AIR ENTRAINMENT is the intentional creation of tiny air bubbles in concrete.

A
concrete maker introduces the bubbles by adding to the mix an air entraining agent,
a surfactant (surface-active substance, a type of chemical that includes detergents). The air
bubbles are created during mixing of the plastic (easy flowing, not hardened) concrete, and most
of them survive to be part of the hardened concrete. The primary purpose of air entrainment is
to increase the durability of the hardened concrete, especially in climates subject to freeze-thaw;
the secondary purpose is to increase workability of the concrete while in a plastic state in
concrete.
Air-entrained concrete contains billions of microscopic air cells per cubic foot. These air pockets
relieve internal pressure on the concrete by providing tiny chambers for water to expand into
when it freezes.  Air-entrained concrete is produced using air-entraining portland cement, or by
the introduction of air-entraining agents, under careful engineering supervision, as the concrete is
mixed on the job. The amount of entrained air is usually between four and seven percent of the
volume of the concrete, but may be varied as required by special conditions.

 REBOUND HAMMER TEST

Rebound Hammer test is a Non-destructive testing method of concrete which provide a
convenient and rapid indication of the compressive strength of the concrete. The rebound
hammer is also called as Schmidt hammer that consist of a spring controlled mass that slides on a
plunger within a tubular housing.

Procedure for Rebound Hammer Test

Procedure for rebound hammer test on concrete structure starts with calibration of the rebound
hammer. For this, the rebound hammer is tested against the test anvil made of steel having
Brinell hardness number of about 5000 N/mm2.
After the rebound hammer is tested for accuracy on the test anvil, the rebound hammer is held at
right angles to the surface of the concrete structure for taking the readings. The test thus can be
conducted horizontally on vertical surface and vertically upwards or downwards on horizontal
surfaces as shown in figure below
If the rebound hammer is held at intermediate angle, the rebound number will be different for the
same concrete.

SITE LAYOUT
are prepared by contractors as part of their mobilization activities before work on
site commences.
They are a crucial part of construction management, as sites can be very
complex places involving the co-ordination and movement of large quantities of materials as
well as high-value products, plant and people. Effectively and accurately laying out a site can
help ensure that the works are undertaken efficiently and safely.
Careful sizing and positioning of temporary facilities can help reduce travel times, congestion,
waiting times, and so on, and help to make the site a more effective workplace with
better worker morale.
Site layout planning involves four basic processes:
1. Identifying the site facilities that will be required.
2. Determining the sizes, and other constraints of those facilities.
3. Establishing the inter-relationships between the facilities.
4. Optimizing the layout of the facilities on the site.

Site layout plans might include locations for and sizes of:

1. Zones for particular activities.
2. Cranes (including radii and capacities).
3. Site offices.
4. Welfare facilities.
5. Off-loading, temporary storage and storage areas (lay down)
6. Sub-contractor facilities.
7. Car parking.
8. routes and muster points.
9. Access, entrances, security and access controls, temporary roads and separate pedestrian
routes.
10. Vehicle wheel washing facilities.