200 Comprekending Technical Japanese ARM seisei-bnitsn products ie enchd extension we kiru to cut MIS seisei suru iv purify Mae nso chlorine os mitomeru to recognize, perceive F sonzai existence Ait fucjunbutsu impurity ave yokusei-zai inhibitor BATS konnya suru to mix RET S kyoson suru to coexist PE furshokubai negative catalyst; inhibitor WSS shohi suru to consume RST (ARICICL WT, MIRMOKBS ob, Rulbitao mths m4 the En dO, HAE USLEMDNZE CH, SSHMOMMELHL TSC ERBS, COMME BRINE 5, RORICIMERO MON MAE ICE MIRC L, Om sRo kt atm HOES eo EORLMAMMIE TS, COMBI, HE RWIS IHRE IIA ee Hee OMAEREOBSA PICVBU ALC RHONA, MERMORER LIND HOR H ELS AL te) MRE Lc es BRE 2 CRS EABBORERDS, BES denba electric field BHR slgaku-teki-keishiki mathematical form soji de aru is similar, analogous Karonryoku Coulomb force shtthen surroundings jtryoku-ba gravitational field READ hozon-teki na chikara conservative force ERTS teigi suru to define else moshiku wa or ER (=H) denkai electric field AR ten-denka point charge ERIC scifu ni Sjite depending on the sign HER seidenba electrostatic field Ea ER shindd-denryti oscillating current SEREH hicteijo na unsteady Rats kubetsu suru to differentiateLESSON 14 201 Hele sude ni previously iPso noberu lo relate, tell gn baishiteu medium HHS yowameru to weaken AY HR mottomo kyokntan na... the most extreme... ck, BIC sto, tadachi ni if,...then immediately FAO wt seifu no denka the positive and negative charges BAFIS zauson suru lw remain vu yamu to cease, stop eRe yiden tai dielectric ICH ---ni sotte along..., in line with... Pa kekkyokn finally, eventually Heit uchi-kesu to cancel, eliminate RE shukyoku-jotai final state, terminal state BETS chokko suru to intersect at right angles %& (BN 198-200) 72 OU SWEL OBITS I NOBME SABC 22 (ERLE Me 7m ewan PELEDNIET 2), HE oo Hy FWAI-B YHOBLERTS CEBCES. CHERBELCLASMESTORMICSS +4 IT RH FORCES AL CHL. PROB AICIAE TOMA OR TEM CAT ABORG RUWXEDELIICRS, CHRO + ICDS, HRBOBSCKEVICETE NEMA CHARDIC, CHARTER A MICH E ES TCERCEARO CHE Eta COMPELS, FEDS, Fr VTELAAVO CEM CHS, MICE Fk CER ELE CH oC, Beart Eh OORR RTO MENLO VOIR Cio AWH MICH ICI LIS, TADS, EPAMSSLESSON 14 203 WEALY HOTORE STO HTS. LL, 87) ORRICK o CEO RR F-RRORFOMLMONTHL, TNCHFAKLEL MRE ALE-EHD, BA ZALE BREF Co VICKSL, KICKED LOT HLH HICK 5 CHS, COL CREED CLES EC, SALE MEF AOU A ICS IB CAL SHCHEL HY SCETIMESN, AAV-RYLAE CRS. REL, CIM SCEDCESDU, 7 2S ZANHE—OHICHBRFKEN CHT, THEN DR VE OEWVEEIC L TH, ERO THB OCH + ANH OFUICEDS TERT BAe, LeL, LOHORFRR TAY OXVBOANECBHE, MHIC LB TOR ERLE OMICEF IA SSD, TRA DSURR SANA ICH BEBE Abo EC, FAVE EHT CE RTE OE IICRS. CI LC-ODZRN EH ELOCRREFRUKA ICHAEL, Fe ITICR CHS. BEOBAIC, BTR RAF-HEIAL TOT, THEY DF HICH R= Ave EDC CHS. Fkbb, BUO7 an a knHOK, HEBOR SUM SHE SMHS HE ICES Re MBMOMICH S. CHICK L-COM Ct Fei ERNERE ALE OIC BENCHES, ESLTHEROPORERS pI TICANADAL OMB, MAIC LOS RBA S. MOLE TR GRBHL Fhe AEMAL ee Tibi L Si ONTOS TMARBEACI ERE thon, Midomoe sn ores, DP LABIEDS FASS & AALS RUC LCRBHICBS, ANDERE RR BREML CHO, RICEDERE S RRMCE ZOEMUBICKD, CORR DETHOIC ABET OFIC CE REOKIEREOY 7 IT LEB. FMISICRTOE DCEFRAUAY b OS D560, CORMBOKMLU LO HY CHS,LESSON 15 Cai KANJI " 110 | CHI T 25a | YO 2499 | ike t0(kasu face ha 268 | (tke) sor | KAI i | 4206 | to(tcu) | | DO iain | 2060 i [3 ps _ y namari i |. Ryo Sane yl V 35 | | | itsuzu fh Eas cd Ay fie EDU 20) Jtsuzu (keru) HEN, “eA wrisen ts PH) denchi battery, electric cell denkai electrolysis bunkai decomposition sono rei an example of that (See Explanatory Note 10, Lesson 14) Loruta no voltaic a copper aen zine206 Comprekending Technical Japanese HDR ki-ryusan dilute sulfuric acid ar to immerse, moisten ez to be made, be produced fhe harigane wire BoC tsuzukete continuously fb A tsutawaru to be transmitted along. move along... 06 tokeru to dissolve BER (=ERR) yodenki positive electricity RAD nagare-komu to flow into eel (- AES) inkyoku cathode yokyoku anode ion-ka ionization keiko tendency denkai-shitsu electrolyte kiden-ryoku electromotive force ERAS ima mo naku in no time, shortly tORA sono gen'in the cause of that, the reason for that En EabS sakarau to oppose IE sui-yoeki aqueous solution Hm chokurya direct current 17 7atay ichiguramuion one gram ion ‘8 kasi magnitude of the charge waru to divide yt suru to have ichi-farade one faraday Abogadoro-sii Avogadro number fukumu to contain Ee ER GK 169-172) {CPAEIC K > CHRRE GS RAAT CHS, Ke, BHICK CFM LEE & USTEMCES, BAIR (ER) LtOHl CHS. HH OTR He MIRE LHC TL, RA AOMWNTES. WHOSE TORCK, KOT THE D, RERHRERD Tez FMM AD ANTENS, HAO CHA tv Zn ROR, CH AAHERICIE 30 Zn-¥Zn"* +207 SOR CAR 1 AY UF LAA L CARBO EB,LESSON 15 207 2e-+2H'>H, RABREOUN CHS, FOES Fe ROHS BRE SAIN. S bala, BERD SHMEEHOGML 05. Bible, CIs rm > WALLS DO EAE BM) Lov, Bisnis OSRe ETH HH Lod. f A (bio; 5 OSI ETE MT OMNES & eR C RY (CIO AS DIES ORMAARE, 4+ HHO ale 5 OSRAIPEME hd. SUMEREET NEED E 5, Hie OBIE 1 BV ORENRS 32, Bie ELH ok, EWES, MEMEO Cove CL 25%, Com, ih Biko, BMCLFRLAC ), COR, ERORE Nice hd 5 eH NE LobhbthS, COMRTEMODME RS. ERIM: CRAOKCMICEMEANTHROEREHT &, ERMAET 3, Tih OER KESTER, LER ORM REMEBIEL > 5. BEATYOLS INAV OWSE, LOTT OUMNH ROOM, T2701 ee ne eT Te aT Te a DERBE LI FF-L5, 177 FF-—ORRRMSE, EDEM CHI ZI AM BOTA OR(LMBCS, ChE Aigas ORR MOUS E 50 LIP RTA RT PR BOT HY Peumd, 177 ITI O RIO HORE LMU BOREA, ERMMMRICHMTS, 177 FF—-1kH905W 7—BYT, 17 PVE LT YA DRM 1 DAMS & EICHN SEARCH S, 5 koryu alternating current fie kurai dark RAL ITT neon ranpu neon light hikaru to light up, shine dento electric light soketto socket tentd suru to turn on a light te o furu to wave a hand dento-sen electric light cord meimetsu suru to flicker kogo ni alternately den’atsu voltage hatsuden-ki electric generator waga kuni our country (ie, Japan) Kanto the Kanté area (‘13ky6) Kansai the Kansai area (Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe)208 Comprehending Technical Japanese ZNKDIC sore na no ni in spite of that; nevertheless ff REGRETS -o imi suru to signify. RATS hassei suru to generate fe maibyo every second; per second SPAGSERUL heikin-hatsunetsu-ryS average quantity of heat produced 25k chodo precisely, exactly SAC jikko-chi effective value 38 Hf (B 271-273) BUR ACEC LT, RAY LOD b OBC DE, v7 ee SURI T Wb, KICATY TY SREY Y 7 y bic DCRBELT, ZORCREKE Ro THE, RAV SYS REMMICO RE ER, A FRML CHS. CHAMHOE ARICA METS, ACHICMMPIED ES Db CHS. MMIC eb BAA Y FY 7 ROD AVAY RADE RES bb, ERBOE LRM EREAFEoCHSCE RD nS, Jabs, Thommen || BSCERDHS, v| RED DAD ALHOEER, M © LOE SICHERMRETDL, CHER Hb il, V=V, sin 2xft aw ! LAB. COCVRSEMIORE, Vo 0 EATRIE (RHR) CB Sf IRD CH ROMDREAL) <, baxiciaso 4 v1 om EELTBMD, HRC Y 490 (EE LCBO) CHB. BRET, TOK FICHHRMATA Bl 2 Asi DIMELESSON 15 209 FEKEELHE thi ENEDIC 100 #1 h DASHA EL 5 OEM ERIE S » Roticlk I=P/R OBI: DR ICE. I ebb, Myino eye EOI CHIEL, com Lea bailed SICRARABO DS 2 5 EES, trpebticnotns, eniaiat Ric tg, HL bh ORME MAREE OFM RICHI ee LOCH MT ALS, BAWO=0. Tor ses Lk, 25 100A hw Lime BRIEC OSES 100 RA b CHSETH eHRTS, LeBot, COL RRK IF 100X./ 9 =141 Ha ho SERRA Rast magnetic needle Wad north and south ar sasu to point FroRac for some reason or other Ba magnet RAFF magnetic field DEL Bote kanarazu-shimo...nai not necessarily... jushin center of gravity sasaeru to support Tokyo Tokyo katamuku to incline fukkaku magnetic dip, inclination shin no true ikubun somewhat, partly higashi cast nishi west FAP SH Nihon-naichi within Japan ‘a henkaku declination AE fukin neighborhood _UICReD>AY wake ni wa ikanai cannot FBI kanzen ni completely BR yoso main element a BER (B 255-256) SRL CMDS oie k CHE OFme ST. CIR IIT AORI caeTIC Ro COS ROICLU SMALLS SVKREBA DIS, CHUTE 9. FUR DMR OABICH 5 eOICHAOTMDUE L&E CH, MEEHOCESRBL,210 Comprekending Technical Japanese epee pt, WRC Naw DAE Ail OK 49° PICK. CO FORME ON MD HIE AK E DATE EGG L 5, 275 ORES L DD LNBLL DO OHCR ER AT BDTCKHFADKEICH THE. Sit, FRA CEIICEIRC 8 OREO SIF PROMEEC, Wh KARE RIAMICDR Kot’, RELA AME CH NBA SO FH KATH S, COMM EMRE 5. HERO TBE OF CLM DIHICKE OC, REL OTC Hikes (ins DO CaO ma Oe, RRR Rina 2 ROA, TEA mL AUER F DESMOMARBAIME SOC, CHS wR KES. DENCHI TO DENKAI Kayaku-henka ni yotte deury@ o eru sichi ya denchi de aru. Mata, denryt ni yotte, kagakuwhenka o okosascru koto ga dekiru, Denki bunkai (denkai) wa sono Boruta no denchi: Dé to aen too ki-rytisan ni hitasn to, horuta no denchi ga dekiru, Ryoho no kinzoku o harigane de tsunagu to, tsugi no henka ga tsuzukete okori, denshi ga harigane o tsutawatte, taezu aen kara do e nagareru, ‘Aen no hydmen de aen ion Zn*! ga deki, kore ga kiryUsan ni tokeru. Zn-vZn* +207 D3 no hydmen de suiso ion ga denshi to ketsugd shite, suiso ga dekiru, 2c | QH+>H, Denryt wa denshi no nagare de aru ga, denshi no nagarern hok6 to hantai no hak@ ni yo-denki ga nagareru to ii, yo-denki no nagarern hokd o denryii no hOko to 1u. Denchi de wa denry ga harigane kara nagare-komu ho no kinzoku o fu- denkyoku (inkyoku) to ii, denryu ga harigane e nagare-deru ho no kinzoku o sei-denkyoku (yOkyoku) to iu, Ion-ka-keik0 no chigau futatsu no kinzoku 0 denkai- shitsu no sui-ycki ni hitasu to denchi ga deki, ion-ka-keikd no Oki hd no kinzoku ga fu-denkyoku, ion-ka-keik6 no chiisai hd no kinzoku ga sei-denkyoku to naru. Denchi ga denki o nagasu chikara o kiden-ryoku to iu. Boruta no denchi wa yaku ichi ten san boruto no kiden-ryoku ga aru ga, denryii o nagashi-hajimern to, ma mo naku, kiden-ryoku wa rei-ten-yon boruto gurai ni hette shimau,‘” Sono gen'in wa, denchi ga hataraku to, denkyoku de kagaku-henka ga okori, sono kekka, seijo no kiden-ryoku ni sakarau kiden-ryoku ga shOjiru kara de aru. Kono genshd o denchi no bunkyoku to iu.LESSON 15 211 Denki-nkai; Denkai-shitsu no sui-ySeki ni denkyoku o irete chokuryt no denki o tosu to, denki-bunkai ga okoru, Denchi no fudenkyoku ni tsunaida denkyoku o lenkyok inkyoku, sei tsunaida denkyoln 9 yokyoke to ix. Aru ion no ichi-guramu ion no omosa o, sono ion no kasti de watta mono ga, ion no ichi-guramu toryd de aru. Ichi-guramu tOryd no ion no yUsuru denki-ry6 wa, dono ion de mo hitoshiku, sono denki-ryo o ichi-farade to iu. Ichi-farade no denki ga toru to, dono denkyoku de mo ichi-guramu tory no ion no henka ga okoru, Kore o Faradé no denki-buukai uo hdsoku tw iu. Ichi-guramu ion wa Abogadoro'sti no ion o fukumu kara, ichifaradé wa roku kakeru ji no nijt-san-j6 ko no denshi to onaji ry no in-denki, mata wa yo-denki ni sot suru. Ichi-farad@ wa yaku kytiman-rokusen-gohyaku-kfiron de, ic i-ktiron wa, ichi-anpea no denryt ga ichi-byOkan toru toki ni nagareru denki-ry6 de aru. KORYU Kansatsu: Heya 0 kuraku shite,” neon ranpu yaku hyaku boruto no denchi ni tsunagu to, fukyoku dake hikatte iru. Tsugi ni, neon ranpu o dent no soketto ni tsukete tentd shite, sono mac de te o dkiku futte miyo. Neon ranpu o dent&-sen ni teuketa toki wa, taezu meimetsu shite iru. Kore wa rydhd no denkyoku ga daji ni tent sem, ®kgo ni tan-jikan dake hikarn kara de aru. Chokuryi-dengen de tentd shita toki wa neon ranpu wa itsu de mo fu no kyoku dake ga hikaru kara, dento-sen no den'atsu wa muki ga taezu kawatte iru koto ga wakaru. Sunawachi, dent0-sen no deury wa koryt de aru koto ga wakaru, Iatsuden-ki kara crareru koryii no den’atsu wa, zwrichi no yo ni seigen-kyoku- sen o shimeshi, kore o shiki de arawaseba V=V, sin Daft. q@ to naru. Koko de V wa kakw-shunkan no den’atsu, V, wa saidai-den’atsu(shinpuku) de arn. f wa shitha-sii (tan-shind3 no shindd-sii to onaji) de, wagakuni de wa goji-saikuru (shu to shite Kanto), mata wa rokuji-saikuru (shu to shite Kansai) de aru. Koryu de wa, kono yo ni den‘atsu wa taezu muki to okisa to ga henka shite iru. Sore na nu ui hyaku-buruiy uu kGrya aady iv iu uu wa uaui v ini suru uu ka, Ichi-shiki de ataerareru den’atsu V ga teik6 R ni kakaru to, teiko ni wa J=V/R no denrya ga nagareru. Netsu no hassei suru wariai wa VI-V#/R de zwni no shita no zu no y6 ni naru Sunawachi, denryoku wa rei to V3/R to no aida de henka shi, sono toki- no maiby© no heikin-hatsunetsu-ry0 wa, zu ni shimeshita y6 ni saidai-hatsunetsu-ryO no chodo hanbun, sunawachi V7/2R ni natte iru. Kore wa teiko R ni Vo/VZ boruto no chokuryt-den‘atsu o kuwaeta toki no hatsunetsu-ryd ni std suru, Soko de Vo//Z sunawachi, saidai-chi uo 1/yZ=0,707 bai o jikkO-chi w yobu. Futst hyaku-boruto no kéryi to icba kono jikk@-chi ga hyaku-boruto de aru koto o imi suru, Shitagatte, kono toki saidai-den’atsu wa212 Comprehending Technical Japanese 100% V2 =141 boruto de aru. CHIJIKI ChikyO-j6 de wa chiisai jishin ga oyoso nanboku no hdkd o sasu. Kore wa chikyu ga nani ka no gen’in de jishaku ni natte iru tame ni shOjiru ji- kai ni yoru mono da to kangaerareru. Kore o chi-jiki o iu. Chi-jiki no kyoku ga chikyG no naibu ni aru tame ni jikai no hok6 ga kanarazushimo suihei de naku, jishin 0 jtishin de sasacru to, Tokyo de wa N-kyokugawa ga suihei hok6 yori yaku yonji-kyti-do shita ni katamuku. Kono toki no jishin no N kyoku no hok6 to sui-heimen to no nasu kakudo o fukkaku to in. Futsii no jishin wa jiishin yori sukoshi N-kyoku-yori® no hd de sasaerarete iru no de daitai suihei ni natte iru. Mata, sui-heimen-nai de jiya ni kaiten dekiru jishin no sasu hOko wa shin no nanboku de wa naku, ikubun higashi mata wa nishi ni katayotte iru. Tatoeba Nihon-naichi de wa N-kyoku ga go-do naishi kyt-do nishi ni muite iru, Kono kakudo o henkaku to iu, Chikya no rydkyoku no fukin de wa, henkaku ga hijo ni dkii no de, jishin no hdk6 de nanboku o sugu shira wake ni wa ikanai,® Chikyi-jikai no snihei-hokd no seibun to chi-jiki no henkaku, fukkakn o shireha chikyU-i0 no aru ten no jikai ga kanzen ni kimaru no de korera 0 chi-jiki no san-y0so to iu. ELECTRIC CELLS AND ELECTROLYSIS ‘An electric cell is a device which yields an electric current by means of a chemical change. It is also possible for an electric current to cause a chemical change. An example of this is electrolysis Voltaic Cell: Mf copper and zinc are immersed in dilute sulfuric acid, a voltaic cell is produced. If the two metals are joined by a wire, the following continuous change occurs, namely, electrons flow ceaselessly through the wire from the zinc copper. Zinc ions Zn** form at the zinc surface and dissolve in the dilute sulfuric acid. ZnZn** +26~ At the copper surface, hydrogen ions combine with electrons to produce hydrogen. 2e"+2H" 9H, An electric current is a flow of electrons, but we say that the direction of cation flow is the direction of the current and cations flow in the opposite direct- ion to that of electrons. In an electric cell, the metal into which electric cur- rent flows from the wire is called the negative electrode (cathode), and the metal from which electric current flows out into the wire is called the positiveLESSON 15 213 electrode (anode). If two metals with different ionization tendencies are immersed in an aqueous solution of an electrolyte, an electric cell is formed. The metal with the yreaic ionization ieudeucy is the uegative elecinude, aud the ane with the smaller ionization tendency is the positive clectrode. The force with which an electric cell causes an electric current is called electromotive force. The electromotive force of a voltaic cell is about 1,3V, but if a current begins to flow, it soon decreases to ahont 0.4V. The reason for this is that when an electric cell is working, chemical changes occur at its electrodes and, as a result, an electromotive force arises which is counter to the normal electromotive force. This phenomenon is called polarization of the cell. Electrolysis: If electrodes are placed in an aqueous solution of an electrolyte and a direct current is passed through, electrolysis occurs. The electrode connected to the negative electrode is called the cathode, the one joined to the positive electrode is called the anode. ‘The weight of one gram ion of any ion divided by its charge number is one gram equivalent of that ion. The amount of electricity carried by one gram equivalent ion is the same for all ions and is called 1 faraday. If 1 faraday of electricity passes Unrough a cell, then 1 gram equivalent of ionic change occurs at cither electrode. This is called Faraday’s Law of electrolysis, corresponds to as much negative or positive electricity as 6%10® electrons. One faraday is about 96500 coulombs, and 1 coulomb is the amount of electricity which passes in one second when a current of 1 ampere is flowing. ALTERNATING CURRENT Observations: If a room is darkened and a neon light is connected to a 100 volt battery, only the cathode lights up. Now, connect the ncon light to a light socket, turn it on, and wave your hand vigorously before it. When a neon light is connected to an electric light cord, it constantly flickers This is because the two electrodes do not light up at the same time, but light up alternately for only short periods of time. Since it is always only the cathode which lights up when the neon light is lit by direct current, we realize that the voltage in the electric light cord is constantly changing direction, That is, we learn that the current in the electric light cord is an alternating current. ‘The voltage of an alternating current coming from a generator is a sine curve, as shown in Figure 1, and when expressed by an equation is V=V, sin 2nft. a V is the instantaneous voltage and V» the maximum voltage (amplitude). f is the frequency (the same as the frequency of a simple vibration) and in our country this is either 50 cycles (chiefly in the Kanto area) or 60 cycles (mainly in the Kansai214 Comprehending Technical Japanese area). ‘Thus, with an altcrnating current, the voltage is constantly changing in mag- ction. What de and , then, when we speak of 100 volts of alternating current? If we apply the voltage V given by equation 1 to a resistance K, a current V/R flows in the resistance. The rate of heat production will be VI=V*/R as shown in the bottom figure. As the electric power varies from 0 to Vi/R, the average amount of heat produced, as shown in the figure, is exactly onchalf of the maximum amount of heat evolved, namely, V3/2R. This corresponds to the amount of heat which would be produced if a direct current voltage of V,/./2 were applied to a resistance R. Here, (1/2) Vo that is 1/./%=0.707 times the maximum value is called the effective value, Generally, when we speak of 100 volts of alternating current, we mean that the effective value is 100 volts. Therefore, the maximum voltage is 100x/2 =141 volts. TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM On earth a magnetic needle points approximately in the north-south direction. Lhis is believed to be caused by a magnetic field which arises because the earth is for some reason a magnet, We call this terrestrial magnetism. Since the terrestrial magnetic poles are located within the earth, the direction of the magnetic field is not necessarily horizontal. Thus, the northerly direction of a magnetic needle supported at its center of gravity in the Tokyo area will be inclined to the horizontal at an angle of 49°. This angle between the direction of the north pole of a magnetic needle and horizontal plane is called the magnet- ic dip. A compass needle is generally supported at a point slightly towards its north pole from its center of gravity and therefore lies essentially horizontal. Moreover, the direction indicated by a magnetic needle free to rotate in the hurizouial plaue is nui the Wue uuriirsouih diveciivu bui vue deviating parily to the cast or to the west, For example, within Japan the north pole of a magnetic needle points 5-9° westerly. This angle is called the declination. Since the declination in the vicinity of the earth’s poles is very large, it is not possible to ascertain readily the north-south direction from a magnetic needle there. If we know the horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field and the declination and inclination, then, since the magnetic field at any point is thereby completely determined, we call these the Uwee main elements of terrestrial magnetism.LESSON 15 215 EXPLANATORY NOTES -te chimay means “ends up by cae canal sated thus _indicati g the finality of completeness of the action, ‘The idea embodied in -te shimau is not always expressed in English, 2 kuraku suru “to darken” (cf. kuraku naru," to become dark”). (3) tent sezu Negative of lento shi. (4) nanboku Combinations of the four compass directions in Jap anese are always given in the order ‘Burt 40- CIERILO MARES SMICL ODI, SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS A, Selections from Rikagaku Jiten DY Ally hidari-mawari counter clockwise aD migi-mawari clockwise Bil Os CRAOBOHCAAD Lew, HOS tC) HeAAY ew d, 2) Hib a-ryusan sulfurous acid (Rat) 147 (ui-sauka) id sulfur (dioxide) Reith tadachi immediately tes S seisei suru to be produced BEE sanso eee oo few kangen-sayd, reducing activity RGYEH sanka-say oxidizing activity sn yowai weak as jishin itself HE ft Me (2RJ 40) TAME AT EKICRDT? REBICERT OM. KARE MNT! THOLESSON 15 217 AISI & CHLOE E th BELLS 5 O-CHIIEHI® 82, KFA MHIL CEA 8 25 L, Aart ticks, 3) £F BER ea AS LH anit BRICSS EIR, 4) (ICR) Rite ARRACSE Sa eB BCR FRESE ka 2th + ft kik Sete er Ht eae GH wzas, 5) BREED PRCT 2D ie Ecard eet BEAD HD H-AVABYRY Age hidari-te zahyo-kei oya-yubi hitosashi-yubi naka-yubi namari (kago-butsu) sanka-wamari suisanka-namari cnka-namari rytka-namari shosan-namari dai-bubun nika; yonka mare na namarien sasu left hand coordinate system thumb index finger middle finger lead (compounds) lead oxide lead hydroxide lead chloride lead sulfide lead nitrate majority bivalent; tetravalent rare lead salts to call, designate ania (2RJ 985) BEER, oKREICSN, HEUER, BE(COS, BIRR, ARIA ate ocho Oks CEN 2M EO A HO (Ea MA S24, AMOAREVADT, cae wa Hes netsuden-tsui netsu-kiden-ryoku nishu no rydshu setsuzoku-bu setsugd-bu kichi no michi no do-konsutantan hakkin thermocouple thermoelectromotive force two kinds of both kinds of contact junction known unknown copper-constantan platinum21R Comprehending Technical Japanese HoIA rojiumu rhodium a. me et (RT 1021 MRED SAAS SAOO2GOSEOMA AH, MATNALMMSR MRL mR MMOWEL Ck oCHES, MEMRREMECHMEN, —HOMAMEREMO WEE (CRS, CADRAREAMIOEBEE L, COMICS SMBH NEMEL C, BREE wae a MARIS, Bay ary ay, APES ETI AREDMASDERL Hote Be 6) RRS inkyokw-sen cathode rays susen naishi siman several dhousaud to several ten thousand denshi-boruto electron volts denshi-sen electron ray netsu-denshi thermoelectron rei-inkyoku-hdshutsu cold (cathode) emission niji-denshi secondary electron hoden discharge shogeki suru lo bombard, strike against ruminesensu luminescence ATS chimoku suru to observe kL OEFE meimei suru to ca bi wankyoken bending HUES obiru to carry iieg biryushi corpuscle HERTS kakunin suru to confirm ke i fe GRY 303) BFE AN b CV) DIFC, MET & hI, UME Pattie Lc 2 OHEAHDFLRMEDESCMRL THONGS ED. 10*~10™ Torr DAB EC, WET ty MERAY 2 2 SIC THD, RA Canc S AMEE RLY ALLEL OFISSO J, Pllicker MEHL, 18764 E. Goldstein DHRMRL HEL hee DDEBHLOBBICLSDAMEWEL C, OM EHO Ri RIP ORIN CH HT AS J.J. ‘VPhomson (1897) (C £ oC E hn, CHICLn CHF OR ExRUBcHbHE 1) ai kihaku dilute AvI-O Henri no Henry'sLESSON 15 219 Raiiru no Raoult's Fanto Hoffu no van't Hoff's osmotii alavW GRY 303) win Bir pics we 5. HAERECI AY ) OKI, 79 — POPE, Perv both, 7OREEDEWS URIS, 8) teats henko deflection ate koiru coil HEP shinro path Ta OE Burann-kan Braun tube fifa 4 (BRJ 1243) PAT RO MTC L CHGS ORBBE CD, MBB E MTS AOICMENS Bf ho FIPYECHLLO5 DQHOA(ATAPrEDLLYOCEMEHL, TOR OR LAUT 3 9) lie denji electromagnetic... Hits tojiru to ciose k ichiji; niji primary; secondary moto-moto originally ERA RJ 911) LOOP CAE (KEM) OMS <, MMO Te Ss LORIE (ARI) XA CRALDPe CCAIR AMIS, Kee, VEKLRMARN CENTERS BREDA, Ue TEL EEF OBRe HR YD, HAW IMARO He HAL RDPSLES B. Xi® Xsen X-rays bo katsu moreover, also ead tka-ryoku penetrating power eR denji-ha electromagnetic wave wee hassei generation, production Bite genzai presently, now XIAO ‘X-sen-hassei-yO no (used) for the production of X-rays Xm X-scnkan X-ray tube Ate daitai generally220 Comprehending Technical Japanese EE tai-inkyoku target He zaishitsu nature of the material aed kyade strength, intensity are do-teido same degree, measure BAWIEL I kisoku-tadashii orderly RATS hairetsu suru to be arrayed, arranged BaTey kaisetsu-gishi diffraction grating OREFS +eno yaku o suru to act as... scrve as... Bape wave optics Be theary fA kao microscopic structure HSS katsuyd suru to put (knowledge, etc.) to practical use BATS sanran suru to disperse re kaisetsu-ha diffraction wave HARD AS kasanari-au to overlap one another Ef kokaku angle of intersection Bebe rinsetsu adjacent, contiguous FRE k6ro-sa path-ditference reLs seisu-bai integral multiple Wicd mitasu to satisfy ESS itchi suru to agree Xfi LOS lAls (BN 267-268) BBR FRE MBRMICM CEL, XREKENSHSTHROKK, 2 OMHIC HUCEON OMAR ART 3, WEED CX RRENONEE, FA bb XBT CFO WRB HIRIC XK > CHES BAZO-1OOKV, Ric KROME Fea k OMX OMA ICIS KS —OMPICL SA, KU 0. 510A BE ECHS, AUMAMEAY SBACAMRREMGIEL, PONSEXROBERAKE &, BEA, BOAT 4S. LICH OF RIBIAX ROW RK & PIE CdS mb, RF CRIT) ASRINTEL < RUMI Com 8 RMI RICH UCHR EOE, CORBET EDHB HHS b Li FRENTE), HEC HOMENHE P TRE LCRA ICE Ev inal Ve: WRRICRT & 5 HT AA ICP Jy A ato RAR BA : d] Nib” if HOSE, GRPICLo CHALE te XR (Hl Gg C WE) 1% Huygens ORHICL eds TCQHMIC-—IOR byLESSON 19 221 SERS Sb. FR TL 8 BBY CC HICOM TLD, TOHREROD OF ORCELO) RAAQUMICHAD AD, Mme heme okt 0, aHBio ed, BERRA P HICK 5 (RAR HS LAK ROTTER 6 RET, mb wim AE SICI=2d sin, TOSHRX POW AOBMMOBA, Feb, UW sind=ni (n=1,2,3...) EO SRAM ENE BIC, CHOMP RL CL cit DRI TLICRS. CHE BragerRHRIE o 5, FINAL TRANSLATION ‘TEST ARCH EREUZ OAH, AONEHECHS, CRAB GROREC BALA S AEN, HADI 2 TURRORASE o C8 Rabi, ARMA Bo COB CLICHE 6, GMD HCE MRE AMS & WME ITCHY eae D COPEICAREL MPL, SRD FEUMICSL ROU I CKIEA HY BABEL CAME BE FC, EMO MAEMO CELE ER RR DMANCH CHL. Feds, SBAAHOL YY L, HREMORA DAM LICL oT, BMIOOREt Loh EM DIMA tie) CHS. COIR AES RY, SURMATT 6. ARMNCIRTB CIA BO, BRM A EORTC ICKL CHASM, ERPCADAED FRE, KEL OMOIE SBE SONS MBRMIC Ko CEUS PEST ELIPHICHBAMG Ch LOCH OMA E Wied, BEET HRM OUIIC Lo C, 26 OWKAMM SII, CUE, EAB MICHA CHER COEMERATSOCHLT, RLOLM, MRBBtH, WIA DVY ROM VIC, CH, BREA CHEREMM SEZ VOS, HY TEM T LBUCHSD, RICH S 2, USAID, MOTHS BA LICKS Ce DGARHS, WEBER RI Ct Crs dU -c, ae He bo HAE He COMRADE, EMEEREEEMETACEBCEALIICH ste,LESSON 16 BPA KANJI 22> | KAKU 613 | ZAT il & 2254 te 5 | 19 TEN — ca ng 8 . 119 | TRI GAN RR aa genshi-kaku dai-bubun shimeru daitai genshi-ry6 tanso chisso sanso yoshi atomic nucleus the greater part to take up, include approximately atamic weight carbon nitrogen oxygen proton224 Comprehending Technical Japanese BS pera HEREMUS hie EAE FARA (@) Mea ICTS Hv i EDS ERD HRALEO TRS Ac rus BAS HERD OC SRE a au HET seisO-bai shitsuryo-st fu-denki o obiru genshi-bango shki (ritsu) hyd junban seni zoku suru .stmnoto ni naru shizen enso chiito-hanpa majiru sai bunseki-ho vni yoru hagi-torn denkai jikai hashiraseru magerare-nikui ddi-tai ddi-kaku ji-suiso tennen no kongd shita mono noberu kigo kan’yo soeru atsumari tsugo ga yoi rylshi fukumu chusei-shi integral multiple mass number to carry a negative charge neutral atomic number periodic table order to belong to... (which) serves as the basis for. nature chlorine in-between, halfway to be mixed difference analytical method parate to rely on..., depend on... to strip off, take off electrical field magnetic field to let run, make run difficult to be deflected isotope isotope (nuclear physics) heavy hydrogen natural mixture to tell, state symbol ordinary usage, common use to affix, attach collection to favor particle to contain neutronLESSON 16 225 REMODEL BM (B 342-345) AFRO, ATORROAMHE ED SOC, Kok tORRORT RICA GSCEICES, LeBol, KMART RORRE MILE L Ciliid, MORTRORR HIRE AE SOMAHICHL OBIS. ERG C), BRIN), BRO)OGFYOMR, TOMLT-CIEIE 12, 14, 16 CBS, KABTROT & EBLE ka, PROBL I te OBE OR LO HEB BB, CORP AUCH BR A LAMB ES. ¥h, BFit—-eNGRAPHE COSHH, ZMNEFES THA PERF O BIT +ReD ERR HE CHS, ZaL 2% 3, ICH 4IS PREAH), ~) WA Ue), IF FAM), -<, ZERTHBL OW, 625 OKO ARO I ic 2 DHYLCS. RE OKEY (CAHIERS CHICETSEFOMTHE SOC, LL FORAZRETS b+ IChARBAMTHS. La&L&at Lae, HCY) © RF 3! WREROR Ro RI OU LORT BEC THERM THE™, THODLMEL FrbroMALALRe oe, (CPMEAICKREACERRA YDS, KDIOCE BMECHDO bh, CHEAT BIC, WHACK S. TOGA DO BEER OBER, CHOC AY ELT, CHEARRHOMSEDLALE, AE AS WOORE MMT DICK WO TEATS, COLSAAKICEYS, KER if CLOW Cie A=55, 37H ZMORRMORT RE Cr UrSCEMPDOHS. ZWELL, ADKAABF EMT (ATH) LS. KRSROADAS=1 AAS DORIC, A-2OKK, dP SHKRATETS. KROKKK, Cb 280M fLEORG LA DOTHS, DENS L OIC, FROMM ORE, HN A, TH Z ICKY ORS. THERE CHET: SicHitM ntsc ZAIRE CRC. FER MEYNILARH, L=TOBREAT, COMTICKNEHKHKO-OOMPTEIE HCL C1 CHS, REROREKAVAVET OREO CHSC LI, RTBU TORE DLS RONMNEITOBLO®, COTHEL=ALKSATF CH 6, KRG, TALI It, BC RZOEGUP CHS, Lieto CHPRICH, AUBERT ICEL WEESENCOELERDHE. T 4, BME RA if NOOMRART MIL, 8 HOT & 8 MOET E bt cs FEPEFE OS, KER Ted.226° Comprehending Techmcal Japanese GENSHLKAKU NO SHITSURYO ‘UO DENKA Genshi-kakn no shitsnrya wa, genshi no chitsnrya no daichnhin a shimern no de, daitai sono genso no genshi-ry6 ni hirei suru koto ni naru. Shitagatte, suiso- genshi-kaku no shitsuryo o tan'i to shite hakareba, ta no genshi-kaku no shitsuryo wa hotondo sono genshi-ryo ni hitoshii atai ni naru. Tatoeba tanso(C), chisso(N), sanso(O) no genshi-kaku no shitsuryd wa, kono tan'i de hobo 12, 14, 16 de aru. Suisogenshikaku no koto o ydshi to yobu Genshi-kaku no shitsuryd wa daitai yoshi no shitsuryd no seist-bai ni naru. Kono genshi-ryé ni chikai seis 4 o shitsury’ TH to iu. Mata, denshi wa —e no furdenki o obite ir kara, Z ko no denshi o motte iru chisel-genshi no kaku wa +Ze no sei-denk1 0 obite iru. =1, Z, 3, mi sOtO suru’ genshi wa suiso (H), heriumu (He), richiumu (Li), ...de, Zo genshi-bango to ii, chddo yensv no shUki-ritsu-hyS no junban ni Z ga mashite iru. Geushi uo koga- kuteki, kagaku-teki seishitsu wa kore ni zoku suru denshi no kazu de kimaru no de, wa genshi no scishitsu o kettei suru moto ni naru jlyO na kazu de aru, Shikashinagara, shizen ni wa enso (Cl) no genshi-ry6 35,5 no yd ni chiito- hanpa no mono mo aru, Kore wa shitsury®-sfi no kotonatta futatsn 5 no genshi ga majitte iru tame de arn. Korera no Z ga hitoshii genshi kara naru busshitsu wa A wa kotonaru ga, kagaku-teki seishitsu ni wa hotondo sa ga nai kara, futst no kagaku-bunseki-ho de wa wakerarenai, Kore o wakeru ni wa, butsuri-teki na hobs ni yoru. Sono hohG wa genshi kara denshi o ikutsu ka hagi-totte sei no ion to shite, denkai mata wa jikai no naka o hashirascta toki, shitsuryd ga Skii mono hodo® magerare-nikui® koto o riyd suru. Kono yd na hohd ni yori,® tatoeba Cl no genso ni wa A=35, 37 no nishu no shitsuryd-st no genshi ga majitte iru koto ga wakarn & ga hitoshiku, A no kotonaru genshi o d0i-tai (d6i-kaku) to iu. Suiso mo futst no A=1 naru mono no hoka ni, A=2 no suiso, iwayuru ju-suiso ga sonzai suru. Tennen no suiso wa korera nishu no doi-tai no kongo shita mono de aru. uubeia yO ni, yeushi-kaku uu shutui wa fuiaisu uo seis, shiisuryGsa 4, genshi-bango Z ni yori® sadamaru. Kore o kigd de arawasu toki ni wa kan'yd no kagaku-kig6 ni Z, Ao soete kaku. Tatoeba'{N wa A=14, 2-7 no chisso o shimesu. Kono kigé ni yoreba enso no futatsu no dai-tai wa #§Cl, #/Cl de aru. Genshi-kaku no shitsuryd ga daitai yéshi no shitsuryé no seisti-hai de arn koto wa genshi-kaku ga yOshi no atsumari to kangaerarereba tsugd ga yoi."” Sd sureba Z=A to naru hazu de aru, Jissai wa Z wa A yori sho de,” oku wa sono hanbun- ika de aru, Shitagatte genshi-kaku ni wa, shitsuryd ga daitai yoshi ni hitoshiku, denka v motanai rydishi ya fukumarete iru lo kangaerareru. Kono rydshi o chiisei- shi to iu, Tatocba 'fO no sanso-genshi-kaku wa, hakko no yoshi to hakko no chisei-shi to kara dekite iru.LESSON 16 227 THE MASS AND CHARGE OF ATOMIC NUCLEI Since a large proportion of the mass of an atom is taken up by the nucleus, the mass of the atomic nucleus is approximately proportional to the atomic weight of that element. Consequently, if we adopt the mass of the hydrogen nucleus as the mass unit and measure the masses of other atomic nuclei, they will have values almost equal to their atomic weights. For example, the masses of the nuclei of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O) are around 12, 14, and 16 in terms of this unit. The nuclens of the hydro- gen atom is called the proton. ‘I'he mass of anatomic nuclens is approximately an integral multiple of the mass of a proton. ‘I'he integer A closest to the atomic weight is called the mass number. Moreover, since electrons carry a negative charge —¢ the nucleus of a neutral atom which possesses Z electrons will carry a positive charge of | Ze. The atoms which correspond to 2=1, 2, 3,..are hydrogen (H), helium (He), lithium (Li), ..and Z, which is called the atomic number, increases with the order of the elements in the periodic table. Since the optical and chemical properties of an atom are determined by the number of electrons belonging to it, Z is an impor- tant number, fundamental to establishing the properties of atoms. In nature, however, there are also in-between cases such as chlorine (C1). which has an atomic weight of 35.5. This is because two or more atoms with different mass numbers are mixed together. These substances composed of atoms with equal values of Z have different values of 4, but they cannot be separated by the usual methods of chemical analysis hecanse there are practically no differences in their chemical properties. Their separation depends upon a physical method. ‘his technique utilizes the fact that the larger masses are more difficult to deflect when the atoms, stripped of some of their electrons, are made to stream through electrical and magnetic fields as positive ions. With this method, for example, we have learned that there a kinds of atom Atoms which have equal values of % but different values of A are called isotopes. Hydrogen too, in addition to the usual A=1 form, exists as so-called heavy hydrogen, A=2. Natural hydrogen is a mixture of these two isotopes. As we have said above, the type of atomic nucleus is fixed by two integral numbers, the mass numer A and the atomic number Z. To express these symbolically, he Z and A numbers are affixed to the usual chemical symbol. For example, '4N indicates nitrogen with A=14 and 2= chlorine, in this notation, are #]/Cl and }{Cl. . The two isotopes of The fact that the mass of an atomic nucleus is approximately an integral multiple of the mass of a proton favors considering the nuclens asa collection228 Comprehending Technical Japanese of protons. If that were the case, Z should equal A. In actuality Z is less than A and frequently less than half its value. Therefore, we believe that the atomic nucleus contains additional particles whose mass is almost equal to the proton and which carry no electrical charge. These particles are called neutrons. For cxample, the oxygen nucleus !{O consists of $ protons and 8 neutrons. EXPLANATORY NOTES (1) oni sta suru Here this expression means “corresponds to...” In technical words “corresponding” or “correspondence” is almost always translated by saio (its). taid-jotai (XJiC4KRB) corresponding st Les fin ihietmodysausics) taid-genri (41S)AH) correspondence principle (in quantum mechanics) taid-kaku (Xf1i5f4) corresponding angles (in mathematics) Note the following uses of sata: “Meson” ni soto suru What is the Japanese equivalent of “meson? Nihuu-yo wa nan desu ka? Ichi-inchi wa 2.54 senchi ni One inch is equivalent to 2.54 centimeters. st suru. Tetsu wa s0tO ichijirushiku Iron exhibits a rather noticeable expansion. boché suru. (2) (verb) +tame de aru “I'his is because...” or “Lhe reason for this is that This construction is used to give further explanation for something in the preceding sentence. The phrase (verb) + hura de aru may also Le used. (3) hodo Sce Construction Examples in Lesson 2, Here “the larger... the more difficult to deflect...”. dicati Fi lt to. asi shitsury0 ga chitsai mono hodo magerare-yasui hodo. (3) sani yori Same as ...ni yotte. See Construction Examples in Chapter 9. © tsugd ya yoi Often this expression is used with the meaning “it is convenient.” For examples: Kono hdteishiki de wa x no kawari ni y to okw hd ga tougd ga yoi. “It is more convenient to replace x by y in this equation.” () sho de Same as chiisakute (8 < °C); similarly dai de (k-C) can de used in lieu of akikute (K% Feo 3) KRIC tennen ni naturally SHH chichu kara from within the earth HKD S sanshutsu suru to produce aay metan methane SARC carbon dioxi MTS (AEG S) — san-suru to produce jw chiho locality, region mS funshutsu suru to gush, spout UH chitai area, region Ea shu-seibun principal component Ese nao further, more still fat kijo gaseous (state) Weak ckijo liquid (state) 2BvB metan-retsu methane series BCA tanka-sniso hydrocarbons =tUY echiren ethylene FRevy puropiren propylene SHY buchiren butylene fata (fu) howa (un) saturated Mie kote tokoro ni yotte wa in some places Ke w~ (RJ 935) A2e, SRC, RR “bE eS wrrosn, Tanamoks sswrichiiny232 Comprehending Technical Japanese WICK CES a, Meee SEMEL, APRIL (CHAGH,), wat CH~ Gils) D477 ARILKK, BEVSTVY, Peer, 7IVY REO RARE AHY, BH, Hick CHARAL OU. 4) BA kaku-hannd- nuclear reactions sosho generic name tenkan uansformation tomonau to accompany gentei suru to limit hydteki-kaku target nucleus nytisha-rytishi incident particle vanryii-kaku residual nucleus hOshutsu-rytshi emission particles K BK is GRJ 232) MERRIE $05, MERE AOWEL OBRICL 5 CHC AMBOKRE od B B, MIRO & yt MAINES CEH, PX CRN) ICM a CARRE) MEL, PKY GRR BO CHEE by, bn (UIE) ab C8 BRIE & Pt a dn at bm are ut RELBS, 5) ith konsho mixed crystal gy kinvitsu homogeneous wt ys solution (phase) ag ko-yotai solid solution en dokei no isomorphic. HE en salts 8a 9AvE myoban-rui alums bows arayuru every possible Ri joken wou si ruiji similarity, likeness TS ageru to raise, propose Hoth GRY 480) 2MEARINULOWMORAL, BAM E Bo tHt Oh BEE, TOR HAL 09. RU Ch Oo, Piatt 6 6 (ER MDS ays YE). MMICBNTR, REEHSOM, DAVRSEEE HH DS MGicwAeOLESSON 16 233 CB. REO Boma AIS LC, BRE BO, RRA EO ath Anta cmkyens, © Savi enseki salting out WB kayd-sei no soluble 8098 enrui salts PFS sekishutsu suru to separate RY ATE tanpaku-shitsu proteins BOR sekken soap ws seizo manufacturing fet shokuen table salt te BR (3RJ 176) BaMR CEs LCM ED OMNI SMMC mA Cz OMMTA HI AES CE FYATROMPARORD, HOLOMB CROC REM CHOLES SS KEDPARHS, TLL OAL baisu-hirei multiple proportions yy? kakko parentheses HERR LRER arsauka-chisso nitrous oxide sanka-chisso nitric oxide ni-sanka-chisso. nitrogen dioxide go-ni-sanka-chisso nitrogen pentoxide (BLEDEL RJ 1036) FRA, BALALT2ZMALOLAMECELTCERSL, COLRSLAMICD BALMAIN TS BO HN NCB BOIC o C5, CIR WRKE WERE Ott AMICON TRO £ SRIKGMOBHREL, COMPLROLASRUICH LA »y 2 eH N.OCG:Rx1), RALBOH NOW4:8%2), = H N,O, (14:83), “AR(LGes NO, (14:8% 4), AMEE NO, (14:85) ae, CER OnTH B. Be} hikaku suru to compare seat chisiki knowledge gijutsu technique futten boiling point yiiten melting point katasa hardness kyiisht-ritsu absorption coetiicient234 Comprehending Technical Japanese eh jiryoku magnetization WIC seimitsu ni accurately, precisely a sosei composition okey hakkiri clearly, distinctly RoR shigai-seu ultraviolet rays Xie Xsen X-rays BE hitsuyo necessary, essential 1% kagaku-sha chemist WoANA tori-irern to introduce, adopt MELD eikyd o ukeru to be influenced by meee butsuri-kagaku physical chemistry (ya kagaku-riron cheimical theory eB bumon branch, division Dea a sno nakadachi ga through the medium Bot atte (agency) of. I shurui kind, species, type i ko steel wa gomu rubber Roe maru de utterly, completely i ichio in a way Te OARS tori-atsukau to treat (eee ae Hs to give out, put out HES structure 5 AS ukagau to inquire, ask about THY tegakari clue FLED} rikai suru to understand (eee kagakurkelsugo chemical bond od kiko mechanism ETS shimpo suru to progress ESET masu-masu more and more, increasingly a honshitsu essential nature BboS kiwameru to investigate SLD kyotst no common LF bunya ficld (cL WE (1K 378-379) AUTOR LHAT 46 OHNO 601, WEOMEEEEM, tyLESSON 16 235 moms Hi RIMIS CLICK C, ZORA HAN BIE oe BE ER aE BR O'R I - ab Ve RMeT sc ace c, MROWHH ALE COME e OBI ROA Aho BY Dio ie $e, (EPLICOMTA A + Silk RAE CHILD. ER. BRPMETTE oD TIMES X MIM CHO TS ES ICR oC, WRKOMBADHE tok. He, (EEG MEO HEY AM CHRTS KIC ROC, (CIGAR + ER OE EOE ICE ERI SHE DT LINC LAM DDICH oe YB 2 a 5 OU HES MEH HT AAR TICERB EDITS EOE CD 4. DR BR: BAe LOMB HAORDR SERB. cCHDHSZ. Ld, WH DEBIC Lo CLORDNG HB. CoS, AAML SA MIEEE SCS L, OR CRRA 6 SERNA, BS 9) VULREETICS 8-2 ILS AS, SHEER BRO DIR, WMT Nb D BREW L ODUM b HSH T BUTCH D Hoa, cn ewROWRE MRSS CHALE SETH, (CAEL AA. tee ILD AC OIES S HMO BIE CPHL 5 EOD ANT bE MEL TITS CLICK oC, RE OME 9 m0 9 Cam DAM OAL. COL SICL TMS MIC EAM LOMIE & LICL, EMO RUUD BEN, MS ORM MD AICENS ESIC ho re, LCM CHD ROBART ONC, WAOMROMD ABE ETET AW FD EMBERS EDICR aie COLIC, (EERE MMOAME dws EuSRT, HO MRE ®OT LICK feo FINAL TRANSLATION TEST LRR ETD BS ABIL, TOBA MRK CK CHS, HCH MOKBAS ML RERBENTHS, COLIRKROMMICMAT, HA OMCMO MALT, PRICK K, SRR, TUR, ALEC ASAE. T, &< OMMGeS| RRC L So IC, RRAES CB BOR UvMICR, KROMBEEL, Hz = 9 TBRALG Fiey DEE CAREC 9 SULA » 7 OTE th MOLT BO secHERO I, MBS Liew, tomdY HMMM, TOT YZ Bvt Snes cEMhichontho LS hORMbne Bk, MA, AMD CME, NLU MERU ba PS AIC, TERMITES Bh 3 WARMER Lo CK, CORBI, AY FVICFVT ENALMHOBROMLE CT. BRUM CMAERT E56 KO (Chote CHIE, BY YY WERT TRE DE D> 7eEIC BEI hth kBohA, XbIC, ABO eY IY CH, Po XY TR RECE236 Comprehending Technical Japanese BK, AVI SICGAOMAERA TSM, THOOVORARBICMIN SIC, TELE REERT CR, MMFELTINU, CHEKELTAEy TELS LBA ONT B. CHEOWHLL, 1,000,000 40 1 MEOMMECH Ch, LMICe CH, HM ELCHMFSE ROC, GROMMCH, LOMFAEFALA. Aa, AED ob PIP AWK koC, EMICHHENS EG Ch ok, KRORI ay ay (B® oO WE, OME, GF, ARE SC OHMICERA THER, SAMOMREL CHRD DAT OAK, FERRO MMOS ¢, RICHER AC RO KS RAMOWFRIEREC COS EOLER ONTOS, ER, MEOW AM ASE OX, coms omic koe ENG ORR eed 9S CHIT 6 CEMTRROND, MAVUTMHL & LiML TMS.LESSON 17 ete KANJI 208) KYO Bae] axe a at | suv a FR Taq | fosa(mers) I losa/marw) [om | KEN Bos a (aaa | eo) a res Sau a 519 | MYO 1 | NICHI, JITSU 207 |B 129 | SHO ci , »w | 339 | ito ma wi HE | rae | ens asm | {kets 583 | KYU i 500 | FU Rr | (ranma Heil READING SELECTIONS HES kava structure ee mokei model Tele sude ni already, previously Md 5 hoshutsu suru to emit, release RE kosei constituent element 7¥7—2—¥ Razafodo Rutherford am arufa-sen alpha rays ROS butsukeru to throw, hurl (here:to bombard)238 Comprehending Technical Japanese EL AVF (BHT) Ftc mS Pa of HES RCe Ul anAn KBR ICS FRB aria BE HS) LULUCHS ot do Ch ce METS ARDS br5e Aue aX HEWITS ETS a FEEARRE RUBS omy, hunpn yonbai wariai ni han'i hivogaru arufa-rytshi henko-kaku semai kikai tadashi mi-idasu tojikomeru tokoro de atsumaru soko de ikutsu ka no taiyd-kei seni niru banyt-inryoku slo onajiku wakusci tobi-tobi de aru kido katte na yurusu katei suru motomeru chodo Baruma kOshiki suisoku suru -sto itchi suru Boa tobi-utsuru kytishii distribution four times relatively exteul, range alpha particle angle of deflection small, limited, narrow opportunity, chance correct to discover to confine, shut in now, further to come together now, further several solar system to resemble... universal gravitation is the same as...and planet to be discrete, incremental orbit arbitrary to permit, allow to adopt a hypothesis, suppose, postulate to seek, search for exactly Ralmer tormula to deduce to agree with... theory ground state Bohr to jump absorptionLESSON 17 239 ROMA L ZORA (B 337-339) PCUCENEE DIC, RPP b, VA045W HikICE oCADRREHORE TON HxnAdb, EFAEES 2 OMNES CHL CRA LER OWA, LO AREF BOEL LTHETH EDS, EERE L ARVO VKMEOPICAT HIER AV WOLF FF oe — FIR IC oe ERO BSE BELT, REO CmIER OSH eI, aeGit iO hi 2e (-e ARO) £45, KRAFT OH 1 HORRE AWE ORN Ch3, RT ORCS RAM ORR Bo Cod, CaicMHRL Cm bis ah vail FOUR, ZOUMMPIEDE OaECH in a, \ »~ 3. CHICRLT, Built animes 3 BADE, TOmbDAR ACH LSE YOKHS® (M1). FET +— FORMORGK, BHO HIFLAT poniiane ere eee PIBAEGE 10-? cm HEED OchicPAL CH_ATHSCERbDAA, CHICMLT, TOE XMOMBEL BOHTESIC, Kore 10cm tA bb 1d OME CHS. ECA CHT OMMUARRT OME OW ayy Cb, REO L A LC OIE EROBPCRE > THOS. COMF DYMICD BNE C CHUOERRE 6 o ELLE” RE FMEL EL THS. EOC, ME ORME LCR, HCHO RTH oC, LORD DIC. OHO FRE s TOS NGRICMARD BBR IVS. HICKRRT Cl, BF 118 KT HSEBR DNS. I GABMOMIDSI I, AGI E IL <, BaRtke> 2c Ie Heo FS hb, CEOMDEABRORAO Ee ACKScas, BENECEEY, RGo= [| fo \ \ REALL UCHS hb, ARF OH OWFONI, Do TEEROP CHS Ce Beans hel, cohADaTo= FAH —OMERSSE, BITE, En=—he R (e-} (ORF, —- oth Foite ia) EkS. CHI OE AMOK MANS ie 4 BDE—-KTS. commie cad. SANE240 Comprehending Technical Japanese = Fe (CHP Z RE ORANGE rth, nto Leb ENS, ELI, am A8/(tatme®) =0. 529A RITES © = THEE UNS, COB CH, HI, WEI SRC, ECAMMENSEHZ DNS. HOH SHOOK ES eS DAD b WOPTICROBS SHR uchii-sen. cosmic rays hi chtikan-shi meson CES haku-kenden-ki leaf electrometer ae (S38) juibun sufficiently ie< ALS haku ga tojiru the leaves close ERIS denri suru to ionize Ei Wkaryoku penetrating power, power to penetrate Bate radiation LB upper layers BEDE furi-sosogu to pour down ei kigen source URIS hakai suru to break down feos (sukuri-dasu to produce a Paay i-chtkan-shi weson, life, life-time photon y0-denshi positron BN Yukawa Hideki Japanese nuclear physicist and Nobel Laureate wT kakushi nucleon HLA sdsh6 shita generically named BH kakuryoku nuclear force yogen suru to predict konnichi de wa at the present time BRE kO-enerugn high energy IE kasoku-sOchi accelerator ATHY jinko-teki na artificial, man-made ARTS seisei suru to create ARF shizen-kai the natural world HELE shi elementary particle BIC ni easily, readily ete shdmetsn suru to disappear, vanish DORIC arata ni again, anewLESSON 17 241 katsute at one time fuhen na invariable, permanent stgo ni mutually utsur-kawaru to clung, sift fy hito-matome ni as one group tori-atsnkau to treat, deal with tsukuru to make gendai butsuri-gaku modern physics kaiketsu suru to solve kadai question, problem kyoju professor Noberu-sho Nobel Prize jushd suru to receive a prize, award Nihon-jin Japanese BWOTO hajimete no the first CHICA kore ni tsuzuite following this rie oso classmate Wade 8 Tomonaga Shin’ichirtS — Japanese Nobel Laureate in the field of quantum electrodynamics riron-hutsnri-galnsha theoretical physicist futari-me the second jusho-sha prize winner ER ee Rye (B 355-356) LC RENE RES CPHL CHOCO, ROBIE WAL Ss CALE BEF BUET SEM SN OM ROSS. KGO HB bis Hb Ficté niin CHE ABC, COUMBES HME LE LORMEARONOE H DLT HICES EBALNZ. FE REMIT BIMICAMEOM TR, EL LT, AMPORT EGRET, MERCH, MINH CMPD RY 300 HOTU 6 ore RHEE ORT EOS, a PMPE WO PC OVORM™E LS, WF EREELICEDS. o AMERELORLOY 200 GOMES b, 0B LOH, WF XARBRTIC bd. WLOTH MALL LC aM LELE Cb, eI TSG as 1935 SIC BE wr HAE ERAL 00) wiiICLieD its oa Rage. HeALL cRamcosh cas, Civics CHB C CHU CMMOMEHOMR HMRAAAL LC 2ARD/ SR EH Etats242 Comprehending Technical Japanese BNOWRIC HVT, LORERFELRLOCHS, SA cHBERW KD, ALACTHEEERTZ CLA CES. HF BE PEO LD RAI) SRAWONT ERNE LD, CD 5b erauiedilinn, Fir tcaee LI DPSS, REPU LAME FMT S BRC, DOTHMLAnvoebbncur Lal, AMES e RICET BFC), BEARObA SENT. 3. Ek, BELMELIAT MEMPHICY BELICKOMIMRCHED MSH, TALK ATMEL CARCI S. AMI 2 x PEFR FOMLETS IED, BF OIER SE HU eet eH L CHEF ICH DO, Ere, HEF eM CBF ICHDST Le bMbNTHSZ, COL SICHMMFeEnoT PTESVOCLES, HEE YESS LOCH S. RE TOBMLICML TY, St FAP ORE ORM AH ICKY ho CHS OUBBACE THB. COLIAT CHCTSRNTEM-LT, UE ELVIS MEO. SCL, SEO ERMRANTOEOAE RACH. GENSHI NO KOZO TO SONO MOKEI Sude ni mananda yo ni, genshi kara wa, iroiro no hohO ni yotte fu no denki © obita denshi ya hishutsu sareru kara, yenshi wa denshi o sono kdseiyoso lo shite fukunde iru to kangacrarcru, Tokoro ga genshi wa zentai to shite chiisci de 19li-nen Razafodo wa genshi ni arufa-sen o butsukeru jikken o shite, genshi no naka de no sei-denka no bunpu o shirabeta. Arufa-sen wa sei no denka 2e(-e wa denshi no denka) 0 mochi, suiso-genshi no yaku yonbai no shitsuryd o motta ryUshi® no nagare de aru, Genshi no naka ni sei-denka ga wariai hiroi han'i ni hirogatte ireba, kore ni shOtotsu shite magerareru arufa-ryUshi no kazu wa Oi ga, sono henké-kaku wa chiisai hazu de aru. Kore ni han-shite, semai han’i ni areba shdtotsu suru kikai wa sukunai ga, sono kawari Ski na kaku de magerarcru mono ga aru® (Zu-ichi). Razafado no jikken no kekka, kasha no ho ga tadashi koto ga mi-idasareta.® Sunawachi, sei-denka wa hankei 10~“cm teido no kyi no naka ni toji-komerarete iru koto ga wakatta. Kore ni taishite, genshi no hankei wa X-sen no jikken kara mo wakaru yo ni daitai 10cm sunawachi ichi-ongusutor6mu no teido de aru. Tokoro de, denshi no shitsury wa suiso-genshi no shitsury no yaku sen-happyaku- yonji-bun no ichi de aru kara, genshi no shitsury6 wa, hotondo kono sei-denki no bubun ni atsumatte iru. Kono genshi no chishin ni aru chiisakute omoi sci denki o motta rytishi®” o genshi-kaku to yonde iru. Soko de, genshi no mokei to shite wa, chiishin ni omoi genshi-kaku ga atte, sono mawari ni ikutsu ka no denshi ga mawatte iru® taiyO-kei ni nita mono" gaLESSON 17 243 kangaerarete iru. ‘loku ni suiso-genshi de wa, denshi wa ikko dake aru to kang- aerareru, Sei-fu-denka no aida no inryoku wa banyt-inryoku to onajiku, kyori no ni-jo ni hanpirei suru kara, denshi no undo wa taiyo-kei no wakusei no undo to onaji yO ni naru. Ryoshi genshi no naka no denshi” no kidd wa, katte na hankei n yurusarenai to katei shita Kono katei kara denshi no enerugii no atai 0 motomeru to, chddo, En=—heRX1/n? to naru. Kore wa Baruma no koshiki kara suisoku sareru mono to itchi suru. Kono on ni yoreba, enerugii Zn ni tai-suru denshi no kid arawasareru. haukei r wa, x’a de Koko ni, a—h#/(4a%me?) —0. 529 A wa, kitci-jotai® no cncrugii ni tai-suru kidd no dkisa de, Boa-hankei to yobareru. Kono mokei de wa, hikari wa, denshi ga hitotsu no kidd kara ta no kidd ni tobi-utsuru toki ni hdshutsu, mata wa kyiishii sareru to kangaerareru, UCHU-SEN TO CHUKAN-SHI Haku-kenden-ki ni denki o ataete, jbun zetsuen shite oite mo, nagai aida ni wa haku ga tojiru. Kore wa kiki o denri suru saydo mochi toka-ryoku no tsnyoi hasha-sen ga taiki no jOsO kara taezu chijd ni furi-sosoide irn tame de, kono hosha-sen o ucht-sen to yobu. Sono kigen wa taiyo-kei no soto no uch no doko ka ni aru to kangaerareru. Uchu-sen o kosei suru hijo ni ko-sokudo no genshi-kaku, shu to shite yoshi wa, taiki-ch’ no genshi to shototsu shite, genshi-kaku o hakai shi, doji_ni denshi no yaku 300-bai no shitsury 0 motta pai-chtkan-shi to iu rylishi o tsukuri-dasu. Paichukan-shi wa 10byd gurai no jumy6® o mochi, myt- chikan-shi mata wa késhi ni kawaru. Myt-chiikan-shi wa denshi no shitsuryd no yaku 200-hai no shitsuryd @ mochi, 10-* hyd hado no jumyd de, denshi mata wa yO-denshi ni kawaru. Chij6 no uchii-sen wa shu to shite myi-chiikan-shi to denshi to de aru. Pai-chkau-shi wa Yukawa Hideki* ga, 1935-ueu ui kakushi (yOshi, chisei-shi o © yogen shita mono de aru. Konnichi de wa k6-enerugii no kasoku-sdchi ni yori, jinko-teki ni chikan-shi o seisei suru koto ga dekiru. Tenshi, kdshi, kakushi, chikan-shi no yO na shizen-kai ni okeru kihon-teki no ryiishi 0 so-rytishi to iu. Kono uchi, koshi wa y6i ni shometsu shitari, arata ni hassei shitari suru ga, kakushi ya denshi wa genshi o kosei suru yoso de, katsute * Yukawa-kyOju wa sono chiikan-shi-riron ni yotte 1949-nen Noberush0 0 jush6 shita, Nihon-jin to shite wa hajimete no jushi de aru. Kore ni tsunaite Yakawa-kydjn to dési de onajiku riron- butouri gakustha no Tomonaga kydju ga Nihon jin to shite futarime no Noberushd jush6 cha to atta.244 Comprehending Technical Japanese wa henka shinai mono to omowarete ita. Shikashi, b8ta-sen ga deru toki ni wa chusei-shi wa yoshi ni kawari, denshi ga kaku no naka kara umarete kuru, Mata, denshi to yO-denshi wa ganma-sen 0 genshi-kaku ni ateru koto ni yori doji ni tsukuri- dasare, sore wa mata ganmarsen o dashite di ji ni shOmetsu suru. Chttkanshi ya eee A bita ch@kanshi pai purasu 0 dashite chisei-shi ni kawari, mata, chiisei-shi ga pai-mainasu o dashite yoshi ni kawaru koto mo shirarete iru. Kono yé ni sorytishi to itte mo, fuhen na mono de wa naku, sdgo ni utsuri-kawaru mono de aru. Tada sono henka ni saishite mo, enerugii ya undd-ry6 no hozon no hdsoku ga tsune ni naritatte iru no wa juy na koto de aru, Kono yo na tagai ni henka suru so-ryushi o toitsu shite, hito-matome ni to: atsukau riron o (sukuru kolo wa, gendai-butsuri-gaku no mada kaikctsu sarete inai Ski na kadai de aru. ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ATOMIC MODEL ‘As you have already learned, the atom is thought to contain electrons as con- stituent elements because electrons carrying negative charges are emitted from atoms in various ways. However, since the atom as a whole is neutral, there must also be positively charged constituents in the atom. In 1911 Rutherford performed an experiment in which he bombarded the atom with alpha rays in order to investigate the distribution of positive charges within the atom. Alpha rays are streams of particles which have a positive charge af 2e(-e is the charge an an electron) and a mass about four times that of the hydrogen atom. If the positive charge were spread out over a relatively broad region in the atom, then the number of alpha particles which encounter it and are deflected would be large but their angles of deflection small. In contrast, if the region were restricted, the chances for collision would be small but, instead of the above, some alpha particles would be deflected through a large angle (Fig. 1). From the results of Rutherford’s experiments the latter view was found to be correct, ‘hat is. it was discovered that the positive charge was confined within a sphere of about 10 "¥cm radius. In contrast to this, we know from X-ray experiments that the radius of the atom is about 10 cm, that is about 1A, Now since the mass of the electron is about 1/1840 of ihe mass of ihe hydrogen aivuy, the mass uf die atom is almost all collected in the positive electrical part. This small heavy kernel at the center of the atom containing positive electricity is called the atomic nucleus. Now, in the atomic model, the atom is regarded as being something like the solar system, with a heavy atomic nucleus at the center and electrons revolving around it. For the hydrogen atom in particular, we imagine there is but one electron. Since the attractive force between negative and positive electricities, like the force of gravitation, is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, theLESSON 17 245 movement of the electrons is the same as that of the planets in the solar system. Since, according to quantum mechanics, atomic energies are discrete, we adopt the hypothesis that the orbits of the electrons in the hydrogen atom are not permitted to be circles of any arbitrary radius. we obtain exactly En=—heRX1/r?, which agrees with that deduced from the Balmer formula. According to this theory, the radius of the electron orbit for energy En is given by n*a. =0.529A gives the size of the orbit corresponding Here the value a=h*/(4x'me* to the ground state energy and is called the Bohr radius. In this model, the emission and absorption of light are believed to occur when the clectron jumps from one orbit to another. COSMIC RAYS AND MESONS ‘Lhe leaves of a charged electrometer will eventually close even though the electrometer is adequately insulated. This is because there are radiations of strong penetrating power, called cosmic rays, which continually pour down upon the earth from the upper layers of the atmosphere and ionize the air. Their source is believed to lic outside of the solar system somewhere in the cosmos. The extremely high velocity atomic nuclei which constitute cosmic rays, mainly protons, collide with the atoms in the atomsphere, breaking down their nuclei and simul- taneously creating x-mesons, particles with masses about 300 times that of the electron. z-mesons have a life of about 10° seconds and then change into srmesons or photons. y-mesons with a mass of about 200 times that of the electron have a life of about 10-* seconds and then change into electrons or positrons. Gostnic rays on earth are principally p-meson and electrons. The existence of =mesons was predicted by Hideki Yukawa in 1935 during his research on the nuclear forces acting among nucleons (the generic name for protons and nentrons). At the present time it is possible to create mesons artificially with high-energy accelerators. The fundamental particles of the natural world such as electrons, photons, nucleons aud mesons are called elementary particles. Among them the photon readily disappears and reappears, but nucleons and electrons which are the con- stituent elements of atoms were at one time thought to be permanent. However, when beta rays emerge, neutrons are changing into protons, and electrons are being generated from within the nucleus. Moreover, electrons and positrons are simul- in 1949 for his meson theory, the first Japanese to his, Professor Tomonaga, a classmate of Professor Yukawa and became the second Japanese to became a Nobel prize winner. ive the prize. Followis similarly a theoretical physi246 Comprehending Technical Japanese taneously produced by gamma rays striking the atomic nucleus, and they in turn are annihilated simultaneously with the production of gamma rays, Tn addition to mesons changing into electrons, s~>~electrons, we also know that protons change into neutrons by giving off positively charged 2*-mesons, and neutrons change iniv proions by giving off x mesons. Thus, though we speak of elementary particles, they are not invariant but mutually transformable. Nonetheless it is important that, even with these changes, the laws of energy and momentum conservation are always valid. The creation of a theory in which these mutually changing elementary particles can he unified and treated as a single group is one of the great but yet unsolved problems of modern physics. EXPLANATORY NOTES 1) sci-denkiomottamo- The -ta forms here all have the same meaning as the no;4-bai no shitsuryS corresponding -te iru forms, and are translated by the © motta ryiishi; sei- present tense in English denkio motta rytishi; taiy6-kei ni nitamono (2) mono ga aru “There are cases for which...” Hence some(but not ail) alpha particles are deflected through large angles. @) micidasu IJ is read dasw, but the frequently encountered 5 quently iit is read mi-idasu.(The reading idasu is not inclu- ded in the current T3y3 kanji tabulation.) ded in the current T3y3 kanji tabulation.) (4) Kono... ryiishi Ryiishi is modified by kono, genshi no chiishin ni aru, chiisakute omoi, and sei-denki 0 motta. (5) chishin... iru his phrase modifies taiyd-kei ni nita mono. Literally: “a solar-system-like thing, in which...” (6) kitei-joai “Ground state.” For “excited state” the term is. fiji IRME rel (7) jumys “Life, lifetime.” The term for “halflife” is “4sU hangen-ki. SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS Al) BREKLE denpa-tenmon-gaku radio astronomy HSE ichi-bunya a field Fw ucht-denpa cosmic radio emission ERE denpa-sei radio star SUITE ginga-denpa galactic radio (frequency) radiation PH netsu-hasha thermal radiation BRANT be renzoku-supekutoru continuous spectrumBART bN vvoehey BRAK Bue Ne TE Wee BODE, snuTE HR Dd 6. FABOICE OMBLANT hI, BRANT bY (Ziem sen-supekutoru shinkurotoron: denpa-boen-kyo seikan-busshitsu r la rytisei seimitsu na LESSON 17 247 line spectrum synchrotron radio telescope interstellar matter radar meteor precise u EBAY GRJ 918) EME SREFO OE, Keke bieM ensue, AEE, D, Bue EABRA DIED D Dy DOI ie F H TEBLIEy D, BHI BML TS Gale, GUM LIC 7 2 hey HHIC EA LOREENA, mseic a maein BNOSH, SAMOBMMOMTTROMIS CICEMITE Liconc, FINES ROO MMRMEDN- COS, icy Fe ACRE, A, BBA EDL Nba wT % NEFA DEE, 2) BPR REE Ea FCO RT ES rigaku-bu butsuri-gakka sotsugyO Rikagaku Kenkyujo Nishina Kenkyt-shitsu haar ¢ oben mecHM ances, Faculty of Science Department of Physics graduation (see Lesson 11) Nishina Laboratory (a very famous laboratory established by Nishina, one of the most prominent nuclear physicists in Japan.) Tokyd Bunrika Daigakn gen... Tokyo Kyoiku Daigaku teinen taishoku suru rytigaku Nihon Gakujutsn Kaigi kaicho Nihon Gakushi-in kaiin Tokyo University of Literature and Science presently... Tokyo University of the age of retirement to retire to study abroad The Science Council of Japan chairman The Japan Academy member248 Comprehending Technical Japanese Ratan sOtai-ron-teki-ba relativistic fields ERICH 6 teishiki-ka suru to formalize BSR cho-tajikan-riron super-many-time-theory RR happy publication 5 DCR kurikomi theory FRTB kansei suru to perfect, complete ‘eo senji war-time mB kyokuchd-tanpa microwave CHES ani shitagau to engage in... magunetoron magnetron hasshin-riron, oscillation theory ANG ILHE Kotani Masao Famous Japanese physicist; President of Toky6 Uni- versity of Science (1971—) AEE Nihon Gaknshi-inSha The Japan Academy Prize ehewaa Bunka Kunsho ‘The Order of Cultural Merit FRADE ryOshi-denkirikigaku quantum electrodynamics RB gydseki achievements, contributions Bde—-B GRY 946) 1906: 3 ASIA, BeMtoREEs, 1920%— A ka R AER ph, 1932 SSCHIEA DES IC», IER EK cme GOK KBD HE LieS. 19694, 193739 HL Leipzig MO W. K. Heisenberg. & & 1c HF, 1963 —68or AE HARE, akee Le aE, ascent RT MES fe Hi Sess 1967%, crembisecé DCAM EER L ty 1943— 50 BAS BITE. Lis ef tancopTaeiC it, Phe ORME IER, chic AL CHEM S & 6 CIB DAS BEBE, 19525 SILINH ESEU fey 1965510 JS. Schwinger, R. P. Feynman ¢ & 4 (Ci (RRINEE BEEK the RICE TI WEE Lk, 3) EF aR ni-késhi kFushii two photon absorption SFE ta-koshi-sen’i multiple photon transition AUF 4 pariti parity A (ASH) TB kyoyd (kinsei) sen’i allowed (forhidden) transition eRe sen‘i-kakuritsu transition probability 38 kyomei resonanceLESSON 17 249 rea laser ko-ryoiki optical domain bunko-gaku spectroscopy =HFBM GERI 972) 2WOKT LMCI 3 ETHEL 9, PAULL YT OF B AED eR dS EFI TEAS F 4 Ol CARED EA: HHL AB. few BARI RL. KEES, ERICOKFREOMICHMTS., 1950% D. E. Hughes & Grabnor & 2:4) FRU8 Se 18-Co CH Ie TOME LL reat, ba HWA SAIC CHEK BUC OMS, HiCV IHL Hs 9 DIE DEOHAG DED HF RIMAM A DIDO PEASE ETS 5 4) EB Sakata Shaichi Japanese physicist HTS teishutsu suru to present ETS tankyt suru to investigate PR-HVICHR 9D tOitsu-teki ni atsukau to treat in a unified way FEAR kihon-rytshi fundamental particle wAHT fukug-rytshi composite particle Sy by barion baryon SCF tajtko multiplet term Rie gunron group theory BRE bunrui-gaku taxonomy Aisi kiso fundamentals BAIS donyd suru to introduce BB tenkai development PCE BAS ichi-jidai o hiraku to open an era Ran kaiso class REVVER sutorenjinesu strangeness 2 chaknst conception, idea sala ruisui analogy BpRRARRE reiki-jotai excited state +m yosoku prediction wi, AIL, AE Ikeda, Ogawa, Onuki Japanese physicists 3B kinji approximation st att: taisho-sei symmetry ANAT sekai-teki-rytiko worldwide trend AEE sen goro about the year. AKRY hadoron hadron RATS hakken suru discover250 Comprehending Technical Japanese JME hachiji-ko octet BOD GR] 943-494) BRE 1956) ORL ATONE ERT BIKA, AAO IHL Feb tye, ETH CHART LIU, A) ty ORE ote cece Me AFLAC, HMO Re LMS TEOMA L, RTM OBC SICH. BRET ORE TRON IDA Fb 5 RE DEVSERADMW THE, Ah VSAM L EMORGHM Se IBF ORL BT O BOREMICK o CHET LS BMT eMS ORLA LMA L, Sy oy OaNET IC HERERO Cas, HRS BALES CLE PRL. HE NILAE (1989) (BBE O HDL LCHARNL-F HII 2 AACR 6 RAE OM A eH, WO CHIE ARV oR ASMOUC LBM OSAMA Le, CRI OOH HUBER OTR ANITE BRR 8 O-Cab fhe 19604 BF my Tia Bese io CRE, Shey LUO RMR EY T BR Ete CHSC EBL OOK, 5) seme yori-ki free radical beEZ todomarn to stay in, continue in “eg heikin average HRB BI shist-kansu exponential function (ABT) HBR GEO (bubun) hokai (teist) (partial) decay (constant) tHE sonzai existence HES kakuritsu probability ETS keika suru to elapse see -goto ni each time that... Saya channeru channel HATS chumoku suru... the...under consideration ema sai-ketsugd recombination WAS kieru to disappear fRaHIIC bengi-tcki ni conventionally e Hy (RJ 626) FUE, RE, BE, to, TEM ine ak BAIR ARTIC & ER Ce BATT aace 5H, COOK F—I—DIC DV Tid F OME “ECHO TC, RIC SEELESSON 17 251 BREE) OMA CMTS, WC onOnB Sey Ana SE Ri, Toe PtCBOS 3 Hite (cea HEM 5) ERE LT, Ve eR EWG. D2] ePIC CHEM Mr OERICREEC 2 S01, BSRRERIICSS 800 HEAR OAMENAL exp(—h) (KIREUO CHD ENSBE (KIN) THE, C OB OWA hy + ke =1/k CHDENS, ZORRO RLM AHH A HS CHACHES 25 AIG (CUBES) ICH LOE ATR MRL ICC ne ba woe, HRBCCE SH (RDB) ETICKS k-COMME b> CHIC MEBVITEHRAS, vy 6) ATE finkZ-cisei artificial satellite Jaa shai circumference aie koten revolution tt Soren Soviet Union FIbSENS uchi-ageru to send off, launch CRT S seni seikO suru to succeed in... ORY FOE Bei-So-ryokoku both the U.S. and the Hosa eae DEC no te de hy (the effort of) HES siko-2utsu several by each (country) ney jishin itself LB jo upper layers KR atmosphere al inspection, verification She sdbi equipment BLE HE bi-rytshi-rya stream of microscopic particles AE AL rydsei-jin meteoric dust Bebe netsu-fukusha. thermal radiation ALMB (RJ 1504) WO MLAS SALOME 5, I9STEION 4H, Y Me CD-CHS LIC RIL, LOK? HOF CMM Fos Lbs, ATHRoOnA, ATH REPORAOMCICK > Clit, AREA RHE, MEROM EK SOUR, TBAROM mmBois Baki 0, ACTH CEM x ne mIGEMEIEEIC CH, MBAR AGLI oxe, PHS, AMA OBIT, MIRC, HERREE, MERLE ASodet, RR OMA LEWES 3. CHOEMFHOMLICH > TAMMIE AVEO, LOH252 Comprekending Technical Japanese shinds shi oscillator ippo o susumeru to go one step further denpa suru to propagate ko-rydshi light quantum koden-koka photo-electric effect kakuritsu suru to establish kaimei suru to elucidate rydshi-ron quantum theory mohaya...nai no longer Nagaoka famous Japanese physicist shui surrounding (s) karui light (weight) teishutsu suru to propose setsu theory, view, opinion shoko small hole enban lead plate biimn beam STO HeK usui...haku thin...foil WY BITS tori-nukeru to pass through itt mss ryuka-aen zinc sulfide sa ure to paint HFS hakko suru to become luminescent, emit light YUP UY a shinchiréshon scintillation BOY am kaunta counter ‘sett kenshutsu detection KY TS sudori suru to pass without stopping RA sekiryoku repulsive force ue gyaku-nijo inverse square Kiite tT S ketsuron suru to conclude TES shdmen-shototsu head-on collision Weds seishi suru to be stationary set At .-wake ni wa yukazn cannot. (=pd CVD T) (see Construction Examples for Lesson 15) a koten... classicai oe am oS ushinau to loseLESSON 17 253 shidai ni gradually shukushé suru to contract tsul ni finally, eventually mujun contradiction kojun postulate teije jotai stationary state enerugii-jun'i energy level saiyd suru to employ, utilize owari no final gyaku-katei inverse process ai-irenai incompatible the usuai state excited state reiki suru to be excited Bohr ORF (BN 280-282) Planck HI? OH LUT BHM O = HL AEH v ICLEDIL fy DEBE CH BEMBLAR, 19054 Stark HU Binstein 4 & & chee, HEME » OIA Bez by DERE ELORTTADLMET (BORED ELTHECE FEY OERICIS hy DHAAY ELOMTTR SLUR HIRED ELTHECE, BE He onal Fifa Info (CL HAPOKKE) OED S an EBL CEM HE OWORMICBL tee T i OKRICIIoT Bohr (IBLE HEME LKR TRAE % (913) ORTH RENAL VOL Rok, 1903¢FiC Hitt, MFEKBRO & 5 cboibIC sao), TOMMICHE HEAL CHS E09 SA ERM ey COBEN Rutherford 21910—19115F Ie Fit ok aNFORMCH DY ONEOT, CHAM Rutherford DI-FAE 4 Rutherford DRA. Lic hee SKA BEMTT CS, TF At b 10'm/sec BRED Ye] GOR) BRO. chathile sg z 2Heomie D, th cme HOT Gab) PROMS, CHALE TA 2hkOMHe D, D, bi Civ HALHD, STORRS Ge, MH, MAL) CHAS. ILS EMD MAR HT OBE Lak, ALHHEA Wan ei P ICME, SC ABE MINVICBIT 4. CHEVY YF UY ave bial CHICK) ah FRM CHIT Ne HMLME FMS CERCHES. CO HEABET254 Comprehending Technical Japanese Ve AO ROLL CHHRORMICHhnTHA, BRO MBIC hh HE, aT OAM DAC M EHD Ly C46 PDE DOA HOULOKE Joivic, Rutherford ii a tif tM tRRI SRT OMe OMe se — eB Fen aia ODELT, WF ONAMEEME HHL, RRES DNR, NT OK 1C10-Pom BEE ICES < ¥CUCR OA WHO VOC LRH DY, COKE XO FRE-CH SERB Ro BI (p.239) BKMOMM CHT S MF OMA HER. E Fisch wd, ahTETICMRL CLA CHAD Ae, BV BiC LM ICH VMBE LESDETKE (MIT NSO TH So Rohr DAKE FM, Rutherford OBIE ED, BFR CAF EMORL TO HIDNICE 2 AR MORLLBLERENS CED URS, ED BME OR. byvtu—e BERR DAWICK, BTL Ce SboICRODF, BOX) ICHBLTZERAR ASR. LEL, BRL TH SPH ICHNICH S MOE EHO me, daltmeme SBICLAE, EFALOMPMICEL iG ORME BNL, thicon T= AKERS. Lees ceo cto L-claleate 8a», igen c ssa BALI BIVEULL BAN DUBE BBA CULTS BSH. LAL, KBE we fantaas clbeva 6 ce, BK UR ARIE EBD IEE FET BCE EARL pie 2 RIC, Rohr (iit cee Berane CR To 8% fs Ko=cO ke n-coAA 7 LOT MCREDL te. @) REMOMFIa SHTAMMAE eee. COPE SMALE HL BO, COURT TERIMEE On, GIG RV RHE LD Q) EEA ObM AD WOK An¥— MU OWMICREBS CES. CO 2 E-MOMET AUIS CRETS, COEF OR RY MBL WE OBICGLS , COMBRKvikb=W, WrecFAOKHSZ. Wy Wek tH EN LEY DUDE ANT— CHE (RLEOUBMIHOBAL CH 5), ron noktih nth. bligme: aMenAvotHoT. 0) oe ICld Planck ORE ENL, BLOMMILK /2n 0 nfhcd SAMIR ETB. 2) obistte Linstein OLR ORBITS 0 O-CHS, n= 1 OF RAE DBDS-C > CRED & KLE. CHAR OEE CF UME CHET OHNO LIC Ak, MREODOWWEF AP REFICMET HA. PAO FA ALE EET + PAE ORIN OBEICE 5, COMER I IEE 0 5. HEN AET ASR EO othe BI RY — OMA & LHI EHSLESSON 17 255 FINAL TRANSLATION TEST (SN 108-116) 194T4F ICT 4D WOES ATIC LS ROOK MBH Hiker, Sabie Saec, smdeae EP EFAME ED, $e CR SUCHE AT TH, EORAN FHERBL< : SORBORICHED 2, REO Fiicon cy mo ea EAU, LkgoKicy 2MO1 ZIAD FEAL ABMS, FOOL ZF AD260 Comprehending Technical Japanese feBh LABS, BAAAVICSL<, MPR KE 64 0.052°C Re, & L ikem KIO IS ABERBEE, MEAL EY, MPRROBAE DB, 0.0522 0, 104°C KB, WUE kg BILL 77 APT ROLL ROB EME ROLE Te, Ze REVRA LA + SURBRUEP E05, CHOOMFE CT, BHORFRERS CE BRS, KEARSE UkgOKic Weo7n = — LES L MS, REL 80°C FAIS. Wk, TOP FE x EFS E, KOE RELIEF 2 1, 86°C C4 > 20(g) : x(g) =0. 80" : 1. 86° BRS, CoOfiild, Tr 3-5 F lk CAHO=46) EIIEFLV. ANBWWEOBLEIE QK 58-60) Vt 2 OMDEET 29 77 —i, BAEC RELOMLEF Rohe 72 RYT YM WOME” CHESSER MIL, KET OKC CO bY a HORT EMS , COLA, AAWAEAl., AAWALMA A WARE) O45. WHA Ve CHALE SBT TSBINIC K > CHM ERE DHE SL, Ret, eo BALE SEFSEDM, TOMMOMMECHZ, 188548, 47 v #04 Trvpiy 7k, Sex 7-ORBOMRE LDN, BEICARAOVA pu=nRT LALKORKH CHEST LeMoR. th bb, BH Et BIE, nF LE PEOMME BDL Ceo BBMMOUBE 0 Dy ba, ABE ETLFSL, KROMRMDHS TL MD oho m=nRT CREME RHECL HER, Pebb ANYON My hui Cine BED = MECHSE bb, DAE y b HICH Cr SBAO TA MICLATS TEE BY, MABEARYOCH TH”, TABKSLINK, BBERSLOC tices, HO). RELATE bE EET 3 A2 BAOMo Te, 07 AMERY 5. BRP LEO 7 ABATE OS 60 WT ARES T— CHL THEOL, Aimm, EX Tem O&Ne 2K, FO HEMI OE SICK HAL FACS.LESSON 18 261 IN-F-THLT Bla Ott a ny ERI Imm ‘| (BD AF ACMIGDO< 0 hie. + D7 PEAME COKE, MEL OLMIS ALD, He RE RU Bic AMCY AVI IRIK VY TAU RSE TICLT, BLO ETH Pee, CREB oRLT. YadI/ TOBA BH 3mm ICHAECOUA, EMPOHTLEA—+— Oo zal, Heese, HAIF3. var Vig 7eEhT=) FOS eHTAEOY, DbVARRHICAN, Yad 9 RAR ROK ICEL ADD ©, CCH KCAL CHT 6. EN by CHEMIE ERIE OICEBSOL, Bot [ase ORNIAMCH TE READYS, HIF 2 Ov 4 ) 777 & RICE ICO% CHES, SR KRM OFAC I-29 RAICRAIDE Tat Bess, FARES Wo CHEHICAY, WAAR iz BHA, BEAOK RAO KS ic, Mie 2 kA Ac E f i fe 24 oREMBE EDS. ABBE 10°CK Dek CH AS é Tite, BICML, Tdi, ek CDKCHEAICML C, Ell Popol 2 6 wee BEL WIZ ABEL! KIHAKU-YOEKI NO FUTTEN TO GYOKO-TEN Furkihatsu-sei no yOshitsu no yécki no futten wa ySbai yori mo takaku, sono gydko-ten wa ybai yori mo hikui, Ratru wa 1886-nen, tsugi no hdsoku o hakken shita. Hi-denkai-shitsn na usni yaeki de wa, sono yahai n yoshitsu no bunshi-si ga hitoshikereba, yOshitsu ga nan de atte mo,” sono futten no josho-do wa hitoshiku, katsu yoshitsu no ry0 ni hirei suru. Gydko-ten no k@ka-do ni tsuite mo doy no hosoku ga naritatsu. Tatocba, 1kg no mizu ni shotd 0.1 guramu-bunshi o tokashita yoeki mo, buds-t6 0.1 guramu-bunshi o tokashita yécki mo," futten wa tayai ni hitushiku, junsui na mizu yori mo, 0.052°C takai, Moshi, 1 kg no mizu ni 0.2 guramu-bunshi © tokaseha, nani a tokashite mo, junsui na mizu no futten yori mo 0.052x2= 0.104°C takaku naru, Yobai 1 kg ni yoshitsu 1 guramu-bunsht 0 tokashita toki no futten-jasha-do, gydko-len-koka-do 0 sorezore moru-futten-joshd, moru-gydko-ten-koka to iu.262 Comprehending Technical Japanese Korera no atai o tsukatte, yOshitsu no bunshi-ryo o shiru koto ga dekiru. Tatoeba, 1kg no mizu ni 20¢ no arukoru o tokashita yOeki wa, gydko-ten ga 0.80°C sagaru. Ina, arukdru no bunshiry o x to suru to, mizuno moru-gydko- ten-koka ga 1.86°C de aru kara, 20(g) :x(g) —0. 80°:1. 86° to iu shiki ga naritachi, kore kara 1=46.5 ga erareru, Kono atai wa arukdru no bunshiry6 (GsH,O=46) to hobo hitoshii. KIHAKU-YOEKI NO SHINTO-ATSU Doitsu no shokubutsu-gakusha Pelt wa, 18/4-nen ni shinto-atsu no kenkyu o okonatta. Feroshian-ka-d0 no chinden ® de me o fusaida suyaki? wa, mizu 0 tsu ga mizu ni tokete iru shot no bunshi o tOsanai. Kono y@ ni, aru busshitsu © téshi, aru busshitsu 0 tosanai maku o hantd-maku to iu. Yoshitsu wa tOsanai de yobai dake 0 t6su hantd-maku ni yotte, ySeki to yobai o bunri suru to, maku © tote, yobai ga yGeki-chii ni shinnyt shiyd to suru atsuryoku ga, sono yOeki no shintzratsn de arn 1885-nen, Oranda no kagaku-sha Kanto Hoflu wa, Peifa no jikken no kekka 0 shirabe, shinto-atsu ni wa kitai no hosoku pv=nRT to onaji katachi no shiki ga atehamaru koto o shitta, Sunawachi, shint-atsu o = kialsu, n guramu-bunshi no yoshitsu o tokashite iru kihakurySeki no taiseki o » rittoru, zettai-ondo o T to suru to, tsugi no kankei ga aru koto ga wakatta. wo=nRT Kore 0 kaki-naosu to x= (n/2)RT, sunawachi n/o wa yoeki ichi-rittoru ni tokete iru yashitsn no morwsii de arn kara, shintéatsu wa yoeki ichi-rittoru-chii ni tokete iru yOshitsu no moru-sii ni hirei suru koto to nari, yoshitsu ga donna mono de atte mo, moru-su ga hitoshikereba, shinto-atsu wa hitoshii koto ni naru. dikken: Gyoko-tenkika-do Mokuteki 2, Yaten no hakari-kata ya, garasu-zaiku o renshii suru. Sosa 1. Yiten-sokutei-yd no garasu-mdsai-kan o tsukuru. Garasukan o bana de nesshite hiki-nobashi, naikei 1mm, nagasa yaku 7cm no mono o nihon_ tsukuri, sono ittan 0 zu-ichi no yo ni bana de nesshite tojiru. Sosa 2, Shono o nyubachi de kudaki, sosa 1 no mosai-kan o ippon tori, hiraita hashi o nyUbachi ni irete shond o sukui, tojita hashi o shita ni shite, tsukue no ue de karuku ® tataku. Kore o stkai kuri-kaeshite, shOud uo lakasa ga yaku 3 min ni naru made tsumeru. M@sai-kan no naka-hodo 0 band de tokashi, fakan to suru. Sosa 3. ShGnd 1g ni asetoanirido 0.05 g o mazeta mono 0, kawaita chiken-kan i ire, shOnd ga shoka shinai y6 ni chUii shinagara,® goku yowai® hi de nesshiteLESSON 18 265 yiikai suru. Toketara, kore o tokei-vara mata wa johatsu-zara ni zembu utsushi, katamatta mono o garasu-bd de kudaite yoku maze-awaseru. Sdsa 2 no sh6nd to ddyo ni mosai-kan ni tsumete fujiru. Sosa 4, Futoi shiken-kan no kabu ni guriserin o irete, yUten-sokutei-s0chi to suru. Gomu-kan o mijikaku kitte ondo-kei ni hame, busshitsu o ireta bubun ga, condo kei no kabu e tsuku y3 ni, sGsa 2 mata wa 3 de tsukutta mosai-kan o tomeru. Shiken-kan 0 150°C kurai made sumiyaka ni nesshi, sore kara wa, chiisa na jikabi de jojo ni nesshite, m@sai-kan no naka no kotai ga tokeru ondo o sokntei se- yo. THE BOILING AND FREEZING POINTS OF DILUTE SOLUTIONS The boiling point of a solution containing a non-volatile solute is higher than that of the solvent, and its freezing point is lower. In 1886 Raoult discovered the following law. If the number of molecules of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of a certain solvent is the same for dilute solutions of nonelectrolytes, then the boiling point elevation is the same, no matter what the solute, and is proportional to the amount of solute. The same law holds for freezing point depressions as well For example, both a solution in which 0.1 gram molecule of sucrose is dissolved in 1kg of water and a solution in which 0.1 gram molecule of dextrose is dissolved have the same boiling point, 0.052°C higher than that of pure water. If 0.2 gram molecules were dissolved in 1kg of water then, no matter what is dissolved, the boiling point would be 0.052%2=0,014°C higher than that of pure water, The boi Igram molecule of solute is dissolved in 1kg of solvent are called the molar boiling point elevation and the molar freezing point depression respectively. Molecular weights of solutes can be determined using these values. g point elevation and the freezing point depression obtained when Fur example, with a sulutiua of 20g uf alcultul dissuived in iky of water the freezing point is lowered 080°C. Since the molar freezing point depression of water is 1.86°C, we obtain the equation 20 (g) : x(g) -0.80° : 1.86°, where x is the molecular weight of alcohol, from which 1246.5 This value is almost equal to the molecular weight of alcohol (C,H,O=46). THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF DILUTE SOLUTIONS In 1874 the German botanist Pfeffer made studies of osomotic pressure. He found that unglazed pottery whose pores were clogged by copper ferrocyanide264 Comprehending Technical Japanese precipitate would allow water to pass through but not the sucrose molecules dissolved in the water. Such a membrane which allows one substance to pass through but not another is called a semi-permeable membrane. If a solution and its solvent are separated by a semi-permeable membrane which permits only the solvent to pass through and not the solute, than the pressure arising from the solvent’s tendency to enter the solution through the membrane is the osmotic pressure of the solution. In 1885 the Dutch chemist van’t Hoff studied the results of Pfeffer’s experiments and found that an equation of the same form as the gas law pn=nRT applies to osmotic pressure. That is ta say he found that, taking the osmotic pressure x in atmospheres, the volume v of the dilute solution in liters, where n gram molecules of solute were dissolved at the absolute temperature T, the foliowing relation exists. wo=nRT If this is rewritten as x=(n/o)RT then, since n/v is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution, the osmotic pressure becomes proportional to the number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution and, whatever the solute may be, the osmotic pressure will he the same if the number of moles is equal. Experiment: Freezing Point Depression Objective 1. To calculate the molecular weight from the freezing point depression, Objective 2. The measurement of melting points and practice in glass blowing. Procedure 1. To make glass capillary tubes for use in melting point determina- tions. Heat a glass tube with the burner, draw it out to an internal diameter of 1mm, make two tubes of about 7m length, and close one end by heating with the burner as shown in Figure 1. Procedure 2. Break up some camphor in a mortar, take one of the capillary tubes prepared in Procedure 1 and scoop camphor into the open end fiom the mortar, then lapping the closed end gently on the aa packed in to a height of about 3mm. Now melt the capillary tube in the middle to form a closed tube. Procedure 3. Mix 1g of camphor with 0.05¢ of acetanilide, place in a dry test tube and, being careful not to sublimate the camphor, melt the mixture by heating with a low flame. When it melts, transfer all of i lo a watch glass or evaporating dish and pulverize the lumps with a glass rod and thoroughly imix. Fill and seal a capillary tube as was done with the camphor in Procedure 2. Procedure 4, Fill the lower part of a large test tube with glycerine to serve as the melting point measurement apparatus. Ciut off a short piece of