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1 s2.0 S019689041300407X Main PDF
1 s2.0 S019689041300407X Main PDF
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Keywords: In this paper, three regenerative dual-loop organic Rankine cycle (DORC) systems are proposed to com-
Regenerative dual-loop organic Rankine pare with the simple DORC system. Waste heat of the exhaust, engine coolant and residual heat of the HT
cycle loop are recovered in these four systems. In the HT loop, water and siloxane are chosen as working fluid
Transcritical cycle
candidates, transcritical cycle and subcritical cycle are evaluated. In the LT loop, R143a is used as the
Subcritical cycle
working fluid and transcritical cycle is adopted. Net output power and exergy efficiency are selected as
Irreversibility
Performance optimization objective functions. Based on the engine data and mathematic model, operating parameters are opti-
mized and component irreversibility is analyzed. Results show that low condensation temperature of
the HT loop is beneficial to performance optimization. The inlet temperature of turbine THT should be high
for wet fluids in subcritical cycle and low for dry fluids in both subcritical and transcritical cycles. Max-
imum net output power and exergy efficiency are obtained when water is used as the working fluid of the
HT loop and no regenerator is adopted in the system. Corresponding values are 39.67 kW and 42.98%.
When siloxane is used as the working fluid of the HT loop, DORC with double regenerators performs bet-
ter. For all systems evaluated, irreversibilities of condenser CLT and turbine TLT are large.
Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0196-8904/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.07.036
G. Shu et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 76 (2013) 234–243 235
Nomenclature
loop and the other one in the LT loop) is named system D. In DORC ical thermodynamic processes: non-isentropic pumping process,
systems, a high-temperature (HT) loop and a low-temperature (LT) isobaric heating process, non-isentropic expansion process, regen-
loop are contained. The HT loop uses high-decomposition-temper- eration process and isobaric condensing process. Corresponding
ature working fluid to recover high-temperature part of exhaust thermodynamic processes of these two loops are shown in detail
waste heat to settle the coupling issue of exhaust and organic in Table 1. The total heating process of the LT loop (process 6s–9)
working fluid, guaranteeing system safety. The LT loop uses tradi- comprises of three evaporation processes: process 6s–7, process
tional organic working fluid to recover low-grade engine coolant 7–8 and process 8–9.
waste heat and low-temperature part of exhaust waste heat. In Now take the HT loop as an example to describe the thermody-
addition, residual heat of the working fluid at the turbine outlet namic processes. Low-pressure saturated liquid is pumped into
in the HT loop (i.e. residual heat of the HT loop) is also low-and- high pressure by the pump (non-isentropic pumping process)
medium grade, which is also completely recovered in the LT loop. and then flows into the regenerator to be preheated by the low-
In the LT loop, these three heat sources are in smaller temperature pressure vapor out of the turbine (regeneration process). The
difference, resulting in the enhancement of engine coolant waste working fluid then flows into the evaporator to be heated into a
heat’s utilization. The exhaust also goes through two heat ex- superheated or saturated vapor (isobaric heating process). The
changes and final outlet temperature lowers, resulting in more
complete utilization. In these four systems, three cycle modes are
evaluated. The LT loop stays same in all modes, in which R143a
is used as the working fluid and transcritical cycle is adopted.
Whereas, the HT loops of these modes are different. Mode 1 adopts
a subcritical cycle, in which water is used as the working fluid.
Mode 2 also adopts a subcritical cycle, in which siloxane is used
as the working fluid. Mode 3 adopts a transcritical cycle, in which
siloxane is used as the working fluid. Net output power and exergy
efficiency are chosen as objective functions to evaluate the perfor-
mance of all systems and cycle modes. Influences of operating
parameters and component irreversibility are also evaluated.
2. System description
Table 2
Main engine parameters.
after isentropic pumping is point 1’. Given that practical energy – Case with system LT /Case with system D:
transformation efficiencies of pumps never reach 100%, the calcu- Q w ¼ mf ;LT ðh7 h6s Þ ¼ mw cpw ðT D T E Þ ð17Þ
lation are shown as follows:
Evaporator E3,LT:
s10 ¼ s5 ð1Þ
Q g;LT ¼ mf ;LT ðh9 h8 Þ ¼ mg cpg;LT ðT B T C Þ ð18Þ
h10 h5 Turbine TLT:
h1 ¼ h5 þ ð2Þ
gp;HT
W t;LT ¼ mf ;LT ðh9 h10 Þ ð19Þ
W p;HT ¼ mf ;HT ðh1 h5 Þ ð3Þ Condenser CLT:
Q f ;HT ¼ mf ;LT ðh8 h7 Þ ¼ mf ;HT ðh4 h5 Þ ð12Þ Then the exergy efficiency for power production is defined as:
W t;HT þ W t;LT
– Case with system HT/Case with system D: ge ¼ ð28Þ
Q f ;HT ¼ mf ;LT ðh8 h7 Þ ¼ mf ;HT ðh4s h5 Þ ð13Þ Ein;s
Table 3 Table 4
Comparison between present results and those in Ref. [23]. Other operating parameters when evaluating regenerators.
Ref. [23] Present D [%] Pevp,HT (MPa) Pevp,LT (MPa) Tcond,HT (K) T3 (K)
Pump 1 1.277 1.291 1.0963 System HT
Evaporator 1 133.58 133.6 0.015 Mode 1 3 4.05 385 648
Expander 1 10.851 10.82 0.286 Mode 2 1.3 4.05
Preheater 124 124.1 0.0806 Mode 3 3 4.07
Pump 2 2.675 2.673 0.075 System LT
Evaporator 2 241.24 241.1 0.058 Mode 1 3 4.04 385 648
Expander 2 29.064 29.04 0.083 Mode 2 1.3 3.94
Condenser 338.86 338.8 0.018 Mode 3 9.5 3.95
System D
Mode 1 3 3.82 385 648
5. Results and discussion Mode 2 1.3 3.93
Mode 3 3 3.95
Fig. 4. Variation of net output power (Wnet) and exergy efficiency (ge) with the temperature increment of regenerator RHT (dTHT) in the system HT.
G. Shu et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 76 (2013) 234–243 239
Fig. 5. Variation of net output power (Wnet) and exergy efficiency (ge) with the temperature increment of regenerator RLT (dTLT) in the system LT.
Fig. 6. Variation of net output power with evaporation pressure of the HT loop
Fig. 7. Variation of exergy efficiency with evaporation pressure of the HT loop
(Pevp,HT).
(Pevp,HT).
increase speed of Wt,HT is first faster and then lower than that of
5.1.2. Evaporation pressure of the HT loop (Pevp,HT)
Wp,HT, resulting in parabolic variation trend of Wnet.
Fig. 6 shows the variation of net output power (Wnet) with evap-
Fig. 7 shows the variation of exergy efficiency (ge) with Pevp,HT.
oration pressure of the HT loop (Pevp,HT). As the range of evapora-
Operating parameters are same with those in Fig. 6. With the in-
tion pressure of the LT loop (Pevp,LT) is small, it is not analyzed in
crease of Pevp,HT, ge increases for all systems and modes. Because un-
detail in this paper. Pevp,LT is set to be correspondingly optimal va-
der the condition of constant inlet temperature of turbine THT, with
lue, with which maximum Wnet is obtained under certain Pevp,HT.
the increase of Pevp,HT, the working fluid inlet point of turbine THT
Condensation temperature of the HT loop (Tcond,HT) and inlet tem-
shifts left and the working fluid oulet temperature of turbine THT de-
perature of turbine THT (T3) are set to be 385 K and 648 K. Fig. 6 pre-
creases. The heat source inlet temperature of evaporator E2,LT also de-
sents that with the increase of Pevp,HT, Wnet shows a parabola-like
creases greatly. Whereas, as analyzed above, the working fluid mass
behavior for mode 3 in these four systems. Whereas, for mode 1
flow rate and inlet temperature of evaporator E2,LT in the LT loop stay
and mode 2, Wnet just increases continuously due to small ranges
constant. Therefore, the temperature difference between the working
of Pevp,HT obtained in subcritical cycle of the HT loop. In the LT loop,
fluid and heat source in evaporator E2,LT decreases, lessening the irre-
the mass flow rate and the temperature at evaporator E1,LT outlet of
versibility of evaporator E2,LT, which is dominant factor. Irreversibili-
the working fluid are determined only by the engine coolant which
ties of other components vary little. Thus, total irreversibility
is fixed in our study. With certain Tcond,HT, outlet temperatures of
decreases and system exergy efficiency continuously increases.
both evaporator E2,LT and E3,LT vary little. Therefore, net output
In addition, for mode 1, the addition of regenerator RHT hardly
power of the LT loop (Wnet,LT) changes little and dominant factor
affects Wnet and the addition of regenerator RLT hardly affects ge.
affecting Wnet is net output power of the HT loop (Wnet,HT). In the
Whereas, for other modes, either adding regenerator RHT or adding
HT loop, with the increase of Pevp,HT, powers output by turbine
regenerator RLT enhances system performance.
THT (Wt,HT) and consumed by pump PHT (Wp,HT) both increase,
whereas, the increase speeds are different. In subcritical cycles, 5.1.3. Condensation temperature of the HT loop (Tcond,HT)
the increase speed of Wt,HT is always faster than that of Wp,HT, Figs. 8 and 9 show the variation of net output power (Wnet) and
resulting in continous increase of Wnet. In transcritical cycles, the exergy efficiency (ge) with the condensation temperature of the HT
240 G. Shu et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 76 (2013) 234–243
Table 6
System performance with optimal parameters.
Mode 2
Net output power (kW) 32.65 35.70 32.74 36.32
Energy conversion efficiency (%) 9.90 10.73 10.02 10.94
Exergy efficiency (%) 36.69 39.31 36.28 39.66
Utilization rate of exhaust waste heat (%) 79.07 80.77 76.82 80.40
Utilization rate of engine coolant waste heat (%) 100
Operating parameters Pevp,HT = 1.3 MPa Pevp,HT = 1.3 MPa Pevp,HT = 1.3 MPa Pevp,HT = 1.3 MPa
Pevp,LT = 4.13 MPa Pevp,LT = 4.08 MPa Pevp,LT = 3.93 MPa Pevp,LT = 3.94 MPa
Tcond,HT = 372 K Tcond,HT = 363 K Tcond,HT = 383 K Tcond,HT = 366 K
T3 = 598 K T3 = 628 K T3 = 588 K T3 = 643 K
dTHT = 140 K dTLT = 6 K dTHT = 165 K
dTLT = 6 K
Mode 3
Net output power (kW) 32.77 36.11 34.02 37.81
Energy conversion efficiency (%) 9.97 10.88 10.39 11.4
Exergy efficiency (%) 37.33 40.46 38.68 42.07
Utilization rate of exhaust waste heat (%) 78.34 80.38 77.45 80.20
Utilization rate of engine coolant waste heat (%) 100
Operating parameters Pevp,HT = 4 MPa Pevp,HT = 5 MPa Pevp,HT = 6 MPa Pevp,HT = 5 MPa
Pevp,LT = 4.09 MPa Pevp,LT = 4.07 MPa Pevp,LT = 3.95 MPa Pevp,LT = 3.95 MPa
Tcond,HT = 374 K Tcond,HT = 363 K Tcond,HT = 377 K Tcond,HT = 366 K
T3 = 588 K T3 = 643 K T3 = 628 K T3 = 648 K
dTHT = 120 K dTLT = 10 K dTHT = 135 K
dTLT = 10 K
2. The inlet temperature of turbine THT should be high for wet flu-
ids in subcritical cycles and low for dry fluids in both subcritical
and transcritical cycles.
3. System N with mode 1 (water/subcritical-R143a/transcritical)
performs best. Maximum net output power and exergy effi-
ciency are 39.67 kW and 42.98%.
4. Systems with mode 1 possess smaller irreversibility and irrev-
ersibilities of different systems change little. For dry working
fluids, exergy performance of transcritical cycles is better than
that of subcritical cycles and system D performs best. Irreversi-
bilities of condenser CLT and turbine TLT are large for all systems
and cycle modes.
Acknowledgments
Fig. 12. Component irreversibility. This work was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foun-
dation of China (No. 51206117), the National Basic Research (973)
Program of China (No. 2011CB707201) and the Natural Science
HT loop. The LT loop is certain, in which R143a is used as the work-
Foundation of Tianjin (No. 12JCQNJC04400).
ing fluid and transcritical cycle is adopted. Influence of operating
parameters and component irreversibility are also analyzed. Based
on the mathematic model and analyses above, some conclusions References
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