concern the arrange- ‘ment and the pretensioning of the nail. 4.2 Nail arrangement So far, the system often dictated a matrix-type arrangement of the nails - horizontal in rows and below each other in the line of slope. This means that theoretical bodies liable to break out can be formed between the nails. They extend over the full height of the slope and are in the maximum as wide as the horizontal distance a between nails, " RHOMBODAL which the nails in the rows are offset by half a hori- PE PLATE att ator In future, a nail pattem is to be selected on purpose in zontal distance between nails (cf. figure 4.2). This means that the maximum possible bodies liable to break out are limited to a width a and a length of 2* b. This nail pattern represents a basic pattem. In the choice of nail positions, the structure of the mesh now enables to deviate from this basic pattern within rea- sonable limits. Local discontinuities in the slope can be counteracted in optimum manner. If low points ex- ist, it is recommended to position the nails in those spots so that the mesh is optimally tensioned by the tightening of the nail WE WESH 4.3 Pretensioning of the nails ‘The nail head is designed so that it can be preten- sioned with the force V. This improves the static ef- fectiveness of the system and limits the deformations inthe ea of the slope, Pretensioning is enabled by Special head plates and the high static effeciveness of th high-tensle mesh ise. Depending on sate r= quirements, the pretensioning forces to be applied by controlled tightening of the nut in the nail’s head sec- tion amount to between 20 KN and maximum 60 KN Fs 4 and 45: aNd sectn, spe late {the TECCO system) 4.4 High-tensile mesh, type TECCO The high-tensile wire mesh type TECCO has a considerable tensile strength of approx. 150 kNim in longitudinal direction. Substantially higher forces can be absorbed by this mesh in comparison with the wire mesh traditionally available on the market, offering a tensile strength in longitudinal direction of approx. 50 kN/m at comparable mesh size and similar wire diameter. Compared to wire rope nets, the high-tensile wire mesh with their special properties provide a statically virtually equivalent surface protection system which is, however, substantially more economical. Figure 4.1 shows the high-tensile mesh of type TECCO in a three-dimensional, schematic presentation, Fig. 4: Schematic, three-dimensional presentation ofthe high-tensile mesh type TECCO 2 4.5 Material properties of high-tensile wire mesh, type TECCO The new mesh type TECCO of high-tensile wire feature diamond-shaped individual mesh measuring 83 mm x 143 mm. They are produced by single twisting of the wire like for a diagonal mesh. This re- sults in a calibre diameter of 65 mm, which is normally small enough so that no additional mesh of yet smaller mesh size are required. The wire used for the production of the mesh has a diameter of 3 mm. The gentle deflection of the wire to form the individual mesh results in a three-dimensionality of the mesh which improves the connection to the subsoil and possibly applied hydroseeding to a massive extent, The mesh is delivered in rolls of 3.5 m width and 30 m length. High-tensile wires of a rated wire strength of 1370 Nimm? and higher are used for industrial applica- tions such as springs and fastening elements, but in particular also for pretensioning strands and wire ropes, The new mesh can be produced from rope wire according to DIN 2078 with a rated wire strength of up to 2160 Nimm®. The production of rope wire is a complicated and expensive process. The hot-rolled rod of diameter §.5 mm and thicker is first pickled, predrawn and salt bath-patented This heat treatment provides the steel wire with a structure, referred to as sorbite, which lends itself well to cold forming. The wire's strength is determined by its chemical composition and the reduction of its overall cross-section on cold drawing. Of importance here is the high residual deformability which is reflected by a high torsional and rotating bending fatigue strength, a particularly important aspect in ropes for aerial cableways. The strength characteristics of the rope wire DIN 2078 vary substantially from the intemational stan- dards applicable to soft wire qualities (DIN 1548, BSS 1052/80 - BSS 443/82 = materials for commer- cially available wire mesh). On tensioning over sharp rock edges, for example, the extremely hard wire material DIN 2078 cannot be pinched off and is easily pulled down into hollows of the terrain. Apart from this, the extremely high stiffness of the wire also helps to prevent so-called runners. To meet the high demands in respect of durability, the known anti-corrosion process of aluminium-zine alloying is used to protect the wire surface. The protective layer forms a eutectic alloy. The zinc acts as the cathode towards the steel wire. The admixed aluminium slows down the decomposition process of the zinc layer by a factor of at least 3 [1], [2]. The effect of the cathodic protection is that local injuri- es of the protective layer cause no corrosion in the particular spot. This contrary to plastic-coated wires, where local damage to the plastic layer leads to concentrated corrosion attacks. The aluminium- zinc process for wires has been practised for some time and is used on both soft wires for common mesh and fence wires along motorways, but also on high-tensile wires especially in the fishing industry The maximum possible deposit of zinc or AUZn alloys depends on the wire diameter. The layer thick- nesses or the mass per square meter are also laid down by DIN standard 2078. For wires of diameter 3 mm, a layer thickness of 230 g/m? is prescribed for thick-galvanized executions. Although it is known that the decomposition of zinc layers depends in general heavily on the locally prevailing conditions, a sufficient life span is achieved with the Al/Zn protective layer also in a highly corrosive environment [11 Ralf Nanninghott, Kaus Sezepanski Galfan - an improved corrosion protection for steel wire, Part 1; Improvernent of ‘metalic corasion protection fer steel wire, Wire 37, 1987 [2] Rol Nanninghott, Ktaus Sczepanski: Galfan - an improved corrosion protection for steel wire, Part 2: Applications of ‘aluminium-zine coated stee| wires and teste with coated products, Wire 37, 1987. 13 5, RUVOLUM, the new dimensioning concept The new dimensioning concept "RUVOLUM" is based on the concept used so far. In principle it is applicable to all common surface protection systems on the market which provide for nailing in combi- nation with a mesh or a wire rope net (or a mixture of the two) as a surface protection system which permits any distance between nails in both horizontal and vertical direction. It is pointed out especially that RUVOLUM is not restricted to the dimensioning of protection systems using high-tensile mesh exclusively. Contrary to the traditional concept and as a major novelty, not only wedge-shaped one-body sliding mechanisms but also two-body sliding mechanisms are investigated when considering local instabili- ties. Hereby the geometry is selected with simplifications so that a more or less shell-shaped failure body is simulated as far as the sliding mass is concerned. Moreover, itis assumed for simplification’s sake that, as a reaction, a tensile force parallel to the slope is active on the nail immediately above the local failure mechanism to be investigated, and a tensile force in nail direction is active on the nail undemeath this mechanism. The axial tensile forces in the nails can be activated by pretensioning. The application of the preten- sioning forces leads to the following advantages: + The active application of the pretensioning forces onto the nails means that the spike plates and thereby the mesh are pressed onto the subsoil. These outer pressure forces acting on the surface of the steep terrain permit to mobilize additional friction forces along the sliding sur- faces under examination. This has a positive effect above all on the overal stability. + If no active pretensioning force is applied to the nail and if a local failure body wants to break out, the mesh must first be deformed to be able to mobilize the forces required to retain the shape liable to break out. Slight pressing-in of the spike plate applies the pretensioning forces to the mesh, i.e. the forces necessary to prevent local instabilities are already mobilized. As a result, failure bodies can hardly come loose any more from the layer to be protected. ‘The new dimensioning concept comprises two investigations: 1. Investigation of global instabilities parallel to the slope The cover layer which is liable to slide off a more stable substrate must be retained as a whole by the nailing. Each nail must be able to hold a body of width a, length b and thickness ¢ with a certain safety. Fig. 61: Global instabilities parallel to the slope 14 2. Investigation of local instabilities {f the nailing is dimensioned and laid out so that stiding-off of the cover layer as a whole can be prevented, further investigation is required to clarify whether or not instabiities may occur locally, i. between the individual nails. These possible local failure bodies are to be retained with a'certain safety by the application of the surface protection system consisting of nailing and mesh cover. TENS 0.52: Lectin 5.1 Investigation of global instabilities parallel to the slope The investigation of global instabilities parallel to a slope examines a cubic body of width a, length b and layer thickness t which threatens to slide off the firm subsoil. All forces considered and acting on the sliding body are marked in Fig. 5.3. Hereby itis assumed that no hydrostatic excess pressure and. no flow pressure is effective on the sliding body. The force G represents the dead weight of the cubic body. The term c*A describes the retaining influence of the cohesion along the investigated sliding surface, inclined at the angle ct to the horizontal plane, By means of c"A itis also possible to consider 0. an existing denticulation effect between the layer of soil to be protected and the stable substrate, or within the layer of loose rock itself. The force V (hereafter referred to as the extemal pretensioning force V) signifies the force with which the mesh is pretensioned against the nail head by tensioning of the nut. This results in the spike plate and thereby the mesh being pressed firmly onto the ground or slightly into it. Vis inclined by the angle ‘¥ to the horizontal plane. The variable S represents the shear force which the nail must absorb and transmit to the firm subsoil. For completeness’ sake the reaction forces N and T from the subsoil, acting at a right angle and in tangential direction to the sliding surface, are also marked, dead weight of the body liable to break out shear force, to be absorbed by the nail pretensioning force cohesion of the cover layer * ground sur- face of the body liable to break out, whereby A=a*b reaction forces from the subsoil inclination of the slope front and sliding surface, respectively, from horizontal inclination of the nail relative to the hort zontal plane effective fiction angle of the cover layer volume weight of the cover layer = model uncertainty correction value Fig. 53: All forces acting onthe cuble body 18 From considerations of equilibrium concerning the cubic body shown in Fig.5.3 and taking into account the rupture condition of Mohr - Coulomb, the general equation 5.1 can be formulated for the stabilizing shear force $ in function of the geometrical and geotechnical parameters as well as of the preten- sioning force V and the model uncertainty correction factor Fix aS follows: SIKNJ= 11 Fae" {FonuG "Sin 0=V* Fas * COS (¥ +a) =C*A=[G* cos a +V* sin (H+ a)] *tan g} Equation 5.1 ‘The RUVOLUM dimensioning concept is based on the concept with partial safeties proclaimed in EUROCODE 7. The characteristic values of the friction angle g, the cohesion c, and of the volume weight x, are to be reduced or multiplied, respectively, by the partial safely correction values F,, F, and F, (whereby the friction angle «is reduced over the tangent). The resulting dimensioning values of the geotechnical parameters qa, Cy and y, are taken into account in equation 5.2. Apart from the charac- teristic values for the ground at dimensioning level, the effectively applied outer pretensioning force Veg ‘must be multiplied with a corresponding load factor 7,, resulting in the dimensioning value of the ap- plied pretensioning force V,. ‘The equation 5.2 lists all influencing variables as dimensioning values. The resulting force S, signifies the calculatorily required shear force at dimensioning level. SeIKN]= 11 Frog * {Fas * Gy * SiN t= Vy * Fn * 608 (P+ a) cy * A [G.* 005 a+ Ve in CY + o)] *tan ge} Equation 52 For the effectively applied outer pretensioning force V.x, one alternative is to use the force P, resulting from the investigation of local instabilities. It represents the retaining force required from the equilibri- um considerations, taking into account the corresponding partial safeties. Alternatively, the force V, can be freely selected independently of the above, whereby the corresponding proofs of bearing safety must be provided. 5.2 Stability proofs in the investigation of global failures parallel to the slope The following three proofs of stability must be established in the investigation of global failures parallel to the slope: * Proof against sliding off parallel to the slope ‘© Proof against puncture of the mesh due to pretensioning force + Bearing safety of the nail (combined strains) 5.2.1 Proof against sliding off parallel to the slope it must be guaranteed with a certain safety that the cubic body of length a, width b and thickness t will ‘not slide off the investigated sliding surface inclined by the angle «. relative to the horizontal plane. 16 ‘The calculatorily required shear force S, at dimensioning level as determined according to equation 5.2 must be compared with the bearing resistance Sp of the nail against pure shear strain, whereby the resistance correction value Yex for shearing-off of the nail must be considered. Proof of bearing safety must be established as follows: 5 Sl Yon ‘The following table 5.1 shows a compilation of the quantities for the proof against sliding-off parallel to the slope: Dimensioning value of the applied pretensioning force [vate Weight of the soil body at dimensioning level (taking into account y4, 2, b, t) Gy IkN] Fretion angle at cimensioning level aleeol ‘Cohesion at dimensioning level i Surface decisive forthe cohesion (whereby A= ab applies) Alm Inclination of the sliding surface / inclination of the slope @ [deg.) [incination of the nail relative tothe horizontal plane eo) | Model uncertainty correction factor i) Calculator regd. shear force at dimensioning vel (determined ace. to equation 5.2) | SeIKN]_ Bearing resistance of the selected nail against pure shear strain Sa lkN Resistance corection value for shearingoff ofthe nail [at] ‘Table 5.1: Proof against slding-off parallel tothe slope 5.2.2 Proof against puncture of the mesh due to pretensioning force In the proof against puncture of the mesh due to pretensioning force it must be investigated whether or not the mesh can absorb the effectively applied pretensioning force in nail direction with a certain safety. Hereby the dimensioning value of the pretensioning force is compared with the bearing resis- tance of the mesh against pressure strain in nail direction, whereby the resistance correction factor for puncturing is taken into account. Proof of bearing safety is to be established as follows: Ss Dr! Yor The following table 5.2 shows a compilation of the quantities for the proof against puncturing of the mesh due to pretensioning force: Dimensioning value a the applied pretensioning force Ve] Bearing resistance of mesh against pressure strain in nail ection Dak] Resistance correction valve for puncturing [aaee Table 5.2: Proot a inst puncture of the mesh due to pretensioning force 7 6.2.3. Bearing capacity nail (combined stress) The nail is subjected to tensile strains by the effectively applied pretensioning force. Additionally, it ‘must prevent a global sliding-off, parallel to the slope, of the layer to be protected. With the proof of the nails bearing safety it must be investigated whether or not the applied nail can withstand these combined strains. Based on the Swiss Standard SIA 161 the following proof of bearing safety is estab- lished: Ma! (Ve! Yadl? * 184! (Sx! YomdF $1.0 ‘The above variables are explained in table 5.3 below. Dimensioning value of the applied pretensioning force Valk) Bearing resistance of the nail against pure tensile strains Va l&N] Resistance correction value for tensile strain ‘hen Calculatorly required shear force at dmensioning level Silk] ‘Bearing resistance of the nail against pure shear strain SN) | Resistance correction value for shea strain Yoon} Table 53: Proof the bearing safety ofthe nal (combined strains) 5.3 Investigation of local instabilities ‘When investigating bodies which might break out between the nails, the question is what sort of bodi- es become possible considering the selected nail arrangement. Fig. £4 Overview of the general nail arrangement Located above each nail is a field of width a and length 2%b which must be protected against local instabilities. Emanating from this field, bodies of a maximum length of 2*b may break out. The cross section of the maximum possible shape that may break out is influenced to a major extent by the protection concept itself: By tightening the nuts, the spike plates are firmly pressed onto the ground or slightly into it and the mesh is pretensioned against the nail head with the force V. Due to the passing-on of forces in the area of the nail head, a truncat- ed pressure cone occurs in the cover layer beneath the spike plate and the adjoining mesh. This cone can be described with the geometric parameters ¢, £ and t. The angle 6 represents the inclina- tion of the truncated cone in relation to the horizontal plane (cf. figures 5.5 and 5.8) 18 IR xy) SS aR ue BARE A ON aN RR NY CON XIN SSN Ea OR OEY ah A nO AK SAH Si HUN PRN Ms TERR ie OREN | Figures 5 5 and 56: Truncated pressure cone: ground plan, general section The extent of ¢ depends a.o. on the applied spike plate, the mesh and the ground. It must be estab- lished empirically. ¢= 0.5 * Dyxe Can be put in a simplifying assumption. Now, the dimensioning model is assuming that the pressure cones are located completely outside the body to be examined. The cross-section of the maximum possible body is therefore trapezoidal and features a width of (a - 2 * 0) at the top and a width of (a - 2* £ = n) at the bottom. Simplifying, the trapezoidal surface can be transformed into a rectangle of equal area of the width ayy = (a -t/tand - 2 * 0) and the thickness t (¢f. figure 5.7), Fig 87; Cross-section ofthe maximum possible body (lable to break out) ofthe thickness t ‘The body to be considered now features a width of a,., and a maximum length of 2*b. The thickness of the body (liable to break out) shown dotted in fig. 5.7 amounts to t. For the proofs of bearing capacity in the context of the investigation of local instabilities by the dimensioning method described in this chapter it is mandatory to vary the thickness of the bodies to be examined over the entire interval [0;] and to determine the decisive failure (break-out) mechanism in this way. It must be noted that the ex- tent of aay depends directly on the thickness of the investigated body (liable to break out) and that accordingly it varies also on varying of the layer thickness from 0 to t. If the layer thickness is not varied between 0 and t it is possible to significantly underestimate the effectively occurring forces, especially ift is selected greater than approx. 1/5 of the distance between nails in the line of slope. For ‘simpliication’s sake the explanations below refer only to the case of layer thickness = t It must be pointed out that the selected geometry of the bodies to be examined is intended to ap- proximately simulate the shell-like shapes which break out in reality. By means of the trapezoidal ‘cross-section the actually curved cross-section is described as an approximation. For the proofs of bearing safety in the context of the investigation of local instabilities one must differ- entiate between two failure mechanisms A and B: mechanism A represents a one-body sliding ‘mechanism in which the sliding surface, starting from the bottom nail and extending in a straight line to the upper nail, runs under the angle B to the horizontal plane. Failure mechanism B is a two-body sliding mechanism. Hereby the upper body | of trapezoidal cross-section presses onto the wedge- shaped lower body Il. Figures 5.8 and 5.9 show these two possible failure mechanisms with the corre- spondingly active general forces. 5.3.1 Failure mechanism A The investigation of local instabilities with the aid of failure mechanism A considers a wedge-shaped body of the width ,.4 which threatens to slide off an inclined plane positioned at the angle f in relation to the horizontal plane, Marked in figure 5.8 are all considered forces which are active onto the sliding body. Analogously to the investigation of global instabilities parallel to the slope, it is hereby assumed that no hydrostatic excess pressure and no flow pressure is acting on the sliding body (the same ap- blies to failure mechanism B). The force B represents the dead weight of the body liable to break out. ‘The term c*A takes the cohesion along the sliding surface into account, whereby A = L * a,,, applies. With c*A itis in tum possible to describe an existing denticulation effect. ‘Active on the considered body fiable to break out are also the external forces P and Z with a stabilizing effect. It is as- sumed that the investigated body, wanting to move relatively downwards, is partly re- tained via friction by the mesh pressed onto the surface. If these friction forces are integrated over the surface 2b * a,,., the feaction is the slope-parallel, upwards- directed force Z in the mesh which has to be transmitted selectively from the mesh to the upper nail. Force P is assumed to be inclined to the horizontal plane under the angle ‘¥, and is introduced as a general retaining force required in the context of the equilibrium considerations. Marked for completeness’ sake are the reaction forces N and T from the subsoil which act in verti- cal or tangential direction to the sliding plane. Fig. 5.8: Fallure mechanism A one-body sliding mechanism 20 The relation presented in equation 5.3 results from equil ium considerations and taking into account the rupture condition of Mohr - Coulomb as well as the model uncertainty correction ValU€ Fay. The maximum force P is to be determined by variation of the inclination of the sliding surface p. G* Fas” SiN ~ 00S B *tan g]—Z* [ Fra * COS (2—f)~sin (x—B)*tan g]—c* A PIKNI= Fos * 008 (8 +4) + sin (B+) *tan Equation 53 EUROCODE 7 specifies that, to determine the force P, at dimensioning level, the geotechnical parameters must be used as dimensioning values and the force Z, as dimensioning value of the strain on the mesh in parallel direction to the slope. This results in equation 5.4 Gy * Free” Sin B — COS * tan op] ~Z 4" [Frog * 005 (a.—B) ~ Sin (a ~ B) “tan 4] 05 * A Pa [kN = —-— Fpoa * 00S (8 + '¥) + sin (8 + '¥) * tan og Equation 54 5.3.2 Failure mechanism B Fig. 59: Fallure mechanism 8 = two-body sliding mechanism (possible friction forces alang the contact surface of the two bodies andl are neglected) 2 Failure mechanism B is characterized by two bodies (liable to break out): the upper trapezoidal body | presses onto the lower, wedged-shaped body I! via contact force X. The width of both bodies amounts to aj. In the consid- ‘ered sliding surfaces of the individual sliding bodies, the forces G, and G represent the weights of the individual sliding bodies, and o*A, and c*Ay, re- spectively, the forces due to cohesion, whereby A,= Ly "ay and Ay = Ly "ai applies. N, and T,, and N, and Ty, re- spectively, in turn stand for the reac- tion forces from the subsoil. Analo- gously to the preceding paragraph, variable Z denotes the slope-parallel force which is to be transmitted selec- tively onto the upper nail. Force P is assumed to be inclined to the hori- zontal plane under the angle ¥, and is again introduced as a general retain- ing force required in the context of the equilibrium considerations. For the equilibrium formulations the forces Z and P are to be active on the lower, wedge-shaped body It The contact force X results from the equilibrium considerations at the upper body |, whereby the con- dition of Mohr - Coulomb as well as the model uncertainty correction factor Fras are again taken into account. The equilibrium conditions on body II are formulated to determine the force P. Hereby the contact force X from equation 5.5 and the slope-parallel force Z are used. XIKN]= 11 yee" (G,* (Fas * Sin a — cos a * tan @)-C*A,) Equation 55 Gy" [Fos * Sin B — COS B * tan g] + (K—Z)* [ Fos * 605 (a. —B)— sin (a. - f) *tan g]-* Ay P [kN] = Fos" 60S (6 + Y) + sin (B+ ¥) * tang Equation $6 EUROCODE 7 specifies that, to determine the force P, at dimensioning level, the geotechnical parameters must be used as dimensioning values and the force Z, as dimensioning value of the strain on the mesh in parallel direction to the slope. This results in the equations 5.7 and 5.8. The maximum force P. is to be determined by variation of the inclination of the sliding surface . 11 Fret *{ Gis * (Fras * SiN cr COS a *tan gy) Oy" AL} Xa KN] ee Equation 57 Gye" [Fros* Sin B cos *tan o] + (X—Z,) * [ Free * 60S (ct ~ 8) — sin (a —B)* tan ga) = Cy Py [kN] = Fes * 005 (B+) + sin (6 +) * tan gg Equation 58 The relevant case must be found out by comparing the maximum force P, from mechanism A with that of mechanism 8. 5.4 Proofs of bearing safety in the investigation of local failure mechanisms The following proofs of bearing safety must be established in the investigation of local instabilities: ‘+ Shearing-off of the mesh at the upslope edge of the spike plate at the lower nail ‘* Selective passing-on of the slope-parallel force Z from the mesh onto the upper nail 22 5.4.1. Shearing-off of the mesh at the upslope edge of the spike plate at the lower nail PUSHING FORCE = Pe In the investigation of local instabilities it must be ensured that a local body of a maximum length of 2" cannot break out from the securing superfi- cial layer. For this purpose the necessary retai ing force P, from the equilibrium conditions has been determined in paragraph 5.3. If a body is about to siide off, it must be possible for this force P, to be taken up in the area of the bottom nail by the mesh and accordingly also by the spike plate and the nai Fig. 5.10: Shear strain on the mesh at the upslope edge of the spike pate atthe lower nail In the proof conceming shearing of the mesh at the upslope edge of the spike plate at the lower nail, it must be investigated whether the applied mesh is able to take up the outwards acting force compo- nent P, or is sheared off at the upslope edge of the spike plate. Proof of bearing safety is to be established as follows: Py < Pa! Yon The following table 5.4 shows a compilation of the quantities for the proof against shearing-off of the mesh at the upslope edge of the spike plate at the lower nail Max. shear strain on the mesh at the upslope edge of the spike plate at the lower nail (at dimensioning level) TKN) Bearing resistance of the mesh against shearing-off in nail direction Pa KN] at the upslope edge of the spike plate (determined by trials) Resistance correction factor for shearing-off of the mesh Yea EL “Table 54: Quantities for proof against shearing-of ofthe mesh atthe upslope edge ofthe spike plate atthe lower nail 5.4.2 Selective transmitting of the slope-parallel force Z from the mesh to the upper nai ‘The slope-parallel force Z has been introduced for the equilibrium considerations in paragraph 5.3. This force Z in the mesh must be transmitted selectively over the spike plate onto the upper nail Proof of the bearing safety conceming selective transmitting of the slope-parallel force Z from the mesh onto the upper nail must be established as follows: Zs 5 Zal tee 23 Fig. 611: Slope-parallel force taken Into account inthe equiibum consideration The following table 5.5 shows a compilation of the quantities forthe proof of the selective transmission of the slope-parallel force Z from the mesh onto the upper nail ‘Slope-paraliel force taken into account in the equilibrium consideration Z.IKN] mensioning value of the strain in slope-parallel direction) Bearing resistance of the mesh against selective slope-parallel tensile strains ZalkN] (determined by tials) Resistance correction factor for shearing-off of the mesh en EL ‘Table 5.5: Quanttes for proof of selective transmission of the slope-parllel force 2 from the mesh onto the upper nail 5.5 Development The RUVOLUM dimensioning model is a product of Ruegger Systeme AG, CH-9000 St, Gallen and has been developed especially by Messrs Rudolf Ruegger and Daniel Flum in the context of the de- velopment of high-tensile mesh. 5.6 Parameters to be determined empirically In the equilibrium considerations in paragraphs 5.1 and 5.3, the pretensioning force V, the retaining force P and the net force Z have been introduced as external forces. The question now arises how high these forces may be selected in the maximum so that they can still be absorbed by the used ‘mesh, the applied spike plate and the nails, taking into account appropriate safeties, The bearing resistance of mesh to pressure strain in nail direction and the bearing resistance of mesh against selective, slope-parallel tensile strains have been determined with the aid of various test series 24 6. Tangential force transmission, mesh to nail A variety of rupture mechanisms are considered in the investigation of local instabilities. Hereby it is assumed that the investigated failure bodies want to move downwards relative to the mesh. By this relative movement and due to the fact that the mesh is held locally by means of spike plates, upwards- directed, slope-parallel forces are initiated in the mesh itself. If these forces are integrated over a sur- face of aes * 2b, the force Z results. The mesh must be able to selectively transmit this force Z with a certain safety onto the nail located immeditely above the failure mechanism under investigation ‘The Ruegger Systems Ltd, St. Gallen, Switzerland, developed the test setup described hereafter. With the aid of this setup it has been possible to investigate the force deformation behaviour of various mesh types and to formulate the corresponding maximum admissible forces in the mesh. Hereby the mesh was locally held by a spike plate and subjected to a load in tangential direction by means of a rope tensioning arrangement. 6.1 Test setup for tangential force transmission, mesh to ni The test setup consists in the main of a metal container which is rigidly secured to two stationary U- profiles, and of a square metal frame into which the mesh to be investigated is clamped. ‘The metal container is filed with e.g. soil to the extent that the surface of the layer of soil is flush with the top edge of the metal container. A nail is arranged in the centre of the metal container. The mesh to be investigated is held by a spike plate which is pressed onto the substrate by means of a nut 100 nt i | Fig. 6.1: Schematic presentation ‘The rope tensioning arrangement pulls at two brackets fastened to the frame. The mesh clamped into the frame is centrally held by means of a spike plate. The forces imparted over the brackets into the frame and thereby into the mesh are locally transmitted onto the nail 25 6.2 Test results of tangential force transmission, mesh to nail Figure 6.2 shows the force deformation behaviour in respect of tangential tensile tests for (1): a high- tensile mesh with a tensile strength of the individual wires of approx. 1°700 Nimm* (or a tensile strength of the mesh in longitudiral direction of approx. 150 kN/m), (2): a traditional wire mesh with @ tensile strength of the individual wires of approx. 500 N/mm’ (or a tensile strength of the mesh in longi- tudinal direction of approx. 50 kNim) and (3): for a geogrid of PET with a tensile strength in longitudi- rial direction of approx. 40 kNim, in the form of three families of curves. The applied spike plate was round and of a diameter of D = 220 mm. The test setup in question is explained in the preceding para- graph. Figure 6.2 demonstrates that by using high-tensile mesh compared to the common wire mesh with a mesh tensile strength in longitudinal direction of approx. 50 kN/m, the tangentially directed force which can be transmitted selectively onto the nail is significantly higher. Various tests with geogrids of PET (polyester) revealed that these products can transmit forces onto a nail only to a very limited degree. onsite force kN] 36 2» 5 om 8 10 aot] 80 Datcimation [min] ~ Fig. 62: Force-deformation behaviour in the tangential tension test {applied spike plate: round, D = 220 mm) ® _High-tensile wire mesh with a tensile strength of the individual wires of approx. 1'700 Nimm? ® Common wire mesh with a tensile strength ofthe individual wires of approx. 500 Nimm® ® Geogrid of PET ‘The prudently selected bearing resistance of a high-tensile wire mesh of a tensile strength in longitu- dinal direction of approx. 150 kNim against selective, slope-parallel tensile strains amounts to approx. 25 kN when a round spike plate of a diameter of D = 220 mm (cf. Fig. 6.3) is used. 26 Tests with a wire mesh of a tensile strength in longitudinal direction of approx. 50 kN/m have shown a load at rupture of approx. 8...12 kN. The corresponding, prudently selected bearing resistance against selective, slope-parallel tensile strains amounts in this case to Z, = 6...8 KN when a round spike plate of D = 220 mmis used, For a grid fabric of polyester (PET) of a tensile strength in longitudinal direction of approx. 40 kNim in combination with a round spike plate of D = 220 mm, loads at rupture of approx. 2...4 KN were meas- ured. A prudently selected bearing resistance of Zy = 1...2 kN results from this, The force-deformation behaviour depends on the shape and size of the applied spike plate. Figure 6.3 shows the round spike plate of an out- side diameter of D = 220 mm used in the tests. Fig. 6.3: Round spice plate of steel, = 220 mm UT; ar 7. Force transmission nail - mesh in nail direction Apart from the bearing resistance of the mesh to concentrated, slope-parallel tensile strains Z,, the bearing resistance of the mesh to pressure strains in nail direction D, must be determined. For this purpose the Ruegger Systems Ltd, St. Gallen, Switzerland, developed a suitable test setup which is presented in figure 7.1. The objective of this test series was to obtain a force-deformation relation for vertical strains for the different types of mesh, on the basis of which the system-dependent force D, is to be defined. Apart from the determination of V, it was possible to investigate the deformation behaviour in the immediate area of the spike plate under certain strains. 7. Test setup for force transmission nail - mesh in nail direction The test setup consists of a round steel container which is completely filed with soil material. This filled steel container is framed by four squarely arranged HEA profiles which serve to fasten the mesh to be tested. A GEW! nail is located in the centre. By means of an infeed press the spike plate and accordingly also the mesh are pressed onto and into the soil. The shape of the resulting compressed body is schematically outlined in section A-A SO ORE SAE IOS, ROKK PESES SEO KKK © wire mesh @ nonwoven geotextile ® press ® spike plate Ree © rmadt te x nai Reo aGe aoe Gy © gravel SOS ® round metal container POOP © steel frame ® datum point of altitude Fig, 7.4: Schematic presentation of test setup 28 7.2 Test results of force transmission nail - mesh in nail direction Figure 7.2 shows the families of curves resulting from different pressure tests for a high-tensile wire mesh of a tensile strength of the individual wires of approx. 1'700 Nimm:, for a traditionally common wire mesh of a tensile strength of the individual wires of approx. 500 Nimm* and for a geogrid of PET. For comparison purposes, the behaviour of the test ground without the involvement of a mesh is shown in curve (4). A round spike plate of stee! of D = 220 mm was used Force kN] 0 7 4 Gm 8% 100 120 140 150 100 200 220 240 Deformation {mm} Fig. 7.2: orce-deformation relation in puncture tests High-tensile wire mesh of a tensile strength of the individual wires of approx. 1'700 Nimm* Common wire mesh of a tensile strength of the individual wires of approx. 500 N/mm? Geogrid of PET Ground without involvement of a mesh ee0e0 Ifthe infeed press presses the spike plate directly onto the ground without involvement of a wire mesh, a corresponding hollow results at a certain force Veo (figure 7.3). The force Voc is transmitted directly into the substrate over the spike plate. If an analogous test is carried out, but with the involvement of a wire mesh, the vertical force can be further increased by a certain dimension AV to Vg until the same deformations occur. The difference AV = Vins - Vac is laterally transmitted over the mesh via pressure and friction forces into the solid ground. Hereby the amount of Vac, approximately, flows again directly over the spike plate into the substrate. 29 NaI 5 ied Fig. 7.3: Pressing into the ground ofthe spike plate, without /with mesh To determine the bearing resistance of the mesh against pressure strains in nail direction D,, the cor- responding differential forces are taken into account. The force Dx, therefore, depends more or less on the wire mesh itself only, and no longer on the ground. Accordingly, the following appli Vna = Veo + AV Da =aV When comparing the three different force-deformation behaviours of the individual mesh types in fi ure 7.2 it becomes evident that a clearly higher pretensioning force is possible if high-tensile mesh are used (the round spike plate of D = 220 mm was used in all cases). ‘The families of curves in figure 7.2 apply to a certain test ground (in the case on hand: natural gravel 0 - 32 mm). Differences may occur in the force-deformation behaviour of the individual mesh if other test grounds are used, The bearing resistance of the mesh against shearing-off in nail direction at the upslope edge of the spike plate can be assumed to be half of the bearing resistance of the mesh against pressure strains in nail direction. 20 8. Dimensioning example ‘The following dimensioning example is based on a slope with an inclination «= 55°. The thickness of the superficial layer to be stabilized is assumed to be t= 1.0 m. The characteristic friction angle of this layer to be secured is », = 32°, the cohesion is taken into account with c, = 0 kNim? and the volume weight amounts to 7, = 22 kNim?. Compiled in the table below are the geometrical and geotechnical parameters, as well as the corre- sponding partial safety factors and the model uncertainty correction factor. These are kept constant for the entire investigation. Incination ofthe slope [eg] 6 | Layer thickness tlm) 0 Friction angle of the ground (characteristic value} pxldeg) 32 | Cohesion of the ground (characteristic value) «kn? = ° Volume weight ofthe ground (characterise value) yikNmm]= 22 arta safety factor fr fiction angle Fea 125 Partial safety factor for cohesion Fell= +60 coe ABE 7108 ‘Model uncertainty correction factor Fewl]= 140 “Table 8.1: Various parameters for dimensioning example 8.1 Investigated variants Hereafter four different variants of surface protection systems are investigated and the differences in the nail distances are shown measured in horizontal direction as well as in the line of slope. © Variant A: wire rope net (the PENTIFIX system) © Variant B: wire mesh of a tensile strength in longitudinal direction of approx. 50 kN/m © Variant C and D: _high-tensile wire mesh (the TECCO system) In the case of the variant A (the PENTIFIX system), the special head for looping-in of the fastening ropes is used. With the variants B and C, a round spike plate of steel as illustrated in figure 6.3 of diameter D = 220 mm is used. With variant D a spike plate of rhomboidal shape (330 mm * 190 mm) is, used. 8.2 Dimensioning results In variant A the dimensioning of the PENTIFIX protection system is carried out on the basis of the dimensioning method practised so far (cf. appendix 1). On the one hand it is checked whether the shear force Sp required from the calculations can be taken up by the applied nails. On the other, the calculatorily required force Z, is compared with the maximum admissible force Za, respectively, whereby corresponding resistance correction values are taken into account. at Contrary to variant A, the dimensioning of the wire mesh in the three further variants B, C and D is based on the new dimensioning concept RUVOLUM and is compiled in the appendices 2 to 7. Compiled in table 8.2 are the results of the dimensioning (maximum possible nail distances, corre- spondingly required nail diameter) for the individual variants, whereby the rope net and the mesh, respectively, are utilized to maximum extent. Hereby the slope-parallel force is taken into account with Z= 5.0KN in variant B and with Z = 15 kN in variants C and D. Variant A: wire rope net (the PENTIFIX system} a*b= 34m*34m Variant B: wire mesh with a tensile strength in longitudinal ~— [a*b= 1.9m*19m direction of approx. 80 kN/m (round spike plate) Variant C: high-tensile wire mesh (TECCO, round spike plate) 25m*25m 2.9m*29m Variant D: high-tensile wre mesh (TECCO, chor. spike plate) Table 8.2: Dimensioning resus, whereby a = horizontal dstance between nails, b= distance between nals inline of slope The above compilation shows a.o. that, to protect the slope under investigation by means of a wire mesh displaying a tensile strength of approx. 50 kNim and by using a round spike plate of D = 220 mm, ‘a maximum possible nail pattern of 1.9 m * 1.9 m results. Per nail, therefore, a surface of 3.6 m? can be secured. If the protective measure is based on the TECCO mesh, a surface of 2.5 m * 2.5 m= 6.3 m? can be stabilized per nail when using a round spike plate of D = 220 mm. If a rhomboidal spike plate (330 mm * 190 mm) is used instead of the round spike plate, a surface to be secured of 2.9m *2.9m= 8.4m? results per nail In variant A a surface of 3.4 m * 3.4 m= 11.6 m? can be protected per nail, whereby in the concrete case one would rather resort to intermediate nails in order to get by with nails of diameter D = 32 mm, 32 9. Project built at Hundwil, Switzerland ‘Along the national road Hundwil - Appenzell in Canton Ausserthoden, Switzerland, a cutting slope of ‘approx. 800 m? is protected by nailing and mesh cover (TECCO system). This on the one hand again- st superficial instabilities and on the other against global sliding-off of the slope. The following required nail lengths result from the investigation of the external stability of the slope and by observing the re- quired minimum anchoring depths of the nails in the solid substrate, ‘+ Nail position 1 (= lowermost nail position): nail length = 2 m © Nail position 2: ‘ail length = 4m * Nail position 3: nail length = 5 m ‘+ Nail positions 4 and 5: nail length = 6 m Figure 9.1 shows a general cross-section of the slope including protection measures. in the bottom area to be protected the slope is inclined by 60°. The distance between nails in the line of slope is 2.0 'm, and in horizontal direction 3.0 m, The diameter of the nails is always, D = 28 mm. The substrate consists of fissured rock (sandstone) which is heavily weathered on the surface. The fissure and layer surfaces run unfavourably inclined. HUNDWIL AR, SWITZERLAND ‘SLOPE PROTECTION BY NAILING AND A TECCO MESH cover reccouesn 3g" - FISSURED ROCK SEAS Semeouacsninecr tore wa3m" SP (SANDSTONE) Fig. 81: General cross-section with naling and TECCO mesh as protection system The photos 9.1 and 9.2 on the next page show the application of the TECCO mesh as a means of surface protection. The applied connection element is a diamond-shaped spike plate (330 mm * 190 Tm). It should be noted that the nail layers (positions) are arranged offset to each other by half a hori- zontal nail distance a/2 and that the nails were purposely placed in low spots as possible. 33 Photograph 9.2: View ofthe upper part of the slope with protection measures 10. Older examples of wire mesh and wire rope net protection systems 10.1 Berneck SG, Switzerland Object: Problem: Subsurface stabilization: Surface stabilization’ Nagel: Greening: Fig. 10.1 Photograph 10.1 ‘Sackrank, National Road No. 28 Bemeck-Oberegg Canton St.Gallen, Switzerland Rock slope protection New cutting in heavily disintegrat- ed molasse rock with critical, deep reaching layer and fissure surfaces Nailing with GEWI nails in combination with rope net cover ‘System PENTIFIX Nail pattem 3.3 m* 3.3m Ground cover: FORTRAC geogrid GEWI Diameter D = 40 mm Nail lengths up to 12m Fibre-reinforced special greening system FIBRATER Applied layer thickness: 50 to 100 mm Greening success rate: 100 % General cross-section Length of the slope approx. 20 m Average gradient of the slope approx. 55° Laid PENTIFIX wire rope nets, application of the special vegetation layer FIBRATER Photograph 10.2: Slope 2 years after completion of the protection work and greening 35 original sutace of Photograph 10.1: Lald PENTIFIX wire rope nets, appicalion of the special vegetation layer FIBRATER Photograph 102: Two years ater completion of the protection work 10.2 Bayreuth A 9, Germany NORMAL GREENNG —

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