Comprehending Technical Japanese 4

300 Comprehending Technical Japanese no genshi ga gomu-bunshi ni kagd shite, nagai gomu-bunshi to gomu-bunshi to no aida ni hashi o kaketa yO na k6z6 0 tsukuru tame ni, soto kara chikara ga kuwawatte mo, bunshi ga jiy ni suberi-awanalu nari,® ugoku koto ga naku narn® kara de aru ta kangaerarete iru. Yomn ni id o kagd sasern sisa o karyii to iu, Kono karyi o sokushin sasetari, seihin no tsuyosa 0 mashitari suru tame ni,” shuju no busshitsu 0 kuwaeru. Gomu ni io 0 yonju-pasento hodo kuwaete nessuru iv, ebonaito ga dekiru. Kore wa, kaiakuie yakubin ui mu isuyoku, denki- zetsuen-sei ga yoi. Gisei-gomu: Tennen-gomu 0 kanrya® suru to isopuren ga deki, gyaku ni isopuren © hochi suru to gomu no yé na busshitsu ni henka suru. Kono henka o manete gomu no gisei ga kenkyii sareta Isopuren ni nita k6z5 0 mochi, hikaku-teki tayasuku tsukurareru butajien ya kuroropuren 0 genryo to shite fuka-jugo sasete gosei gomu o tsukuru. Konnichi de wa, butajien ni suchiren C;H,-CH=CH; ya akurironitoriru CH, GII-G=N nado o kuwaete, issho ni fukarjago saseru. Kono yi ni shite, taiyursei,® tainctsu-sci, tai-mam@-sci nado no ten de, tennen-hin yori mo sugureta gésci-gomu mo tsukurareru y6 ni natta. Mata isopuren kara mo gosei-gomu ga tsukurarete iru Jivit Kenkyit: Somete nai” sen’i o mochi-yori, yOso yOka-kariumu yoeki ni yotte kanbetsu shiyd. Hajime ni, tsugi no yo ni sen'i kara abura o nuite oku. Set hodo o shi-enka-tanso nij rei-ten-ichi guramu shii ni hitashite, shitsuon de yaku ni-jikan hochi shi, tokidoki kakimazeru. Tsugi ni, atarashii shi-enka-tanso ni yaku sanjippun ee eae Yoka kariumu no howa-sui-yOeki jt-shii-shii ni yOso ni-guramu o tokashite yoso-yoka-kariumn ydeki o tsukure. Kono yael ni abura o nuita sen’i o ippun-kan hitashite tori-dashi, biik@ ni ireta mizu ni hitashi, yaku roppun-kan kaki-mazete yoku arau. Sen’i o tori-dashite, kuki-chu de kawakasu. Shuju no sen’i wa, tsugi no yo na iro ni somaru, Kuro Ao...ubiniron, bisukSsu-réyon, do-anmonia-réyon Ki......y6m®, kinu, asetéto son’i Somaranai mono......sono ta no sen'i -naiton rokuji-roku, uairon roku, pori-akuriro-nitoriru sen’ Ketsuron: Ko-bunshi-zairyd wa tashu-tay no kagaku-teki, kikai-teki, oyobi denki-teki seishitsu 0 motta mono ga aru no de, kgyO-teki ni mo, mata nichijo-seikatsu ni oite mo jlyO na zairyo de aru. Korera k0-bunshi-busshitsuaruiwa_purasuchikku © kak@ suru hoh6 wa, jissai no keiken ni yotte naganen ni watatte kaihatsu sarete kita ga, seisan-katei ni okeru k6-bunshi-busshitsu no nagare o riron-teki ni kaimei suru koto ni tsuite wa mada jibun na seika ga osamerarete inai. Kore wa, ka-bunshi yoeki ya yByi-ké-bunshi ga hi-Nytiton ryttai de aru kara de aru.LESSON 20 301 Nendan-sei ryUtai no rikigaku ni kansuru riron wa saikin kydsoku ni hatten shita ga, kore 0 kogy6-j0 no mondai ni tckiyd shiy6 to suru to, kosoku-kcisan-ki 0 kodo ni shiyd suru koto ga hitsuy6 ni natte kuru no de aru. SYNTHETIC FIBERS AND SYNTHETIC RUBBER Characteristics of Synthetic Fibers: Some synthetic resins are made of long slender moiecuies which may be drawn out into threads and used as synthetic fibers. Synthetic fibers generally exhibit good mechanical strength, resist wrinkling, and dry readily since they do not absorb water. They are also resistant to chemicals and are not attacked by insects. They are used not only for clothing but also for woven fabrics in interior decorating, for chair coverings, as industrial materials in chemical and other factories (cloth, for example), in fishing nets, and in other ways Examples of Synthetic Fibers: Nylon 66, a synthetic made by the condensation polymerization of adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine, has the following structure: (A Portion of the Structure of a Nylon 66 Molecule) Nylon 6 is made by the polymerization of caprolactam; it resembles Nylon 66 and has the foliowing structure: TUPLE URE MRR ERR GH PEAKS EASA K SEAS (A Portion of the Structure of a Nylon 6 Molecule) Polyethylene terephthalate is a long-chain substance formed by the alternating esterification of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol and has the following structure: y coc CH OCH: cng Cp gcenscnog <)- (A Portion of the Structure of a Polyethylene Terephthalate Molecule)302 Comprehending Technical Japanese Natural Rubber: (A Portion of the Structure of a Kubber Molecule) The liquid obtained from the sap of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), which is cultivated in the tropics, is called latex. It is an aqueous dispersion of tiny particles of the rubber hydrocarbon (C;He)». If we acidify the latex, the particles of rubbery material coagulate and separate from the liquid. This is raw rubber. It is yellowish brown and translucent, hard at low lemperatures, and viscous at high temperatures. It is gradually oxidized by the oxygen in the air. If we mix 3-10 % of sulfur with the raw rubber, knead it well, and then heat it to 140°C, its properties change. It becomes a highly flexible elastic material, which is also mechanically strong and chemically resistant. It is thought that this comes about because the sulfur atoms combine with the rubber molecules to form a bridge-like structure between the long rubber molecules, so that the molecules no longer slide freely over one another aud are immobilized, even when external forces are applied. The operation which chemically combines sulfur and rubber is called vulcanization. Various materials are added to accelerate the and to 2 much as 40% sulfur is added to the rubber and (the resulting mixture) heated, then ebonite is obtained. ‘his is a strong substance, resistant to chemicals, and a good electrical insulator. Synthetic Rubber: If natural rubber is dry-distilled, isoprene is obtained; conversely, if isoprene is allowed to stand, it changes into a material akin to rubber. By following the example of this (chemical) change, the synthesis of rubber was investigated. Synthetic rubbers are prepared by addition polymerization using starting materials, such as butadiene and chloroprene, which have structures similar to isoprene and are relatively easy to prepare. At present, addition polymerization is carried out by adding substances like styrene and acrylonitrile to butadiene. In this way synthetic rubbers are now made which are superior to natural rubbers in their oil, heat, and abrasion resistance, Synthetic rubber is also made from isoprene. Optional Research: Collect some undyed fibers and try to distinguish among them hy means of an iodine-potassium iodide solution.LESSON 20 303 First, remove the oil from the fiber in the following way. Immerse about 0. 1g of fiber in 20ce of CCl, and leave it for about 2 hours at room temperature, stirring occasionally. Then, after soaking the fiber in fresh CCl, for about thirty minutes, dry it in air. Prepare a solution of iodine and potassium iodide by dissolving 2g of iodine in 10cc of a saturated aqueous solution of potassium iodide. Soak the oil-free fibers into a beaker of water and stirring for about 6 minutes. Then take them out and dry them in the air. The various fibers will then be dyed with the following colors: Black.. Nylon 66, Nylon 6, and Polyacrylonitrile Fibers Blu inylon, Viscose and Copper-Ammonium Rayons Yellow......Wool, Silk, and Acetate Fibers Other fibers will not be dyed. Gonclusion: Macromolecular materials arc important in industry and daily life because they have a wide variety of chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties. Methods of processing polymers and plastics have heen developed by practical experience over many years, but theoretical treatments of the flow of polymers in industrial systems have not yet been very successful. This is because polymer solutions and polymer melts are non-Newtonian fluids. Theories for viscoelastic fluid mechanics have developed rapidly in recent years, but their application to industrial problems requires the extensive use of high speed computers. EXPLANATORY NOTES (1) yakuhin In this context yakukin means “chemicals” in general. Usually, however, yakuhin is used in the narrower sense of “drugs” or “medicines.” (2) shitsunai-soshoku-yo The suffix -7 means “for use in. Some examples: katei-yé REA for household use kagaku-bunseki-vo-shiji-yaku (C4) AAA an indicator for use in chemical analysis shashin-jirumu-yo-shikiso 3% / 4 4 fit pigment for photographic film (3) Kore wa...de aru Literally: “This is a material (for which) the tiny particles of hydrocarbon rubber are dispersed in water.” (4) Gydko shi Note that gydko suru may mean either to coagulate or to solidify or freeze (e.g. gvdko-ten) depending on304 Combrehending Technical Japanese (8) suberi-awanaku naru; ugoku koto ga naku nari (©) ..kara de aru to kangaerarete iru (7) tame ni (8) kanrya (9) taiyu-sei tainetsu-sei tai-mam®-sei (10) somete nai the context. To understand these constructions note how they may be built up: suberi-a to slide past one another suberi-awanai not to slide past one another suberi-awanaku naruto get into a state of not being abie to siide past one another. Similarly: ugoku koto ga aru they sometimes move ugoku koto ga nai they never move ugoku koto ga naku they get into a state of never naru moving (i immobilized) Literally: “It is thought that it is because. A somewhat smoother Uanslation might be: “Ib is thought that this comes about because...” Here tame ni means “for the sake of” whereas two they hecame sentences earlier fame ni meant “because” or “owing to the fact that.” “Dry distillation”. Some other separation processes are: i) jOrya (steam) distillation ah uy chiishutsu extraction 2 ih 1 i drying 2B filtration The prefix tai- (ji) means ‘resistant to...” Other examples are: tai-yakuhin-sei ASK AaME chemical resistance laiko-sei uo BELL light fast, sunproof taika-butsu ib refractories taiarukoru-sei fif7 =~ 2% alcohol resistance Somete nai is the negative counterpart of somete aru (for the -te aru construction see Explanatory Note No. 4 in Lesson 12.) somete iru we are dyeing somete inai we are not dyeing somete aru it is dyed somete nai it is not dyedLESSON 20 305 CONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES Sie SS L,I fo] ES AIC INET BL ra oY DCKEAPEROABIC, BRC fk+S Kojo suru to improve w%z& 1% | See Explanatory Note No. 4. 1 BL Oey 7 BOMBA, BPS ERECT, BRAUB DTC ENCES A bo 2 MRO ET SWIC AT eM Bh, BALLIN AMAL AL AY AD — tanpaku-shitsu protein ang nikawa glue BTS gydseki suru to coagulate een [a “ts-ChB | See Explanatory Note No. 5. Le FY Fv CAME THT 6 ETRY TVILINE RE eK REO, FLT YAMA AE SH. FD REIC AB tris CHB, 2 HEE HAM GE LO FO OR, MMSE BA, KANE Sob Cd Bo FIV denpun starch SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS AL Hest senryd dye (stuff) BYR tekits na suitable BETS senchaku suru to dye pew yushoku no colored Ho mukashi no ancient, in olden times ity shokubutsu plant(s) ait k@butsu mineral (s) Oe shikiso pigment AAR yiki-gasei-hin organic synthetic materials nese rekishi history206 Comprehending Technical Japanese betgy AO ayy a9 ee FA IRALA ETS BLE Ei aa famlic we Hie ti Bete weet is MS Be aan ee font Seith 3 sec ope ae BY te HE CMEC HTT 5 HED ILEM EMM EOD, HORM, HD, toruijin fujun no anirin movu murasaki-iro Doitsu ya Suisu hattatsu suru oyobu jitsuys sthyaku iro-betsu ni shohi kuro kara hai ao, aka, murasakiy ki yoto boshoku senshoku toryS seizd zalka chakushoku yushi hikaku A shokuhin shiji-yaku soshiki-senshoku iryo wataru toluidine impure aniline manve purple (color) German, Swiss, etc. to develop, advance to mount up to, reach practical use several hundred for each individual color consumption from black to gray blue, red, purple, yellow use, service spinning and weaving dyeing paint (s) manufacture, production merchandise, goods coloration, coloring oils and fats hides and skins; leather food stuffs indicator tissue-staining medical treatment to range, extend 3% oR (ARY 764-765) 3 aD RUCBENZERORCH AB, BHECHTA CAMARA CH 5. Gnt OMe (£1856 4¢ Perkin A bf YY EBUEMOT = IY ERMLLT, E-—V EWS RED HEMR DICH RS OOH, K1 IH AT ACHRAMEDR ORIEL, =e ih MODOC Ek BARAE ILA, £09 SRBSNT OS ORMM CH 5, ER ICHRELASL, B~RA50—60%, HRO—25%, TNT pPASA, WB, Weve kota, RROMRRmMRMORG EH 2 LT, BM, 17 Fk LORE,LESSON 20 307 eat Ke LORRONG, iti, Hi, LM, tele EOHe, BHT 1 ae7 (Ao ROK, (RETR, RBC DH SMALE» LORI L 8 by ch ibbitic bie 3 B Bacriihs 5 A wo tcPaihe Bat 5. Be ary BF E438 po BFLAL eRe aie a WIM AY satchi-zai gaichu kujo korosu chissoku shokudoku sekiyu-nytizai hisan-namari achisan-aen ryusan-nikochin insecticide harmful insect extermination to kill suffocation poison (in food) petroleum emulsion lead arsenate zinc arsenite nicotine sulfate KYBICEML CHF OO, BETES DO, LHR LM ADS, TWILAL, CMO, Me mM, WES FY & EMO He ba, CQ FBGA ian FL () hot Ati bb LAriid em Boas Beet BAN cme) Hah Wee i Aa RR TAAVE EEF BE + Hk RE DED Reem AT AMR EO ME g0sei-senzai yushi nyfidaku (eki) nurasu nuno aka shimi-toru obutsu arai-dasu senja shinwa-ryokn genshi-dan shibo-san no en kasui-bunkai arukari-sei yGri suru kosui; kaisui furyd (kai) sei no sansei-ryiisan-esuteru surufon-san no en synthetic detergent oils and fat emulsion to wet cloth filth, to penetrate filth, dirt to wash out washing, cleansing affinity atomic group salt of a fatty acid aydrolysis alkaline properties to liberate hard water; sea water insoluble acidic sulfuric ester salt of a sulfonic acid308 Comprehending Technical Japanese chiisei neutral yokai-do solubility chinden precipitation ushinau to lose itamern to injure baa aa e 1 201 202° cy ry ARYA GK 201 202) or ELM I Sa, UAT ORF A AIC Shik AES NADY, Kies W BORMERST OS, HOMES POMC LAMY, HORM oowFicoeEne BaMAnS, +o YORAM, ZOMFOsNC, wikiHow 2 mF Lok CBHINOS sMTlfiL ab shoo, Ley FERRER OME C3 dod, ey 47 ALIA RICH T 09) LER Fo REINA S , MAMOSHRE LL. CM BUKICRETTICK Om DDN K Ba eo FY KICW AHIMA BE, LYTLE EIRIY LOA FY REBIRTH LBELC, IB WIRLDIME DS Bo ARB AUR ARMM AT Le Aa ROWE CHS Dob, AMILMADR ELD TF, HRIECD 5, Kh, THOME NY DAOW TAY TAOMY, REMIEDS KEVDHMM LA, AMBMIE, BOT ACO, MOk-Cy, REELS, Eh, KEM EMEA RDHEORB ED. Di (8) Ries (fun) ryttai particles cad Bema aE kikai-teki-bunri mechanical separation WF inshi factor Bunter tan'i-sdsa unit operations (of chemical engineering) seni sakidatte fore yobi-chishiki background knowledge hyo, method of expressing kaisctsu suru to explain, comment on chinko sedimentation roka filtration kiso basis, foundation BRAORE (KKT 1) RMN TOBA BAAMECEMRIIC Ba TOEAOKES, thOEWELEB RTECS, LAK, ET POROOMI RED <3 ICE. C, FheLESSON 20 309 CHUA ORIEL BIERIC Io CHL AD, COMMER Eee 0 & EMIT RERO Wik 2 HOME L ho C8, BE. Hy zairyo Eomae ..yori miru to SK sajo #4 (5) HE netsu (ka) sosci one tsuide ker haiko at ikasn ten ni-jigen HEU: enshin-ho RBS 5 kakyO suru at sekizai A mokuzai aa kashitsu RE nendan-sei BLY --tashii FUER zure-dansei-ritsu oT teika Heibety hikaku-teki eRe yoyti-nendo BELG nagashi-komu a seikei md kako it fete taishoku-sei BeBE setchaku-sei materials if we regard from the viewpoint of... chain (see Note 1, Lesson 19) thermoplastic then, subsequently orientation to make good use of two dimensional stretching technique lo form a bridge, stone (materials) wood (materials) hardness viscoelastic to be like... shearing modulus lowering comparatively melt viscosity to pour into molding processing corrosion resistant property adhesive property SOPHO (KB 412-413) BPP HOWBD HEL 02 EB icsomet cae bie, Fb bie EWR EQICS 7 FIO MBA ICR), DRCe IH FS VHS BIC RECECHD, RABFMICKD HLS Stew LFSC ECHS. ARRAY 7 AWA ORMBICRL TEC OBI DEN, BATT 1 VARA TORRICLUTIE (HAAN STB, Birtc, PARDEPE- CARRS. LBC oe SS OV MA ICa co310 Comprehending Technical Japanese Baw 77 7 BIE He DCR Benne =v be EMER, corn, att, Mt, Pee CLAVE TCH So Se ‘BL. HILT 9 AF 7 ABLE Lee AY bICB TT, GELS SPOT AIRES SORE RER- CRAM, LA LIBS 2 OREMNER RE LS, BELA E 2 bic Faminom Faby EL. RRS S BO ORE BNE, MOWRMETRLAD, BUD WAR Td OAM Ay PERE S. MAHAR Micon cit, (1) Ke MTA (2) WSR, RMR G) Sit (1) Et © Hes © wot 1) CHie, xavoncs, # F. 9A (88) amime (k6z6) network (structure) th taikei system, structure ey kyodo behavior BA ~k sUjt naishi stsen from several Lens to several thousands Ae poazu poise Bee kencho na striking oa kanwa relaxation aa hakogata box-shaped BLRPE (=A@S1¢ C eishi-sei spinnability eave S1¢8) RODS kydini aru interesting ab a wet ale Met ¥ to permit Sx. HoT yurusenaku natte (See Notes, this lesson and BS shimau Note 1, Lesson 15) —K-KD ippon-ippon no singly DOES karamaru to get twisted around BE Re bunshi-shtgo-tai molecular aggregate atsukau to deal with, treat Ssodokkusu ni in an orthodox way, manner konnan na troublesome, difficult bussei-ron molecular theory of matter gomu-jo rubbery state ko-bunshi-sa, macromolecular chains eikyt-teki na permanent yoso constituent; clement tan naru simple seisei-shometsu formation and destructionLESSON 20 311 BOB san’itsu-kikO dissipation mechanism UTS hatsugen suru to manifest itself iia Yamamoto Misazd (Japanese phsysicist) ea Hayashi Shizuo (Japanese physicist) BTS tenkai suru to develop, unfold See ganrai originally < xO kusabr-gata wedge-shaped ni setsumei explanation RTS seikd suru to succeed LR jogen maximum 34 san-ten-yon-j5 the 3.4 power ett izon-sei reliability ECAS cabeki de aru ought to... BV LTBHT.. kakuritsu shite orazu... is not established and... (SHE LTR ROT) BH imi meaning a iki region, limits we kiyo contribution, service HAH MORAN (KB 214-215) Hom Asss. MTRORE BK Ko C6 5k, BA FMOMTEN Oe Zo CT <4, COLSRBMICBTH. TFCICDNDNTHSEE SIC, BAP IBN BAI Te WS LEMMA REMERT LICKS, Phbb, ZORA aa THEY, WEA 2— VEAL, RREMOR AN? bau ipe ICMR Cab BHMOALZ PLERPED) Cho, MR, Pte BLA va, EC CHOKE A, KC THRELTHC ICMP CH SIRWBIC AS, fe < EL LEV SHICESDPREICRED SR, THIET BY SEO RRIC LD ROAD eB LT Vk BARS ROTH S KC A CHBNEI IRE LIC ¢ V8, RARER & RIC314 Comprehending Technical Japanese ROT ODOC S, T1HYd, BRE (72/7) hb, BOIL YipbRBICMean. 7872 / EBA ELT, BROWER — FOR OOR MRXNS, EX, BUCKY ADT eA Y EBUETSTRRT 40 ACBL CH BA, Thh- be ARENT, WME PVH, KIT AO & x CRATE BRICKS, CHERL CREEL Ci, EN EME DU CHM FOR FICE CLES» MURFIC 220-280" MICHIE ET 60-C, BRIT A RT TLEoTHS, THE, SHAD BLIL TAT RICHER, TV-FHICTS. CO PUP EY SEK Ch LCHURE L, BOS AS BLYL THEME EIT 7 WRAMSIR iB OCS,LESSON 21 ot ik KANJI H | sor | ron 1, zara | Sue H B | 0 kena & on [koa ip mal 8 aoe | Zar ant ko) il 2524 20a | KAT 7 | MU FR gar] tat HE a | maw + t 5 | ss | RYOKU | [20 | SHO ® | 3504 midori AH aca + 214a SHI 140 MEI el eet HFG] say jae 2a GEKI Soe HR Be in| nagetai) BE F105 | awa [| am | KO man | KO 88 ar | BF Tar ! ie BL] mwoten te a] *° ome te | 376 | 24a | KIN wp LB) KO BE re om | yet) 435 | SHOKU ai aitacalll cial Wi Toes | (ew, FF [0 | me READING SELECTIONS Hak enso chlorine ae harogen halogen ik seiho method of producing ced kogyo-teki ni industrially HICH bY A enka-natoriumu sodium chloride KE jikken-shitsu laboratory +9y Bt sarashi-ko bleaching powder wee nv-ensan conventrated HCL Re sosogu to pour316 Comprehending Technical Japanese ARMA NY 7 suisanka-karushiumu WARK shO-sekkai At Be Bouse A ni Bo suwaseru chat shuscibun BATE hassei suru Relk~wv iy ni-sanka-mangan Mew TY enka-mangan ROCHE R midori-iro 0 obita Rae tanko-shoku MRHDICEV shigeki-sei_ no nioi ee nenmaku Bat okasu Bok) hw aK shimetta ritomasu-shi mata hydhakn surn 29169 Y 9LTY 7K yOka-kariumu-denpun- shi Re nikko BTS chokusha suru sesenIC bakuhatsu teki ni HAC hikage de thaic jojo ni ae enka-suiso moyasu taiki-chu de nenshd enso-sui STALE jia-enso-san wa ryohd Fi heika were sanka suru BS nokoru fFAd 3 say suru BSS tei-suru ae sakkin nozoku fisso shiiso yoso sosho suru GP aR (hi) kinzoku calcium hydroxide slaked lime to have A absorb B main constituent to be generated manganese dioxide manganese chloride tinged with green straw color irritating odor mucous membrane to attack, affect moist litmus paper to bleach potassium iodide starch paper sunlight to shine directly on explosively in the shade slowly, gradually hydrogen-chloride to burn in the atmosphere combustion chlorine watcr hypochlorous acid both equilibrium to oxidize to remain Wo react to exhibit, present sterilizing, disinfecting to remove fluorine bromine iodine to name generically (non) metalLESSON 1 317 i jun order LHDR sore yue therefore BRIG sanka-zai oxidizing agent Fata arukora alcohol so Rye yéido-chinki tincture of iodine RR iyaku medicine RACK shuka-suiso hydrogen bromide AILS (= eFC 2 5IC) o mushoku no colorless SEO hatsuen-sei no fuming EDDT kiwamete exceedingly, very ee fut boiling Rehr ts ni-sanka-keiso silicon dioxide MRL ey TR GK 75 79) HERD BOA. MAK Cle (2, TLIRMVICILHLT bY APOE RTAR CO < Bas, Fee ECHO IOHEBH ONS. (1) a BCPA ERE CL BE, RRL ey YA (NIK) Ca(OH), MRED L ALLO, OLIN, CaCl(ClO) + H,0 cb beh Z HME OMACDE. Ca(OH) 2+Cl-— CaCl (C1O) + HO CHICMEMBRTE CL, UO ES ICH AIBA BL CaCl (ClO) - H,O+2HCI—CaCl, + Cl, +2H,0 (2) SARib~ vy Wy CHR EMATRIS, COMAICIL, MRI Cl,+ MnCl, + 21,0 Enka-mangan Enso no Stishitsu: Euso Cl, wa midori-iro 0 obita tanko-shoku no omoi kitai de, shigeki-sei no nioi ga ari, nenmaku o okashite yidoku de aru. Enso wa shimetta ritomasu-shi o akaku shita nochi hyShaku shi, yoka-kariumu-denpun-shi o aoku shita nochi hydhaku suru. Enso to suiso no kongo-kitai ni nikk o chokusha suru to, hakuhatsu-teki ni kagd suru. Kono kongé-kitai wa hikage de mo jojo ni kagd shi, tsugi no yO ni enka-suiso ga dekiru. H,+Cl,—2HCl Suiso 0 enso no naka de moyasu koto mo dekiru shi, enso o suiso no naka de moyasu koto mo dekiru. Korera no toki mo, enka-suiso ga dekiru, Taiki-chi no nenshd wa sanso to no kago‘ de aru ga, cnso-chii no nenshd wa enso to no ka- gO de aru. Enso-sui: Enso 0 mizu ni tokashita mono o enso-sui to iu. Enso to mizu to wa, tsngi no y6 ni hand shite enka-suiso HCl to jia-enso-san HGIO to nau. Cl,+H,O—HC1+HClO qa Ko shite enka-suiso to jia-enso-san® ga dekiru to, korera ga tsugi no yO ni hanu® shite enso to mizu to o shOjiru. HCl HCIO. >Ch 1 H,O @) Soko de kono sui-ySeki-chti de wa, (1) no hand to (2) no hannd to no ryoho ga okotte iru ga, chddo tsuri-ai ga torete, enso, mizu, enka-suiso, jia-enso-san no yon-busshitsu_ ga, mashi mo shinakereba heri mo shinai,® sunawachi, dochira no hann6 mo tomatte iru yO ni mieru jotai ni aru. Kono jotai o kagaku-heikd no jotai to ii, tsugi no yo na kagaku-hanno-shiki de arawasareru. Cb-+ HO HUL+ HOO. Enso-sui-chu de wa, korera no yon-busshitsu ga kagaku-heiko no jotai ni aru. Jia-enso-san HCO wa, tsugi no shiki no shimesu yO ni sanso o ataete, ta no busshitsu o sanka suru koto ga dekiru. HCIO—HCI+ (0) Jia-enso-san ga naku nareba, ue no heik0 ga migi e idd shi, nokotte iru enso ga mizu to say6 shite mata jia-enso-san to naru. Kono yO ui, shimetta enso ga322 Comprehending Technical Japanese hyOhaku no sayo o tei-suru. Sarashi-ko mo, enso to onaji yO ni hydhaku, sakkin ni mochi-irareru ga, ensan nado 0 sosoide sansei ni shita toki, sono sayd ga teuyoku arawareru. Enso ya sarashi-ko wa, dé-bussei no buschitsu 0 okasu. Shoku-bussei no busshitsu de mo hydhaku shita ato de, nokotte iru enso o yoku novoite okanakereha naranai. Harogen-genso: Kusso, enso, shiiso, yOso wa tagai ni yoku nite ite harogen-genso to sOsh0 sareru. Kono uchi, enso, shuso, yOso wa toku ni yoku nite iru. Ippau ui, hi-kinzoku to kinzoku to wa yoku kagd suru. Harogen-genso mo kinzoku ya suiso to yoku kag suru ga, sono kagé-ryoku wa tougi no jun ni chiisaku natte iru, Fusso > Enso > Shiiso > Yoso Sore yue, tsugi no yo na hannd ga okom: 2NaBr-+Cl—92NaUl+ Bre 2K1+Cl—2KCl+ 1, Kono hoh® de, shtso ya yoso 0 tsukuru koto ga dekiru. Shiiso wa, enso to onaji y6 ni, sanka-zai to shite mochi-irareru. Yoso wa mizu ni hotondo tokenai ga, yoka-butsu no suiycki ya arukdru ni wa tokeru. Yos0 0 yOka-kariumu no sui-yoeki ni tokashita mono ga jikken-shitsu de tsukau y6so- yoeki de aru. Yodo-chinki wa, iyaku ni mochi-irareru Shiika-suiso HBr, ydka sniso HT wa, enka-suiso HCl to onajiku mushoku, hatsuen-sei, shigeki-sei no kitai de, kiwamete mizu ni toke-yasuku, sui-yoeki wa tsuyoi sansei o shimesu. Fukka-suiso HF wa, sesshi-jukyu-ten-go-do de futto suru ckitai de, sui-yOeki wa yowai sansei 0 shimeshi, ia uv harugeukasuisy iv chigai, garasu o okasu. Garasu no seibun no ni-sanka-keiso SiO» ga tsugi no yO ni fukka keiso SiF, (kitai) to naru kara de aru. SiO, +4HF —SiF 42H, SHOSAN NO SEISHITSU Shihan no shasan wa, shasan HNO, to. na-zukern mushoku, hatsnen-sei no ekitai (hijii ichi-ten-gorni, futten sesshi-hachijt-roku-do) no sui-yoeki de ari, nddo ga okiku naru ni tsurete, hiju ga okiku naru. Shosan wa shuju no nodo no mono ga shihan sarete ite, izure mo nO-shOsan to iwarete iru. Shosan wa, hikari ga ataru to ké-kasshoku o obiru. Kore wa hikari no tame ni shdsan ga ichi-bubun tsugi no y6 ni bunkai shi, ni-sanka-chisso NO; to iu kasshoku no shigeki-shi no aru yidoku na kitai ga dekite, sore ga tokete iru kara de aru. mei 4HNO; — 4NO, | 2H,0 | O, an shdsan ni ni-sanka-chisso o tokashi-konda mono 0, hatsuen-shOsan to iu.LESSON 21 323 Shésan ga hifu ya yomo nado no tanpakwshitsu ni sayd suru to, kiiro no busshitsu ga dekiru, Kore 0 kisanto-purotein-hann6 to iu. Kin ya hakkin wa, ensan ni mo shdsan ni mo okasarenai ga, ensan to shdsan no kongd-yGeki de arn sui ni wa tokern. Kono ydeki o jahatsu saseru to, sorezare, enka-kinsan HAuCl, * 4H,U(ki-iro) oyobi enka-hakkin-san H.PtUls + 6H,O (anseki- shoku) ga erareru. Kore wa dochira mo shimeri-yasui kessho de aru. KOSO Hakko ya fuhai ni wa bi-seibutsu ga kankei suru. Kore wa bi-scibutsu no tainai de dekiru koso ga shokubai to nate, kagaku-henka 0 okosu no de aru. Ippan ni, saihd no naka de tsukurarern shokubai-sayd no aru busshitsn 0 k6so to iu. Kaso ni wa, shika-koso ya kokyi-kdso nado iroiro na shurni no mono ga atte, seibutsu-tainai de shuju no kagaku-henka 0 unagasu. Koso wa tanpakushitsu to shite no seishitsu® 0 motte ite, taitei sesshi-sanju-go-do naishi goju-go-do no han'i de mottomo sayG ya (suyoi. Mata, koso no hataraki wa, yOeki uo sausei, arukari- sei no tsuyosa no teido (pH) de ciky®o ukeru shi, shuju no muki-enrui no sonzai de mo eiky6 o ukeru, Tatoeba, dacki-amiraze no say6 ni wa, enso-ion no sonzai ga hitsuyd de aru. Ipp3, do ya suigin nado no jt-kinzoku no enrui no sonzai wa, k®so no say6 o tomeru mono de aru.” Hitotsu no k6so wa, tokutei no busshitsu no tokutei no hannd ni taishite dake sayo suru. Tatoeba, marutaze wa, bakuga-to o kasui-bunkai suru ga, shoto sono ta o kasui-bunkai suru kolo wa dekinai, Inberutaze wa, shot o kasui-bunkai suru ga, bakuga't®, sono ta o kasui-bunkai suru koto wa dekinai. CHLORINE AND THE HALOGENS Methods of Preparing Chlorine: Chlorine Cl, is made industrially by electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions; but in the laboratory the following two methods are used: (1) Concentrated HCI is poured on bleaching powder. Bleaching powder is obtained by having calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) absorb chlorine, and its principal constituent is a crystalline material represented by CaCl (CIO) -11,0. Ca(OH), | Cl, —»CaCl(Cl0) -H,O Upon the addition of HCl, chlorine is generated as follows: CaCl (CIO) +H,0+2HCI—aCl, +Cl,+2H.0 (2) HCl is added to MnO, and heated. In this case MnO, oxidizes the HCl to give Cl, as follows: MnO, +4HCI— Cl, + MnCl, +2H,0 Properties of Cly: Chlorine is a greenish-yellow, heavy gas with an irritating odor, which attacks the mucous membranes and is poisonous. Chlorine bleaches moist litmus paper after turning it red, and also bleaches potassium iodide starch324 Comprehending Technical Japanese paper after turning it blue. When sun light is directed into a gaseous mixture of chlorine and hydrogen, they combine explosively. Even in the shade this gaseous mixture will react slawly to produce hydrogen chloride as follows: H,+Cl—2HCl It is possible both to burn hydrogen in chlorine, and chlorine in hydrogen. In both cases HCi is produced. Atmospheric combustion is a combination with oxygen, but combustion in a chlorine atmosphere is a combination with chlorine. Chlorine Water: Water in which chlorinc has been dissolved is called chlorine water. Chlorine and water react as follows and produce HCl and HCIO. Cl, +H,O—HCl+HClo a) When HCI and HCIO arise in tl and HO: way, they react as follows and produce Ch HCl+HCIO—Cl,+H,0 2 Accordingly, both reactions (1) aud (2) are occurring in this aqueous solution, and an exact equilibrium is attained in which the four substances Cl,, H,O, HCl and HCIO neither increase nor decrease, that is, a state in which both reactions appear to have stopped. This condition is called a state of chemical equilibrium, and it is indicated by the following chemical (reaction) equation. CL+H,O==HCI+HClO These four substances are in a state of chemical equilibrium in chlorine water. Hypochlorous a id HCIO, as the following equation shows, cau give off oxygen, and thereby oxidize other substances: HClO HCl! (0) When hypochlorous acid disappears, the above equilibrium shifts to the right, the remaining chlorine reacting with water to give more hypochlorous acid. In this way wet chlorine exhibits a bleaching action. Bleaching powder is also used as a bleach and disinfectant in the same way as chlorine; and its action is enhanced by acidification with hydrochloric or other acids. Agents like chlorine and bleaching powder attack animal tissue. After bleaching plant substances, any residual chlorine must be thoroughly removed The Halogens: Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine are quite similar to one another and are called halogens. Among them chlorine, bromine, and iodine are particularly similar. Non-metals and metals generally combine readily. Halogens thus combine with metals and hydrogen, their chemical reactivities decreasing in the following order: Fluorine > Chlorine > Bromine > Iodine The following kinds of reactions therefore occur:LESSON 21 325 2NaBr+Cl,—+2NaCl+Brz 2KI+Cl-—2KCl+ I, Bromine and iodine can be prepared in this way. Bromine like chlorine is used as an oxidizing agent. Iodine is almost insoluble in water but does dissolve in alcohol and in aqueous solutions of iodides. The iodine solution used in the laboratory consists of iodine dissalved in an aqueous solution of potassium iodide. Lincture of iodine is used in medicine. Hydrogen bromide HBr and hydrogen iodide HI like hydrogen chloride HCl are colorless, fuming, pungent gases, quite soluble in water, their aqueous solutions exhibiting strong acidity. Hydrogen fluoride HF is a liquid, boiling at 19.5°C, whose aqueous solutions exhibit weak acidity; HF differs from the other hydrogen halides in that it attacks glass. This is because the silicon dioxide component of glass, SiO., goes to silicon fluoride SiF, (gas) as follows: SiO.-+4HE-—Sik,+2H.0. THE PROPERTIFS OF NITRIC ACID Commercial nitric acid is an aqueous solution of a colorless, fuming liquid, called nitric acid HNO which has a specific gravity of 1.52 and a boiling point of 86°C; its specific gravity increases with concentration. Various concentrations of nitric acid are marketed, all of which are called concentrated nitric acid When light falls on nitric acid it hecames yellowish-hrown. This is hecause the nitric acid is partially decomposed by the light as follows: light yp ANC, + 2040, darkness to form the brown, pungent, poisonous gas nitrogen dioxide NO, which then goes into solution. A solution of nitrogen dioxide in concentrated nitric acid is called fuming nitric acid When nitric acid reacts with protein materials, such as skin and wool, yellowish substances are produced. This is called the xanthoprotein reaction. Gold and platinum are not attacked by either hydrochloric acid or nitric acid, Dut they will dissolve in aqua regia, a mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid solutions. Upon evaporating such solutions, we obtain chloroauric acid (yellow) and chloro-platinic acid (dark red) respectively. Both are hygroscopic crystals. ENZYMES Micro-organisms are related to such processes as fermentation and putrefaction, because enzymes which are the catalysts causing such chemical changes are produced in the bodies of micro-organisms. Substances with catalylic activity326 Comprehending Technical Japanese which are produced in cells are generally called enzymes. There are various kinds of enzymes, such as digestive enzymes and respiratory enzymes, and these accelerate a variety of chemical changes within the bodies of living beings. Since enzymes have the properties of proteins, they are generally most active in the range 35—55°U. Furthermore, the action of enzymes is affected by the degree of acidity or alkalinity (pH) of the solution as well as by the presence of various inorganic saits. For exampie the presence of chiorine ion is necessary for the action of amylase in saliva. On the other hand, the presence of the salts of copper, mercury, and other heavy metals stops enzyme activity. An enzyme acts only with regard to one specific reaction of one specific substance. For example, maltase can hydrolyze maltose but not sucrose or other sugars. Invertase can hydrolyze sucrose, but not maltose or ather sugars EXPLANATORY NOT! (1) sanse to no kagd “Combination with oxygen” (See Explanatory Note No.3 of Lesson 11). (2) jia-enso-san The prefix @- (iii) corresponds to the suffixes “-ous” and “ite”. ‘The prefix ji- (We) corresponds to “hypo-” in English. Die rinsan phosphoric acid a SE a-rinsan, phosphorous acid DHE RD rinsan-natoriumu sodium phosphate Wy RI bys arinsan-uatoriumu sodium phosphite KEYES PP oA jiavinsan-natoriumu sodium hypophosphite Note further that the sound jia, written in kang frequently occurs in organic nomenclature, with a totally different meaning of course: LTR jiazo-kagd-butsu diazo compound Yriy jiamin diamine (3) mashi mo shinakere- “Neither increase nor decrease.” ba heri mo shinai This kind of construction is not uncommon, As another cxample we cite? atsuku mo naranakereba neither becomes hotter nor tsumetaku mo naranai colder (4) tanpaku-shitsu to “Properties as proteins.” shite no seishitsu ‘This construction implies that enzymes fulfill several roles, one of them being proteins. As an added illustration, cousider a man who is simultaneously T2#H6s Adguku-buchd “dean of the engincering college” and (bh OPdE hagaku(5) ...mono de aru vu HMWEO WE, bole & Co retmae le & Ho: CAME BML, TERS nA vibihic DAF 2 RS, BE i Jaa bot Ibe rt Re Se BATS ee se HALTS ETA Me deb bath Se fat SetaOR SE sie FH WATS Bee i HSE LESSON 21 327 kogaku-ka no kydju “professor of chemical engineer. ing.” The expression SL L-COEH bucks to shite no iken means his “opinion as dean”. his phrase, appended to a statement means “it happens that...” or “it is characteristic that...” or “iypically..." Hi is often omitied in translation. SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS zanson relic shokubutsu-chiri-gaku plant geography yogo technical term katsute formerly hiroi broad Dunpurken area of distribution narrow region sei-iku suru to grow, be born and bred Be (SJ 397) sapugens hatsuga germination me bud kyfishi suru to he dormant, resting seichd suru to grow hoshi spore kafun pollen shokubutsu-tai plant body hassei embryo shushi seed jusei-ran fertilized egg yoga plumule yokon radicle shiyo cotyledon keisei suru to form kiko mechanism tekion suitable temperature k6-hatsuga-shushi light germinator328 Comprehending Technical Japanese Seok kytsui absorbent water RAK fukaketsu indispensable % 4 (SJ 802) WRF So KHOA LKES Dio Tek weds, Patni Vik LET O & SICHELHE L, PICKARD RICH 5, CARR hi-heiko non-equilibrium th CLitf< 2 — shinde shibaraku tatsu a short while after dying Raabinic kyokubu-teki ni in certain parts, partially PRED sukunakutomo at least 20564 mote than 20 years Bats BAS hiraku to open Lahn shika...nai only JRE GRIBD BDH (BK 157-158) AICO S SAAC, Ot & Tr SRICTMUUS CE SPORE EA ER 6, HA CLIEES hot, MC MPIC PHO LE DICE SB. FBI Pale BICEEADTRL CLEDAONTE DRM. Leo CEE CM SKE EMEICT 6 WD, ANERDBOESICARB. LAL ZS Cit, FECHA REE DIFA COBBLE, POMS ESICBETF SHS, ET ICPMVRIERS SHE METRIC KT, DRC EPILOHMAMS TER CHS. VORECAMBAICO VC, EAL ABI ET Few ICIP BIRR £05 ORR oI CH DIE Bis, > LFOmMON ANF 4, IORI H 4 bo C4, FAIRE SbF ICT HAMEL dD 5 cb a SER, D. ABE hiryo fertilizer REX sekkai-chisso lime nitrogen a kokuen graphite (black lead) FY WE chiri-shoseki Chile saltpeter TR nydso urea ~ AR mame-ka bean family Hie shokubutsu plant te ne root BETZ kisci suru to live on, be parasitic onALA BTS RE Die wy iL Be RR Rieko ae aK Kats 7 FR K bee FLD 79YA uk BATS BRE oy i KS Re Re ae konryt-saikin saibai suru ryokuhi rinsan orin kersuekci nyo yaku ni tatsu koppun kotsubai kome-nuka kari-hiryo hai waga-kuni Doitsu, Furansu ‘kGsho LESSON 21 329 root-nodule bacteria to cultivate green manure (fertilizer made from green plants) phosphoric acid yellow phosphorous biood urine to help bone meal (dust) bone ashes rice bran potash fertilizers ash our country (i. e, Japan) Germany; France ore deposits yunyt suru to import sekkai-seki limestone kona powder hatake field maku to spread ciyo nutrition naganen a lung time, for many years tsuchi earth, ground Ie ¥ (GK 220-221) HS SGRIONE LC, BIRT ve - YA (NH) SO, E44 154, TOI, FIRE (ANZ IRYTI: CaN, & BSCE © RAM) - 7 VTL NaNOg - RT 7 = — 7 SNHNO, Sait 7 v += 7 SNH,Cl + re CON): Sv bNtr 4S, wahloniien, zomiick+ 2 Kimmo mem EID Aci AMIC tS RRDERDSAD, SHIBNTHICEA SUBIR, + APH CHER OC 3 Ok, BRUNO L RITA CAINS Z 2d CH o UY pA: 8 HIV RAAHA LOCH ER, DVO Atotkithi bEbICyBECS 3, Folie330 Comprehending Technical Japanese PIV RALY PATCHY, MT MBO ICY TR DIC) YRILAM IDB. eas °. i> ARIE YYBRBRE LC DIET D. LiL, ICY Y BPE BK We iat PAIS. SR BIC, HB > YAR HD OKIERMEA) 9A KCO, KEEBTO-CH INL AS. babHcR Ky - 2IYARE CRIMI E26 9 CH SHINE YY KeSO, HEE 9 7 eo Hic BAL THE TRS. AMY? EAD WERT ERAOWE MIC RE CL MDS, CH, HOTEL LCR A. He MFVEaVAR EDM REED mi Leewic Paster & RPh tO PA TARHTHE, EB. BRetAl josd-zai herbicide ca zassd weeds HEEB koshi suru to wither, die Es yakuzai chemical AREY seich0-horumon growth hormone Be tekito na suitable Beas sanpu suru to scatter BORE (Gjo) haisuiku (abnormal) growth WMT S shigeki suru to stimulate rae chozd storage WATS shohi suru to consume (verb stem)+2< 4 (verb stem) +tsukusu to exhaust completely Rab konbu the roots Am nyudaku-eki emulsion tt ie Ba) RY 650) AER Re x teow SAREE 5, Meek ey Pic HF ELD SMOWMORAREA CHM L, RMN. L-ciilwa oAvEL, Rie Lomb U8 Lema 3c 2 anil save, 24-D ev 5PRANEMM-C, ME ORES, HLMIZIG, KIC TD LAWN hla AEE LCRA. F. Aust nytisan lactic acidLESSON 21. 331 EFRR (i) sakusan (kin) acetic acid (bacteria) ee akusho bad odor FEEL Baik (8 105) BEMID Ih fe B CHRME DOME SHREK RNC Oo THOM, CORDIC 3 BALPABR ah Ch, REA, HREM 21-71-21 ROME OL BRAS ECHSM, THAME TECHS. GyHSOH + Oreo +H,0+ 115 kcal bes aa READE MET ALK, LOERDBE CH ote o, RMPBLE nts Belt, Chemie ns, MKOLE, HHL ASHHRAL EL ACS sBaton, G. Ra kokyt-kikan respiratory organs BR e Tan améba amoeba ya kurage jellyfish mimizu earthworm kato-dobutsu lower animals kinrui fungi sorui algae samazama na various sunaeiu wu be cyuipped with FP OWE LILI & (105) PCHAT SRC BORE MF ED AN SEE OMI, TAN 79H SE AREOT SRY, MER BB HT LOTR CR, > ROR bh, WHS Hehe. Lisl. &< Oli Tite & 8 MOMPRE ehi ATM, FROME THE, ie 3% (SS 78, 72-75) BRL MBOBMEETT 2 CL RUTD LOMB CH re, MAMIE OREM bot, KAOEBO—Hn KiCH SZ, TVA AKKICMDTE, ECICMED BOAO, WORCH sCHUMEGRE DRM, EC BH, ZCICHEANSE,332 Comprehending Technical Japanese EYL ARP LICE S 7 & RULER ICTS 5. ODE T VAR TT Io COTM ANF LMF 6 EMLERIN ETI DES 8 OIE, pele 5 Ey DICH AWE CH oT, EUAMHROCHS, ThPADT OWE BO, 7 Ko ORRICK HB hb CBY, COMBED Y o CH ABKICL 9 CT a 2 Seis RET 2ocbs. EbICCHEMES . z MBRELU CH ok, ROWE, seat ‘BS iRsERE Me In CD b. PACRMMRET SRBICK, A, BERL med 208 ML ERt snr Re CRO CHS, BRORLR, Fv SV HOOD‘ OT Aa —AMHOMMEDRT SAN CHEN RRBOGMICEO CCH ok, TV AY, TVEAT DIL, REL CREAKEMTY 77 ERMEOIICT 6 LO TRE LUMI Ya 7777 4 ICR L, PHAM ONL CAA TY TV ICH ae, SORE See WEE LOGUEATRDNSCLEM Ke TOLSICLTEERIGS, MARC VEMREDR GE) CE oCTALISTEM, KVEAHD DIB, TAUPE SRR, OTD MATMRIOE ORB PITY, YS Eh EORRICRON TORO T, EKAMNMMBE LT reh, Ea b+ OBERIC Lo CHROREMMEM Sie, LEEDS ZELOKMIEKCH SB, MY OMVEILRKT, Heo CHRORD DIG DANEK, BH AKL GCOS. TROD, HRCA MMO MARINE Ceo TB, ES CHEER ARIE AIO BHAA SBSICI, ha OBESE, HE Ra, TAME, TARAM 5 hARAE, Hey FOES RAM BR, Bee Lowe DL wRikeAeac EPSVOIRL, AA CHI7S’CU FORE, KEEKEL FILE A COR, CHR ET Cin 5, SRAMINTL SRECIER 2 Ike b BNE AKL. Efe C OREM BEE ICME E AL CZ ANE EMT. CHOOR AFCA RE ECOBANK HD FC HENS, THECEZOR, MD FERED PICA EN CS ob CHS. ROMP ICS < C, BE 700 DEBS COS, OTS 4LARIOY RIGRE LER 60, -FRIEICE RBC, HO METH S.LESSON 22 55 | KAT 153 [AN 2553 | umi 1283 | yasu(i) 516 | MI 250n | KO il i eS 3193 a 8 2 s/s ie ri ~ 418 | SHITSU | i Tw] tina "7 Te Ziva| EN % I a © [ait | hones 253b | SAKU & FE Fs] ou 249 | SHOKU 26 | CHAKU ts FE ne J | 3665 | tsutku) READING SELECTIONS fk kaisui sea water PRESS sekishutsu suru to separate FS nozoku to remove Pe shokuen table salt Ge) (nigai) aji (bitter) taste ia seisel purification AY SEB ion-kokan-jushi foaeuehnnge extn Ris datsuen desalting ig so beds, layers334 Comprehending Technical Japanese ZBTS AD A fa ony ETS SR Bok HAE Wem ABR Bar cL aR CRIS BES De HRD RO ke AB) tebe as RBTS Fed (SRT) ie “ARE SH Woe ROK AnARRS Bik Bok tory Flth) BOCHICK OK BaD tsukamaru fajun-butsu roka suru roshi no me mydban tayasuku_ inryo-sui nigotta sunda iya na yldoku na yiigai na saikin byogen-kin --ni tekisuru suka d& ka junsui no ki no nuketa (fu) yukai na ko-busshitsn yuzamashi shafutsu suru tamesu kensa hantei hanshoku tasukeru anzen na ashOsan-en kOsui nansui sekken awa no dekinikui mizu shibd-san to be held impurity to filter pores of the filter paper alum easily drinking water turbid, muddy clear unpleasant, disagreeable poisonous injurions, harmful bacteria pathogenic bacteria tw be suitable for... whether or not... pure flat (tasting) (un) pleasant minerals boiled water (which has been cooled) to expel, drive out to boil to test test judgment breeding, propagation to help safe nitrites hard water soft water soap water which forms suds with difficulty fatty acidLESSON 22 335 K PR mk (BK 204, 209-211) WA. WA thy HICH ENS 1 AY OMI By C, MITK1DE RD CHS. BKPOKDERBAC COS &, RKANY TATA Ca” CHM rv SOF & RIBEDK EBA LC, BAY 7A CaSO 2HO0 ba CHES, Faz C, XOICKPERBECSE, HhVOALHY Nat LMR ay Cl LRMALT HEIL FA (Sells) NaCl Leo CHINTZ. COME FI YA eBR OAD OF i, SPRY TATEY Me™ RRA CRE RDIC, HURTS.” COMMDA~Z RYO AM DY AE LMT S., #1: Bk kg CAENSA ALOR) tay x 5 & we Brey x 8 & me | FIV AY Na 10.56 SRI TY aT 18,98 | PRL IRARY Mg” 1.27 RR Ay a 2.65 DUVORAAY en 0.40 BEEK ty HCO,” 0.14 AVIARY a e38 BRATY Br (0,065, AOWM. KWOK 05 OWA CoB, CHLEMBT BIC, HLT Z A 1 SURE BUS 25 ACIS 1 ot SERINE CH ERI OR EE Na!', Ca, + Mg" OL 5 4BT ALIS -< CHT Ay ABC OPED, TOD DICK ay He pio. 6. Cl © S07 OL 6 aI ty RTA TET AY SEMIGIC DET, EOD VICK ty OHM AEA HTK B.S LAY EKBI AY ERRAL TAR FER reCLESOC, KOPOR ty st av omtihnd. KEL, COMET, THY Cha RHMEERE CLES Tne i KRU 5 COB BEERC IC, BETH, LL, BHO AEHBETS ES AMPERES SL ER, KICHMT EKO 4, EX DAY ORKBREMAT BOS, CHOOMFURETKEGMT LAD, KETS Bons, BRK, Bo RK dbSA, BARKTD, VPRIKECRORS EY”, HRM sovencoro, seaman GER) recor ns bor, HeCHLAM. ROKIIEL AL EMP OKCH EA, MOATKES AAAS 8. THC KELTRY MOMMA LROGI RA Cod kik, HOLE LABEL Y & HOI, KOPCHBIT Ca BRM SC 5 tb Ch Bo RICH RICH BHT wesrice, Ke SOME HBR, LA LSROKNBRIC, +9Y RE A IHER CHT 2.336 Comprehending Technical Japanese ROKSPCHS BLS EROTIC, MMOH C, MMOS bE LOADER ROM, TNELEC TH, RACE T HE, & seat HRCESA, HAMA ORMEDG Bd6, HRHOPRVARRETHS, Eh, AV ATH DMCS Be, TYLA Y AMA MME Sho, CHLEALAOREKACS Bo ke fitok. tor YeMEEL #ICHD BCE, HOOTCEICK VKEMK EL, ty Tr YRECRAL, SHOES Rok elk & 0 5. RROBK, £25, Any Dt ay Cat Oe FRY ATAY Me* EBA CHS, ty TV IRIRUROF bY Y DME-CH oC, MICH OM, MMO ary Y Ale SHY Y AIR AIC Kin, KOCH, ee TY BAY 9 MOT TRY Y MIRICR ID 3 THE DCH S. FER genso element anen ge shiiki-ritsn-hyo periodic table HX keishiki form Ht) OBR yoko (tate) no hairetsu row (column); horizontal (vertical) arrangement shuki period zoku group dozoku-genso elements helonging to the same group Ni junban order < bigs kuri-kaesu iv repeai RASS kubetsu suru to distinguish SMITE tenkei-genso typical (pattern) elements BBLH sen'i-genso transition elements sac betsu ni separately AO Hi tori-dasu to take out ANE A furkassei-gasu inert gas Me dole nanimono to mo...nai with no other substances WO Aav kassei no Oki highly active 1 fiDB-1 ab ikka no yd-ion monovalent cation FWY ANGE arukari-dorui-kinzoku alkaline earth metal WERE=ENG SEES bunrui suru to classify BHIC yoi ni easily RS ushinau to lose Batt yosei cationic properties Bate insei anionic propertiesLESSON 22 337 WELERS hashi-watashi to naruto form a bridge SF genshi-ka valence TO RIMMER (BK 82, 84) RAOMMBBIC, VARARPROCORABK, FA-COHOMIIEEME vv, RUOKD VOMMICRTESREE COS. HomAtKE De, CROTREARERL Oe, HEIs, KOMBO OM Eick oT OSH, HAMM OB, HI] oS AUMKECH ZC YMINTOS, ENC, © AEABLLCKBL, ALMOROMK THER, Bao Moma Tle 5. HORM EM 7 ANIC BONIS SERA FSC, MMS BAEC LECERVOT, CHEMICKOMLERLTHS, AMARA O HIG, NREL ADEE Cb, CHOOTHEH29 fae Of Sat, Bt arvickBtsvichaban, PIMA, Whee l.etn, te DECTRICHHEDK Eo 71 VERBS, CHEE MOM Hv LAY OT Or. BUKAIC, TAI TORO KIC, DOB ry EA oeIRADS, HINA KEES CROANR YY ER, (HUICHED AS OIE THC, OTNG 1 MMOES AFYERBSOTCHA, MOKRTS, ALKOTKAMAEAt RT, LeRT, (ene HHA DAG EE LETHE. CAC AMICRS ERE RSL, TOMDICH OH [KADLANE BBE ROUT CEILI, Fkbb, ROBEMN, NEES INT CoN DLFOEA RD 0, BVA CH OIEDIEC 23, Tbs, REE Fy ADH, TORO O KORE BEMES EL, KOMI DIRE L 2&5 C eb. MMARO AORHE BOKER, ROBSMMU AS AMT EDL Bo EAM, HMB CURE 7 MORFMERI. LAL, ADM, Bet rv Cl LERAABBI AY ER bAYL, BOY, BItvy Mn* +e 4H, BT TY ERB, 27h Bteru ether BR akusht bad odor ESE taiatsu-yoki pressure vessel rea aseton acetone FROG tokushu no suikan special blow torch KET fuki-dasu to blow forth ERT FUT sanso-asechiren-en oxy-acetylene flame # hono-o flane seat tetsuzai iron (materials)338 Comprehending Technical Japanese MS kiru to cut oat tsunagu to join iia sakusan acetic acid FRAT LEEK aseto-arudehido acetaldehyde enka-hinirn vinyl chloride fu-hOwa-sei ga aru to be unsaturated pori-sakusan-biniru poiyvinyi acetate setchaku-zai adhesive (material) mas yy horumarin formalin ve Re BIER BEB -to...0 hatarakaseru to cause...to react with... BAD tokuyt no characteristic eit ganrya content mS koru to freeze ARAB hyo-sakusan glacial acetic acid Ante gOsei-su (artificial) vinegar WreBey ANE karubokishiru-ki carboxyl group SARE musui-sakusan acctic anhydride Reso san-musui-butsu acid anhydride 7eFvy (3K 259-261) TRFVY Golo tk, WUALALY 7 AICKPIER COX 3B, CaC,+2H,O—0,H, +Ca(OH), FRU ik, RG -BRRRECHY, =-FADLS RPPYDINTHI BM, HB D5 ITB he WICH ASA 5, HED DN) CHE ARP OT bY ICR Lik, ROKR MK VICKEME LC, BRT LFV IRD B. CORBIEMIC WEAR id, MbbEH. kD ORME DTS OICHS. TEFL Y REEMA ZL, HMRGET SOLES. Fh bb, KMRME BARE LC, TEAL AIC MLA AREA MSE, TATHT ePTFE Ke MG e s+ ARE HE RET BS. HEE = BERR = tk, LSA, MAMERSZOC, HMBAELOT he 2 REAL = VIRB ALi Lichen 4D, Chaba) art aw DOS, CHERICIE, IY Elid ETHIC EV BDICLADBE SRY EWS HhhHe CH 2, “eK CH, CHO i, STOMIMSLA DICK HS. THC, © VMS BE BRE LOT PTT © FEM CHILL CHER EOS 3LESSON 22 339 Behe CH, - COOH (Biss 17°C, #88 119°C) ik, Be HM Ado. KOM L & LAF SOtUDD e9-S, OREN E D5 REL, HEM, eR MU LIC Fn tS Rm, HELE EY ORAM TCH SO. BREIL, AWE Ch RY IED KABA LEBEL CR MEO Dd OG ORME ER TORE KD CCD TIRE DHE CH oC, HAHEI. WROD EVINCED EEK EA Do TENNEN-SUI Kaisui ichi-kiro-chii ni fukumareru ion no ryS wa yaku sanji-go-guramu de, hobo hyi Kaisui kara suibun 0 johatsu sasete iku to, mazu, karushiumu-ion Ca‘ to rytsan-ion SO,' to ga ni-bunshi no mizu to ketsugo shite, ryusan karushiumu CaSO, 2H,O Wo nate sekishutsu suru. Sore 0 nozvile, sara ui suibun o jOhatsu saseru Lo, natoriumu-ion Nat to enso-ion Cl to ga ketsugé shite, enka-natoriumu (shokuen) ichi no tori de aru, NaCl to nate sekishutsu suru. Kono enkanatoriumu 0 nozoita nokori no eki wa, maguneshiumu-ion Mg*t o fukunde iru tame ni, nigai aji ga suru. Kono eki kara wa maguneshinmu-en, karinmu-en, shiiso 0 sei7d surn. Mizu no Seisei: ‘Vennen-sui ni wa iroiro no enrui ga tokete iru. Kore o seisei suru ni wa, joryu suru ka, ion-kokan-jushi de datsuen suru. Mizu o yo-ion-kokan-jushi to in-ion-kokan-jushi no sd 0 tOsu to, Na', Ca”, ya Mg! no yo na yo-ion wa subeie yOivurhOkaurjushi ai isukamati, suv hawati ui suisoriou H* ya jushi kara dete kuru. Gl- ya SO- no yo na in-ion wa subete in-ion-kokan-jushi ni tsukamatte, sono kawari ni suisan-ion OH~ ga jushi kara dete kuru. Suiso-ion to suisan-ion to wa, ketsugd shite mizu-bunshi to nate shimau no de, mizu no naka no yd-ion mo in-ion mo mina nozokareru. Tadashi, kono hOhd de wa, ion ni naranai fujun-butsu 0 nozoku koto wa dekinai. Mizu ni majitte iru kotai o nozoku ni wa, roka sureba yoi. Shikashi, roshi no me o tsuka suru yo na komakai kotai ga aru toki wa, inizu ni rytsan aruminiumu mata wa mydban no sui-yoeki o kuwaete oku to, korera no rytshi ga atsumatte Ski na rytshi to nari, tayasuku nozokareru, Inryd-sui: Nigotta mizu wa mochiron, sunda mizu de mo, iya na aji ya nioi ga atari,” yfidoku na busshitsn ga tokete itari, yfigai na saikin (hydgen-kin) o fukunde itari suru mono wa, inry@ ni teki shinai. Joryu-sui wa hotondo junsui no mizu de aru ga, ki no nuketa yo na fu-yukai na aji ga aru. Sore de, inry0-sui to shite wa shOry6 no ko-busshitsu ya kuki no toke-konde iru mizu ga yo. Yu ya” yuzamashi ga vishiku nai no wa, mizuno naka ni tokete ita kGki ga oi-dasarete iru kara de aru. Mizu ni fukumarete iru340 Comprehending Technical Japanese bydgen-kin o korosu ni wa, mizu 0 gofun-kan hodo shafutsu. sureba yoi. Shika- shi, tary no mizu no baai ni wa, sarashi-ko mata wa enso de sakkin suru. ‘Yennen-sui ga inryd ni teki-suru ka dd ka o tamesu ni wa, saikin-gaku-teki- kensa 0 okonatte, saikin no tasho o shirabenakereba naranai ga, sore o shinakute mo, yakuhin de kagakweki-kensa o sureba, aru wide hantei ga dekiru Yuki butsu wa saikin no hanshoku o tasukeru kara, yUki-butsu no sukunai mizu suru to, anmoniumu-cn ya Mata, tanpakurshitsu ga fubai san-en ga dekiru kara, korera o fukumanai mizu ga anzen de aru. Kasui to Nansui: Sekken o kuwaeta toki ni nigori ga dekite, awa no deki-nikui mizu 0 k@sui to ii, sekken o yoku tokashi, awa no yoku tatsu mizu o nansui to iu, Tennen no kosui wa, futst, karushiumu-ion Ca** ya maguneshiumu ion Mg** © fukunde iru, Sekken wa, shibo-san no natoriumu-en de atte, mizu ni tokeru ga, shibO-san uo karushiumuren ya maguneshiunu-en wa wizu ui tokenai, KOsui no waka de wa, sckken ga karushiumuen ya maguneshiumu-cn ni kawatte nigoru no de aru. Genso no shiiki-ritsu-hy6 ni wa, iroiro na keishiki no mono ga aru ga, dore de mo yoko no hairetsu o shUki to ii, tate no hairetsu 0 zoku to ii, onaji hitotsu no genso ga dono zoku no dono shuki ni zoku suru ka wa sadamatte iru. Onaji zoku no genso 0 dozoku-genso to ii, seishitsu ga tage tei kara hachi made ni nite iru, Zoku no junban wa natte iu ga, daiyon-shtki kara ato wa, dai-ichi zoku kara dainana-zoku made ga nikai kuri kacsarcte iru, Sore de, kore 0 4, B to shite ku betsu shi, A to dairei-zoku no genso o tenkei-genso, B to daihachi-zoku no genso 0 sen’i-gensa ta in. Nairoku-shi to dainana-shiiki ni wa Ronn daisan-zokn ni zoku suru genso ga takusan atte, shiki-ritsu-hyd ni kaki-komu koto ga dekinai no de, kore © betsu ni tori-dashite shimeshite aru. Shuki-ritsu-hy6 no dairei-zoku ni wa, furkassei-gasu ga atsumatte iru. Korera no geuso wa, fulsi nanimonv (0 mo kagé sezu, yO-ion ni mo in-ion ni mo naranai, Daiichi-zoku A ni wa, henka o okoshi-yasui, sunawachi kagakuteki ni kassei no dkii, arukari-kinzoku ga aru, Korera wa ikka no yO-ion to nari-yasui, Daini-zoku Ani wa, arukari-dorui-kinzoku no yo ni, nika no yO-ion to naru kinzoku ga aru. Dainana-voku A ni atsumatte im harogen genso wa, kagakarteki ni kassei no aki hi-kinzoku-genso de, izure mo ikka no in-ion to naru mono de aru. ‘l'a no zoku de mo, onaji zoku no genso wa nita seishitsu o shimesu. Shitagatte, shuki-ritsu no zoku ni youe genso o bunrui suru koto ga dekiru. Tsugi ni onaji shtki ni zoku suru genso o miru to, sono hajime ni aru daiichi- zoku A no genso ga mottomo yéi ni denshi o ushinatte y ion ni nari-yasui, Su- nawachi, mottomo ydsci ga tsuyoi. Censhi-bangd ga masu ni tsurete, sukoshi-2utsu seishitsu ga kawari, dainana-zoku 4 de mottomo insei ga tsuyoku naru. Sunawachi, denshi 0 ete inion ni nari-yasni, Sono tsugi no dairei-zokn no genso wa yasei moLESSON 22 341 insei mo naku, tsugi no shuki e no hashiwatashi to nate iru. Shiiki-ritsu-hyd no A no genso to B no genso to wa, zokn no bangd ga onaji naraba, genshi-ka wa nita ten ga aru. ‘l'atoeba, dainana-zoku de wa, saik6 nanaka no genshi-ka o shimesu, Shikashi, 4 no enso wa, in-ion Cl” to wa naru ga yO-ion to wa naranai shi, B no mangan wa, yO-ion Mn*! to wa naru ga, in-ion to wa naranai. ASECHIREN Asechiren C,H, wa, tanka-karushiumu ni mizu o sosoide tsukuru. CaC,+2H,O— C,H, +Ca (OH), Asechiren wa, mushoku, yldoku na kitai de ari, @teru no y6 na kaori no mono de aru ga, futsi wa fujun-butsu no tame ni akushil ga aru, Atsuryoku o kakete taiatsu-yoki-chu no aseton ni tokashi-komi, tokushu no suikan kara sanso to tomo ni fuki-dasasete, sansu-asechiren-en® © tsukuru, Kono hono-o wa hij6 ni ondo ga takai kara, tetsuzai o kittari tsunaidari suru no ni tsukau. Ascchiren wa sanji-ketsugd ga aru kara, fukahannd o suru koto ga dekiru. Sunawachi, suigin-en o shokubai to shite, asechiren ni mizu, enka-suiso, sakusan © fuka sase, sorezore aseto-arudehido, enka-binirn, sakusan-hinitu 0 seizd suru Enka-biniru ya sakusan-biniru wa, nijii-ketsugd o fukumi, fu-hOwasei ga aru no de, fuka-jugo o shi-yasui. Pori-sakusan-biniru wa setchaku-zai ya toryO nado ni tsukawareru mono de, kore kara pori-biniru-arukdru ga erareru. Kore o ilo ni hiki, horumarin o hata rakascte mizu ni tokenai mono ni shita no ga, biniron to iu sen’i de aru. Aseto-arudehido CH,CHO wa, tokuyti no shigeki-shi ga ari mizu ni yoku tokern. Kagyé de wa, mangan-en a chokithai to shite, sanka shite, sakusan o tsukuru. Sakusan CH,COOH (yuten sesshi-junana-do, futten sesshi hyaku-jikyt-do) wa, tsuyoi shigeki-sha ga aru. Mizu no ganryo ga ichi pasento ika no mono wa, ko- riryasuku, hyd aseto-arudehida 9 sanen de sakusan to iu. Sakusan wa, yobai, yosei-su no seizd uado ni mochi- irareru hoka, kagaku-kogyo-jo jlyé na genryd de aru. Sakusan wa, sui-yOeki-ch de karubokishiru-ki no suiso ga sukoshi denri shite heikd © tamotsu kara yowai sansei o shimesu Ni musui-sakusan to iu, Kono yO ni, san kara mizu no toreta kag6-butsu o san-musui- butsu to iu. winshi_ no sakusan kara mizu no toreta mono wa mushoku no ekitai de atte, NATURAL WATER Sea Water: The quantities of ions contained in 1 kg of sca water arc csscntially those given in Table 1, totaling approximately 35 g. As we proceed to. evaporate sea water, first of all, calcium Ca® and sulfate SO,* ions combine with 2 molecules of water to form CaSO, + 2H,0 and precipi242 Comprehending Technical Japanese tate oul. Upon their removal and further evaporation, the sodium Na* and Cl- ions will combine to form NaCl which then precipitates out. The liquid which remains when this sodium chloride is removed has a bitter taste due to the magnesium ion Mg** content. Magnesium and potassium salts plus bromine are produced from this liquor. Water Purification: Various salts are dissolved in natural waters, and they are pu- rified either by distillation or by desaiting with ion exchange resins. if water is passed through beds of cation and anion exchange resins, all of the cations such as Na‘, Ca’, and Mg” will be captured by the cation exchange resin and replaced by hydrogen ions H* coming from this resin, and all of the anions such as Clv and SOf will be captured by the anion exchange resin and replaced by hydroxyl ions OH" coming from that resin. Since the hydrogen and hydroxyl ions combine completely into water molecules, all cations and anions in the water are removed. It is not possible by this method, however, to remove impurities which do not ionize. Filtration is best for removing the solids suspended in water. When minute solids are present which pass through the pores of filter paper, however, the addition of aqueous solutions of either aluminum sulfate or alum leads to the coagulation of these particles into large particles which are easily removed, Drinking Water: Turhid water, of course, is not suitable for drinking, but neither is clear water which has a disagreeable taste and smell or which contains dissolved poisonous substances or harmful (pathogenic) bacteria. Distilled water is pr: ctically pure water but has a disagreeable flat taste. Thus, the best dinking waier is waict Wuuiaining dissolved minerals and aix. The reason that hot or boiled water docs not taste right is because the dissolved air has been driven off. To kill pathogenic bacteria present in water, it is best to boil the water for 5 minutes. For large quantities of water, however, bleaching powder or chlorine are used for killing germs. To judge whether or not some natural water is suitable for drinking, a bacte- riological test must be made to establish the bacterial count, but even without it judyient to some degree is possible by chemical testing with chemical reagents. Since organic substances favor bacterial propagation, watcr low in organic mat ter is safer. Morcover, since the putrefaction of proteins produces ammonium chloride and nitrites, water without them is safest Hard and Soft Water: Water which becomes turbid upon the addition of soap and forms suds with difficulty is called hard water: water which dissolves soap and suds easily is called soft water. Natural hard waters usually contain such ions as calcium Ca’ and magnesium Mg*', Soap is a sodium salt of fatty acids and is soluble in water, but the calcium aud magnesium salts of fatty acids are insoluble in water. In hard water soap changes into its calcium and magnesium salts, whichLESSON 22 343 cause turbidity. THE PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS here are various forms for the periodic table of the elements, but in every case the rows are called periods, the columns groups, and the period and the co- lunn tw which a given element belongs are the same. The group numbers go from twice. These are distinguished by A and B, the elements in A and in group 0 being called “typical elements”, those in the B groups and in Group VIII being called “transition elements”. Since the elements belonging to the Group TIT B in the 6th and 7th periods are very large in number and cannot be written into the periodic table, they are presented separately, The inert gases are collected together in Group 0, These elements usually do the 4th period on, the groups J diouglh PH ae iepeated not combine with any substance nor do they form cations or anions. Iu Group IA arc the alkali metals which readily cause chemical change: that is, they have pronounced chemical activity. They easily form monovalent cations. In the Group ITA are the metals which form bivalent cations such as the alkaline earth metals. ‘The halogen elements gathered in Group VJ A are chemically very active and in every case form monovalent anions. Atoms in other groups show similar properties as well. Thus, elements can be classified according to their group in the periodic table, Considering now the clements which belong to the same period, the initial element is in Group IA and readily loses an electron to form a cation, That is, it has strong cationic properties As the atomic num! change little by little until the Group VII A element with the strongest anionic properties, That is, it readily accepts electrons and forms anions. ‘he elements in the next group, the zeroeth group, neither form cations nor anions and act as a bridge to the next period. A elements and B elements in the periodic table have similar valence characteristics if their group numbers are the same. For example, in group VIL, they show a maximum atomic valence of 7. However, the chlorine in A turns into the anion CI- but net into a cation, and the manganese in B turns into the cation Mn** but not into an anion. Acetylene C,H, is produced by pouring water on calcium carbide. CaC, + 2H,O—C,II,+Ca (OH) » Acetylene is a colorless poisonous gas with an ctherlike fragrance, although due to impurities it usually has a bad odor. By dissolving acetylene in acetone in a pressure vessel and blowing it forth together with oxygen from a special blow torch, the oxy-acetylene flame is produced. Since this flame has an exceedingly344 Comprehending Technical Japanese high temperature, it is used to cut and join iron materials. Since acetylene has a triple bond, addition reactions are possible. For cxample, water, hydrogen chloride and acetic acid may be added to acetylene with mercury salts as catalysts to produce acetaldehyde, vinyl chloride, and vinyl acetate respectively. Vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate, because they have double bonds and are unsaturated, readily engage in addition polymerization. Polyvinyl acetate is used in adhesives and paints, and polyvinyl alcohol is de- rived from it. Nylon fiber is obtained by drawing this material into threads and making it insoluble in water by reacting it with formalin. Acetaldehyde has a uniquely pungent odor and is soluble in water. Acetaldehyde is oxidized with oxygen industrially using a manganese catalyst to produce acetic acid, Acetic acid CH,-COOH (melting point 17°C, boiling point 119°C) has a strong pungent odor. With less than 1% of water it freezes easily and is called glacial acetic acid. In addition to being used as a solvent and in the manufacture of vinegar, acctic acid is also an important raw matcrial in chemical industrics. In aqueous solution acetic acid is weakly acidic because the hydrogens in the carboxyl groups dissociate slightly and maintain an equilibrium. Removing water from two molecules of acetic acid gives a colorless liquid called acetic anhydride. Compounds formed in this way by removing water from acids are called acid anhydrides. Explanatory Notes (1) nigai aji ga suru “Has a bitter taste.” A similar idiom is warui nioi ga suru “it has a bad smell.” Later on in the text we also find iya na aji ga aru “has an unpleasant taste.” (2) mizu; yu Note that the Japanese have two words for water: mizu water; cold water au hot water ‘The word migu can be used for “water” in general or to imply “cold water” as in mizu no shuwd “a culd shower (bath)”. (8) hono-o Not hond! The second “o” is distinctly pronounced. (In kana is transcribed as (£03 rather than (£D5,) (4) kagaku-kogy6-j5 “In chemical industry.” See Note 3, Lesson 19. SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS AL ARR mokutan charcoalLESSUN 22 345 RAS moeru to burn Boe rdsoku candle Wokh RK E t> TC ittan kitai to natte kara after once hecoming a gas tab yahari also moyasu to burn (something) bana Bunsen) Lures kaki-ko air hole gai-en outer flame nai-en inner flame sakai-me boundary, border Wee & BK. 26-27) A: EOIUGAS, BEE MUEBIC A b He CHHERD E ERRA SE BICKER, RDA 6 eEITRIECE, TOROKI Bot RBL ho THOMA BOT, PLEDEKTRS, CH ARMS LT WALEIAS &, EA LED ROME HREOHKL OME RAKES. WAU BYCMRONM, FADSHAKEDE DOO CMTS, Mea, Fe L-ciiomme TOBE & A: B7FeK arudehido aldehyde Thy keton ketone nny Be karubon-san carboxylic acid wad 3 ryakki suru to abbreviate RF genshi-dan atomic group Taye Kab arudehido-ki the aldehyde group y= = 7HERSRE — anmonia-sei-shisan-gin- _ ammoniacal silver nitrate we yoeki solution meena sajo-tanka-suiso chain hydrocarbons CHER wde oki-kaeru to be replaced by... Wands karuboniru-ki carbonyl group RAE daihy6-teki na representative THFEKET RYRLO ANY RB (3K 243) mic, -CCO-cHortiiess) ox 5 nmrllie eomame Tree Few ve, COMPFHE TAFE PENS, Tree PURI ENS T(, Leedtot, 7 Y= THES DREAD 2. TAF ROARS, Ae ae - CC yy (“COOH Life} 3) RDS, Aaary ike 6 ibe wlAReE ER346 Comprehending Technical Japanese L, Che ALA MREW I. SRIRWAIRO ARIE LOR Dn ec NE CHEE RRA THO oY Ev, RBS EO—9-CHS, TUF Men mY LIMBIC SCO bw SRTHS AA eA E 5, COCHIOOMOCIMAL THE EDEF BVED 3. Te by CH; COCHs IWRWES bY CHE LTH bh, KLEE SSS RECHS. C. ait PRB fees whew fie ALA AF we be, BRB See EAL ALAA BFS Hee EE 58 wt ICDS ae BaF bai] Sete PR seishoku taeru kotai ikutsu mo no shuzoku scishoku-saihd ylsei-seishoku dokei haigd-shi ikei-haigi-shi shi yisei ran seishi vent ataru setsugd setsugd-shi jusei jusei sareta jusei-ran cere 0 reproduction to become extinct an individual many, several species reproductive cell, germ cell gamete somatic cell to multiply asexual reproduction sexual reproduction to unite (in one body) isogametes anisogametes, heterogametes female male egg sperm to correspond to... conjugation zygote fertilization fertilized fertilized egg (S 214-215) SUR LIC SHOE MDA RODE, OPA Tr SIC < 230ml Om HEOCN, TOMAR Cnt rch 2, EME Wm EO< Bo PEALE 25. EMO ABOH A MAM eM Ei, CALICUT ERY LAB So ASHICIL, dob ROM X ILHAM IC KD AR SITE (REA) CALI ICLESSON 22 347 DRA SA CAEN) EBS, AMC 5 2 BORA TAG—L CHL WEEDS So 2HOMMTAM BEL COSBALMMMMT, VEUSLK BA 2 COS tr ESUPRAT 2 v5. SUBRRT O9 b, ARS CHL vei 5 et Wk ¢ CHMOD! S15 eH e Le ieteetliLea dN, Beka renee 9, ter Ly SNORE FIC ey OEMS & EVM CHS, Hie, MA WRIT AG TECEEHES, COG-LALOEMAT ERS, CRICHL EAI FRE-FS CLAD Luv, EH Sar HH e EMBL Da shukaku sense of smell eat mikaku sense of taste ed Liko nasal cavity iB nenmaku mucous membrane BRS to cover odor olfactory cell shigeki suru to stimulate yasei no wild ae kankaku sensation ftp AHS<* shokumotsu o tori- food they ought to gather irerw-beki (Scc Explanatory Note 2, Lesson 23 for -beki) BEE AL nakama-d@shi fellow family (or pack) members ms 3 uiushiki sucu to recognize ee OS tcki o sakeru to avoid enemies anaes haigi-sha spouse = shita tongue Hn fureru to touch, come in contact Fa nyuto papilla Dees tokki protuberance aE mikaku-ga taste bud Fett daeki saliva bin amai sweet abe karai salty Folin suppai sour ican nigai bitter BALL, G 176-177) eh AWA ST LWA, VAAMCIe RIC, FHICEN CHFOWCHB48 Comprehending Technical Japanese Kites C3, ARO LMORMUMMICE EDA, TORMMICK, Cee eke roe RD Bo ICBRVOMAL ROOF OMMEMELT, ICBOEBTES, wc nmiit, Crankhic hoc, ¥FRAICRMEDARERERYS DEES. SHI, RHELSLEMBLAY, MEH, MABE ADELA DT BID Sw, GL. ROM, ICME TAT, LO TRC 6, HORMICE RABE 9D WEEAWA CHD, THENDABOWMICE SRE, AMI RHODES RIED TY DMMERFS OCHS, RABE DOW Tolle «ICO 4 RE BeEERoTHS, BE. iter kassei-chushin activity center HEFL tokui-teki na singular, unique, specific ati Lui region Fobra chikutokuromu cytochrome HRD FIR hoketsu-bunshi-zoku prosthetic group wear itonamu to perform we sogai-inshi inhibitor IETS teishi suru to stop byyyy toripushin trypsin sayy inioshin inyosine WBS setsudan suru to cut, sever METS sdtei suru to imagine, conjecture, DIFOK rizochiimu lysozyme RET TOS kishitsu-anarogu substrate analog Ney 72 Neasechiru-gurokosamin _N-acetylglucosamine wie at origoma oligomer 77 amino-san amino acids Fats dotei suru to identify BAORRORE kishitsu no tokui-teki substrate specific adsorption kyiichakn wos kiri-dasu to cut away Be danpen fragment REROMMEAD GRY 444) BRO SORRELL D TF OREORE CIR DNS LEA GHS, COM EWHETG, ECREMBIES KEL 77 PA COR SIT HHMI TRE SD CHAS OPM EL AUBSOILIC’, HME E ke) 5 IAT are HE 1 RETLESSON 22 349 (COTS EG CURE CBL ELS CERCES LA, RUS Y YR ity YOLKS (CRE AB 2-5 7 PREECE LC 8 IRE DIL 8 0 Atm Sk LOW dbo HEU OTE EOMEGE Stu ic, D.C.Phillips (19 7 #—4 2H TT BCH S Ne TRPLINV APE YH Y A EO ARA EA MEHTICE CH AIC Lite. HHH CICMARL CHS 7s RAEN CHSBAS SS, Bib ice OR RO 25 BCS SAS BARI ei 5 TCH SABRE Lae Races LERGIS, MANE DUD Il AiG MUM OT ELT IT AY bE w5_ Foe 7aYT maguneshia magnesia IES S shori suru to treat BERT S shOsei suru to calcine TRL magunesaito magnesite hk taika-butsn refractories Yek~ 7% 7 (BRI 208) WER RMR ey 9 CHAR LCM L eKNIE 7-RY 7 4Mg(OH)2 BELA ERM Liew 7RY T MQO #45, TFRHS HORMAATH, HYAMS LCi BCs, GC. aa shokubai-doku catalytic poison (ing) Rt i-busshitsu forcign substance eee hiso-kagobutsu arsenic compounds Cea) (eikyt) hidokn (permanent) poisoning —FRBIIC ichiji-teki ni temporarily EEC 6 kaifuku dekiru can be regenerated ED shu-hannd main reaction EFS sogai suru to inhibit RIBS fuku-hannd side reaction Rea hogo-doku protective poison fk BE HE GRY 647) BREE, fiw: LaARIRIKA EBL BU) S22 6 DEIR ROL S 2%, CORMAN GAMBLE 5, HAMRICK SRMMIC BAe Rb Awe OMe 5S, AAMT OIE LE Soe eB L on, Bibbic ko CRUMIFI AER hoe Kebn 3 Bee ES, Bit Ring MAU CeCe BO eH M56 > 6 GORE ESIC Hon, Epes ee 9c Beis Ih 6 CEM CR, ZORD ERI DEKMOMEB IZ ZOC, TOE FRAO ERY LENZ350 Comprehending Technical Japanese iH. @Ae gan'yu-ryo content RARE (ansan-suiso-en bicarbonates TEAK ich isu temporary hard water Bets nanka suru to soften Lite (=Lic<\) shigatai difficult to do =} eRe nitoriro-sakusan nitrilo-acetic acid BIVYIT EY echiren-jiamin-tetora- _ ethylene diamine tetra- Fh OBB sakusan acetic acid vu-b kireto chelates $ibL 5 (=B8EL nanka shiuru can be softened 3) e gk (GRY 436) DY DIL LU ALY LSI EO MND HBL SAIC DS Ln BEAR KEBKEVI, ERODED EALOVRVACBAL 5. KORO ANY Y AB EGR AY 7 AOA AYE & UCHR E DERI RMILD I 3 5 BRUISE 2 LCE LETS > OLA CARED LCHaat, HOKE TAC ERCE Bb, RPGR E on, MME LCHETS BORK CBRE Ena, KABA EDS. REL RRR GATOR D, EAU DU ERIR, 20 ro T oe 7 TARE MATHUR PERE EAEMIEL 9 5. KBD ANY Y KB LES TRY 7 ADE BRICK oCEOKOMELEDS, AACHK 100ce ICR AY AL Img RACE RIELL, 27 HY VLE 1. 4MgO=1CaO0 OBI CHL YY RICA Bo GH VELLOVOEEK, WENO sorbet 5. TL the daisu-gaku algebra E moji letters Be sanpo calculation methods PLETE S kaihd o okonau to solve gun groups R kan rings te tai fields wR chtsho abstract f& He % (RJ 794) fetch 2iltaatotth Dickey 2 Gak-c, algebra 25, Sek BeBe AREY, ThOORPFOMIC, MOMORKER BIC LAR, CHRET AL, & Who CHEROMBET A DIMOU bok, SHOE, mMLESSON 22 351 REDE ERMA DMB CH > CHMORGE LRT SD, CHEHRRECE Lo 56 FINAL TRANSLATION TEST KEMMOREF, FCOAMICL o THE TRADE LOCH Bo MOAT LHEK THO TECHEDEATODODHSELIIC, KAS LCLMBES THIN AM, AIM OEIC E 9 CH KEMETD 3, BYRD J: SIC TRUER HIE Hh, MO ArH HF 3 U5 DDR MCD o key L&L, S LAMBS. CEMBAATHEL HE AOCHS, LRAKELTH, 7 RLY DAA TRENNYY RAAT ORBBERDIBRICL oC, AKOAB RD EROTHS, ECS RIGICLIRCHE ee OICHL VM, EF. ale OM C2. MOEA DMM ERA COS, CHI, BBAAAMICR oT BBCRS ROMER CHER 4: YERYOEOTCH EEF OCH EGNE DS, Hite Bt avyoricis, ARCA 3 HERO Brick 8 o CHU Ear bon kB. A RGAE, CHARAROBNICRE SDV, KPOSARMKRE OTH TS, HERO Ce HBAREICE CRBAN COBO, CHERAERRHTZOC Zo THA OPH SR ARICRMEABORCS Cb, kb CHBERRICEM Sh 8 BDYHS. Ek, CHPPKOMMREL TAS BV DIS EB PEE YC, BED OPAC Ko CHK ERNE 0050-0, BORIC RoE TY Ofte <0 IRIE BEDNA. THE KO KEE SOC EECES CHS LOO Bo eb, Fe Lciks icon chRtommats 2. caue, sexta, nt REMI CA, Bs COLE e, ABTA, 20ND TONER PAAICWRT ST LICKS. MMIC RI, EME RALR At (BOD) AHMED TCHS. CORBIC, KPICMTT SERRSMLL, OvickkbDNT, MOM WAC AD, BRICKS AD VREFOCHS. Ere, HCP T YMA Ge 5 URS, Hl, ODM SAOAINEICL oC, ENR ODMR. CECE CHE MILL TL E45 Nbr. AERA WB DDI te dr leD CHB. ECA AT AM AMLCHLL EMA 3 26, TE 5 Lill C MOTOR Co 3 MDG ROH A OUNCAIDWEE HINT BSED CHE te D, ULAAIR OID LEN EOC MODEM, COLD Ritmrd tS MAMAMENEL Cor, MOMReIc wa LUTHBCHS bh, ATH THMOMICLTSH, BHICMAbAM, SICH OWABHA CANE, AMRF LACHER ORB,352 Comprehending Technical Japanese TMA Cit, DORIC TI AT y 7 eMOMD VICKS OIC. Chee 7 FAF 9 TIBEPICBY Th GRO E FICHE Ro Tilt << TRLEROT, THREES LHD DE CARAS AMBIC THOS, FOC, TRAKCAS SERRE TSIM, TORTIE FHL < ko CRhke CHODREBRDDLS &, KORACI, Abe AIC — 0 Ha e fe SETH PCRDNS TCLORVESFICBARINERORS BS EVONTHS.LESSON 23 Ca KANJI & 1 850 aa | 433] SHO | FR Tes | ah \ 257 | SHIN: [ 3245, | 396 | KEI tf | 3523 Hl {= i i yf sie . = ie mesu, me | o | 254 | YU | id | 5030 | osu 0 i | aa | SETSU fi a KH { a | 4373, 216h | KEN ~ sda | IND BT | bi Pe i 788 SAIL Es 4001 | ha i 35 | futata(bi) READING SELECTIONS 5k. hassei development 5B lamago egg SHS S jusci suru to fertilize HIMES shigeki o ukeru to receive a stimulus BB bunretsu division, fission Batt kaishi suru to begin, commence L#EWIC (KHIC) shidai ni gradually ‘ee saiho cell Not one of the 146 kanji.354 Comprehending Technical Japanese fo ae Shik orks ig Nea Hi Seta UR LS (bf) BE ARR Ic. TARE Em aE MICE fae HBAS (GES) 4eI azn A: Osta RYDE ROTTED sodatsu seitai yosei veni itaru hai rankatsn shoki jo-saiho kakkya shikumi kikan giizen ni hitsuzen-sei yotei-iki katei gyaku ni tadoru hohai .. ni atara imori kaern seitai-senshoku nari-yuki tsui ni hyohi shinkei-kan nai-haiyo chivhaiys genki-bunpu-zu sansho noha shinkei-kei kokan suru shujutsu mi-wakern shorai ishoku suru soshiki cikyd sareru to develop adult larva to reach, embryo cleavage initial stage sister cell blastomere design, plan organ by chance necessity presumptive region process to trace backwards blastula to correspond to... a newt frog vital staining progress, course finally to identify epidermis neural tubes endoderm, entoderm mesoderm presumptive map reference gastrula nervous system to interchange operation to distinguish (in the) future to graft tissue tu be influenced, affected later stageLESSON 23 355 CAE kondo this time Boke (4) mattaku completely ito yahari also Bae mohaya already 2 tsumari that is to say, in other words FER EVS i ty be completely developed whe toch de on the way Hite (S 233, 241-243) LBS NAD, Amro MMR ADTS EAPBLA BAHL, LEV IC SRO IC RS. WEA, EEBUES 2 RH LOME & SICA LERBEOMREEE 45. BOM, SELOMMICK SS MIG Be A Lv 5, HBL 2 5 Dita we ieee, samea CE DA SD, ZO, WRMBORR ETD Ge. Lieto Tt, PRET ICON CHOKE AZ, Zk OS ESICLEMICNE Cho tng, Bh tice chr oats ets 25, BEOLS 4, COAMENTDS, RR okMBICREDABAUSS, THIAT DP RoR EBRS LY SURERD oe LASSE? CHSS, motel. Amira xh 2OREC RSL, ENZROWYRMWBCR LOR PCH EDERB STE BCE SAFCHS. 74-7 } W. Vogt (1888 1941) iz, RRC IS AA ONTO RE BH AICEDREE LC, TOROS ERT THEL, COKMBRORMO ABA, OBICMICHSh>ERDTEROELOTRIC mee (HAH, A, PE, ANSE, PRAY). 4 =) OR OMS) REOME, 4 7 OEY .~—~v H. Spemann (1869-1941) td, O35 2 M91 2) OMMMMEM YO, THENMLALRKICK <3 OMT EIMT 6 Tle To. SALEM TLED RIOT, BERETS THENEMT ONS, € ORE, TE, MERIC SEFC SRA RHIC, RICA BET CH» Rel BRMERICRR. COLSRCLAS, ME MMON LC i Ba CH CHIC C, Bis ABT OM MICH i Bas Pe een Dokee RweMcasesiness t, CHEKE KS MoRBRICES, THOS, MERIC BAK OMS LGH A HM OMAICHE IS & EEE & hE ICRER 2 te D, PRICRE GHICBMT, 4 VENBEDOFICER ON CHARED DY ane SOLLTATEREL, THICK oCCOKMERBILA, COMFCT”, FAO SRRE CHC, CORRFORERTALACEICLD, <7 Fr KOBE PERNA, AY FVOMREE MES FONT, NEO RE hie aR BB ICHEE L DOBUTSU NO HASSEL Tamago wa jusei saretari, soto kara shigeki o uketari suru to bunretsu o kaishi shi, shidai ni tas no saihd ni naru. Tamago kara sodachi, mada scitai arui wa ySsei no katachi o toru ni itaranai hassei no jidai o hai to iu. Hai no Shoki-Hassei: Hassei no shoki ni mirareru saihd-bunretsu o rankatsu to in. Rankatsn wa futsii no saihd-bunretsu to wa kotonari, bunretsu ga kytisoku ni okonawareru ga, sono aida, j0-saihO no seichO o tomonawanai. Shitagatte, bunretsu ga susumu ni tsurete saiho no okisa wa nibun-no-ichi, yonbun-no-ichi, tv iu yo ni shidai ni chiisaku natte iku. Rankatsu ni yolte, shozuru jo kakkyi to iu. Hassei no Shikumi: Dono seibutsu 0 mite mo, kimatta ichi ni wa kimatta kikan ga aru. Kore wa giizen sé natta to kangaeru yori mo hitsuzen-sei ga atta to miru-beki de ard. Hai no Yotei-iki: Kaku-kikan ga keisei sareru katei o gyaku ni tadoru to, sorezore no kikan ga hohai de wa dono bubun ni ataru ka o kimeru koto ga dekiru hazu de aru. ih o Fokuto (1888-1941) wa, jissai ni imori ya kacru no hohai no hySmen o bubun- tcki ni scitai-scnshoku o shite, sono nari-yuki o kenbi-kyd-ka de kansatsu shi, tsui tsuki-tomete, zu ni shimeshita (tatoeba, hydhi, shinkei-l an, naichaiys, chi-haiyo nado). (Lmori no genki-bunpu-zu sansho). Kettei no Mondai: Doitsu no dobutsu-gakusha Shupeman (1869-1941) wa, taishoku no chigau nishu no imori no ndhai-shoki o mochi-i, sorezore shinkei-kei to hydhi ni narwbeki® bubun o kokan suru shujutsu o okonatta. Kokan shita bubun wa iro ga chigau no do, hassci ga susunde kara de mo sore o miwakerareru.358 Comprehending Technical Japanese Sono kekka wa, shdrai, shinkei-kei ni naru hazu® de atta bubun ga hydhi ni, hyOhi ni naru hazu de atta bubun ga shinkei-kei ni natta. Kono yo na koto kara, ndhai-shoki no jiki ni wa kaku-bubun ga sorezore nani ni naru ka, mada kettei shite inai no de, ishoku sareta basho no soshiki ni tsuyoku eiky sarete shiman koto ga wakatta. Nohai-koki ni onaj shujutsu o suru to, kondo wa mattaku chigatta kekka ni natu. Sunawachi, shiukei-kei ui uaru-beki™ bubun wa ishuku saeia bashu uu soshiki ni hotondo cikyd'sarezu ni shinkei-kei to nari, hydhi ni naru-bcki bubun wa yahari hydhi ni natta. Soko de imori no baai ni wa, nOhai-koki de wa, kaku- bubun ga nani ni naru ka, mohaya kettei shite iru koto ni naru, Tsumari, shinkei-kei ya hyGhi wa ndhai ga kansei sarern tochii de kettei sareru koto ni naru IDEN Oya no motsu irviro na seishitsu, tatoeba kao-katachi ya seikaku nado ga oya kara ko ni tsutawaru gens o ide to ii, kuieia uo seishitsu 0 keishitsu io yubu. Senj -tachi wa kotai no shison ya kin'en-kankei no keishitsu no araware-kata 0, iroiro na hoho de kenkyi shite kita. Oya kara ko ni tsutawaru to itte mo, oya to wa tashd kotonaru keishitsu ga ko ni arawareru baai ga aru. Korera o fukume, konnichi seimei-genshd 0 rikai suru ue de, saihO no kenkya nado to tomo ni, iden no kenkyu wa kiwamete chumoku sarete iru. Furuku kara, 0ku no hito-bito ga shiyu no kake-awase o okonatta kekka ni tsuite kansatsu shite ita ya, kono yO na jikken o Ukei-teki ni shikamo takumi ni shori shite, soko ni hsoku-sci 0 miidashita no wa Menderu (1822-1884) ga saisho de atta. Senshoku-tai no sonzai ya, genst-bunretsu no shikumi nado ga shirarete inakatta tji ni oite, Menderu wa oya kara ko ni tsutaerarete keishitsu- hatsugen no moto ni naru mono to shite inshi o katei shi, sore ni yotte kono hosoku o setsumei shita. Kono inshi koso,” konnichi de iu iden-shi de atte, kono iden-shi no sonzai 0 yos6 shita koto ni yori, Menderu wa iden-gaku no soshi-sha to yobarete iru. Menderu no kenkyi wa nagai kikan uzumorete ita ga, 1900-nen no sai-hakken® o keiki ni, iden-gaku wa kydgeki ni shinpo shita. ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT When an egg is fertilized or receives an external stimulus, it begins to fission and gradually forms many cells. The stage of development during which the growth from the egg has not yet reached the point of the adult or larval form is called the embryo. Initial Development of the Embryo: The cell division seen in the initial stage of development is called cleavage. Cleavage differs from the usual division of cells in that it occurs very rapidly and there is no accompanying growth of the sisterLESSON 23 359 cells during the interval. As division progresses, therefore, the cellular size gradually decreases as in the series 1/2, 1/4, ... The sister cells produced by cleavage are called blastomeres Design in Development: In every living thing, a given organ will be in a_ fixed place. This should not be considered a chance outcome but should rather be looked upon as evidence of necessity. The Presumptive Regions in the Embryo: if we were to wace back the process by which the individual organs are formed, we should be able to determine which part of the blastula corresponds to cach of the respective organs. W. Vogt (1888- 1941) actually stained portions of the blastula surfaces of newts and frogs and observed with a microscope their development. He finally identified the subsequent development of every part of the blastula surface and showed them on a diagram (the neural tubes, epidermis, endoderm, and mesoderm, for example). (See the Presumptive Map for a Newt) The Problem of Determination: The German zoologist H. Spemann (1869-1941) used the gastrula of newts with two different body colors to perform an operation in which he interchanged the parts which were supposed to develop respectively into the nervous system and the epidermis. Since the interchanged parts were of a different color, they were distinguishable even after progressing in development. The outcome was that those parts which should have become the nervous system became epidermis, and those which should have become the epidermis became nervous system tissue. He realized from facts such as these that the subsequent development of each part is nol yet determined at the beginning of the gastrula stage and that cach part is strongly influenced by the location into which it was grafted. When he performed the same operation at the later gastrula stage, the outcome was now completely different. The part which was supposed to develop into the nervous system was practically unaffected by the tissue into which it was grafted and did become nervous system tissue, and the part that was supposed to become epidermis also became epidermis. Thus, in the case of a newt, the subsequent development of each part is already determined at the later gastrula stage. In other words, the nervous system and the epidermis arc determined intermediary to the completion of the gastrula. GENETICS The various characteristics of parents transmitted from parent to child, such as the shape of the face and temperament, for example, are called “heredity,” and these characteristics are called “characters.” The ways in which ancestors are manifest in the characters of descendants and close relations have been studied by various methods. Although we speak of transmittal from parent to child,360 Comprehending Technical Japanese there are also cases in which characters somewhat different from the parent arise in the child. In order to incorporate these facts into our present understanding of the phenomena of life, genctic research is receiving considerable attention along with cellular research and other studies. For a long time many people observed the resnlts of crossing males and females, but G.J. Mendel (1822-1884) was the first to treat such experiments and, moreover, with ingenuity, and to discover their orderiiness. Mendel, in that era when the existence of chromosomes and the mechanism of meiosis, for example, were not known, assumed the existence of factors as the fundamental cause for the manifestation of characters transmitted from parent to child and in that way explained these laws. These very factors are what we call genes today, and it is due to his prediction of the existence of genes that Mendel is called the founder of genetics. Mendel’s research was buried in obscurity for a long time but, on the occasion of its rediscovery in 1900, genetics made very sudden progress. Explanatory Notes ) This sd means “in that way” and is not the suffix -53 meaning “appearance” (2) -beki (de arn) This suffix, meaning “must,” “ought to,” “is (supposed) to” may be attached to the aflirmative present tense of a verb. mirwbeki de aru must see sokute’ su-beki ought not to have (been) de nakatta measured Kangaeru-beki de ard probably ought to consider Note that su-beki is preferred over suru-beki. Sometimes -beki is used without de aru. (3) ..mi maru hazu de The phrase containing hagu means “should have alta; ...ni naru-beki become” ...i.e., “was expected to become (but didn’t)”. ‘The phrase containing beki means “ought to become” wusisy “it was supposed to become (and did).” (4) koso This particle emphasizes the word which precedes it. Suitable English equivalents are “this very...”, “..in particular,” “...indeed”, *...itself”. Examples are: Kono keisan koso machigai no moto de atta. (This very calculation is the source of the error.) Kono sokutei koso shint-atsu no hakken ni michibiita mono(3) sai-hakken LESSON 23 361 de aru. (It was this measurement in particular which led to the discovery of osmotic pressure.) Kono jikken de wa mazeru koto koso sik no hitsuyi-jaken de aru, (In this experiment the mixing itself is a necessary condition for success.) ‘The prefix sai- () means “again,” or “re-": ARM sai-jorya redistillation Wifi — sai-kessho recrystallization Ht sai-ketsugd recombination CONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES SECS <8 | Scc Explanatory Note (3) . <&(%&Z) | See Explanatory Note (2) AEN EGE ERDEF CHD, (2KRIELDEFEAY, {EVORERMRTRE, HO MORY ASAT CHS. MRWKS IEF CH o teat, MOAB, MAMIE RRMROMPIL, EFLOREE ICR 5 MOTE DID 68 Cd 6, ER IK-NVEBVZRECHSAROICA RI -AEBWAO CHB EC FI ato Hy WM AOKARICARE IASC, CORTKY RIL SCSLS EMAICKS * y+ » BEOYOAVL OBILERU BO dd, MIL COWGIRL BREE CHSB0 EE) buch® (dairi) (the representative of the) dean yOji engagement, business ninau lo carry umaku well san sono mono the acid itself ACER, EWBSe HURT 25 2 CHMICUE CAS, RIL, EWLORRETE IAT, BS TAELELRYOTHS, ALF ORME, BRE ISB GA TC, Uo CHPAILE DMYVOTHS, RIV YY DORBPUELTTE 9 9 A CHIE UE TH Sq FON zehi by all means362 Comprehending Technical Japanese BPALE A= BHAI DEM wAY UY hOrensd spinach SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS An uni a sea urchin Sa t-Feran homolecithal egg 8 HAI hachi saiho-ki eight celled stage wpe dobutsu-kyoku animal pole fe shokubutsu-kyoku vegetative pole emrkS ni katayoru to tend towards DEOSS hiki-tuzuku to continue in succession Spa rankatsu-k6 blastocoele WAP kannyfi suri to sink into atk fukuro-j6 bag-shaped Rise haiyo germ layer JHA gai-haiyo ectoderm y =O9Re] (S 235) JaRSRNCHS DH, 20, MILIOGBICL 1 CHAROKE ANSEL BM BMEHDAS, CF OMAHA, Geen 4weR-crakic, MMO 4M ER CRC A-7. Ko CKV CTA HM TCOMIMICS So COEDS Bick CHB MURS S. CORPMICRS 2, AR RII RIC CEC, AHURA EIT 6 TIC LACE 5 ICH Bo KB MC MIRO INADA POUCH Lh, PDK 2 On b hr SHRM MMIC 3, RUBE fo Cn SEREIBIE Ln, SERIE, A BASE KknS, COTS, AMBER OMIca, MOMMIO Ar xO Ap ELC Sy CHMHERMECD 5, BSA ta-saihd multi-cellular arte bunka differentiation AIS hatsuiku suru to grow, develop A seishoku reproduction HERBS hana o hiraku to open (their) flowers FLATS shushi o shojiru to produce seeds RTS iden sura to be inherited, transmitted RUE shuzoku species MATS iji suru to preserve, maintain aa jiko one’s self Bet fayasu to multiply, increaseLESSON 23. 363 HERR AM Bt (S 41) FA WR. AA CE CHU, BLAM RVKEMK R16, SHEDS EDIE 1 HOMMATH BAS, MNORMWE HE PICE, BAL THRE CABLE hu HA x muthic 3, Eo RIE RENA CMT CAL, EA, BOETERD ED, epCETH BH RR. MCE CHRP ERL, Eh, BH TERU EGC, HMC TR staal anaes ailitane COG, ODS RIPE MBM b FICHEL, EMDE LENOMRBRA ENS. thob, AMICKACLE AL ROP KOT EBD. C. ii chosetsu regulation, control OE genkai-chi threshold value Aw TAU kankaku-saiho sensory cells BUTS bunpitsu suru to secrete awey horumon hormone aE veto aitomonau together with... BEXE“V“SS Besa S 41) AMICI D eB BICERE, ANICHL, SEL EAMMEMIAAKSS. 4h (Wie 26559 RARORICE MMe Ve, DLUICL AHO BIMOK & 2 fe 8, Rie RAMEN AOU, Tike Re PRETORIA 5 8 MH SER bin §, PMOR IED - Biome EPAR ES, MERE - ome eRER 2 CEMED SX ERMECAL Cos, D. Ai tan-saiho no unicellular at hoshi spore SB#RS ran-saihé egg cell BREN~S katci o heru to undergo a process bs owaru to finish, complete % & (Sm) MOA WIL, —COMMARLOL EDDM CHL HELA SH, SMOLC tk, HET PSE ADR UO £5 te HO MIRUAEIC HO k-CICkk, HARM ARIAL DRM, BIC, LHD WEE DS ¥COMM ERE LD. ROTA koro time REIS shinkei-hai neurula HR He seicho-kyokusen growth curve364 Comprehending Technical Japanese BRS otoroeru to decline eK jijo shape (of a letter) Tete keitai form me de GS 248) Sh > MDOT D&B Ue BHA, LAL, HH ROM EN LCSD, QHEL CAE ADRUS, THEO, KIC SE TIS h EWODDEBKE CRE TCEBRECTH SB. RHR. MICRA 5 SARA TROD, PRCRAICRY, CORLEVIC Bic, oncHBe cL es. 20-0, SHOU Rc, HE HRA 2 L, thekishic, WME hteCe. cre 7 tiers k, SPROMMLAS. © EMME D6 WR CPR MROREIL, PLKOMPICLoTHRTE RO. FMPOMROME & HRT SDI, MAREEH OS. HEL, HARPOREOMAO, SO RROMEICHT SHMATHE SB. x, ZDBUEDKE SS hentai metamorphosis kaisan no marine kisei-cha parasites kencho na remarkable, notable gyokei fish era gills hai-agaru to crawl up riku-jo on land hai lungs koncht-rui insects Fad cho butterfly ” ga moth KAR sanagi pupa FY RO Ait koncht no keito insect strain ge BS 249) AMICK 5 Clk, RROMICOE USL LOBEBREVORSHS, CHEMIE ey ES CWE E Oe RBH Cd 5, DENOSMERKECHT Bie, HC, Ldwe OCHUEL, BHICKUMEO SE ttt CRESS, PLICRM ERS CSICASERDERC BOT, HOROIC HEE, RHVBHHOLOKMENTES CAS. COSI, WHTZL FIC,LESSON 23 365 SHEN Teo EBB CICE UCD, MICMRICH RBH HEBER) BAK hot oS. BY RRS CSLOBRETS, Fadel CH, WER AEIH aThOMHICKS. SRY OMMICH, PHLETRH Loe KOBE SYR ORE LMRARMES S FP DBIRO Dd KICKS. G. Be HITE Y eS Bh ie kB eT ik, AMOMMICAS ABIL RSTO, WEDD saisei regeneration otamajakushi tadpole oo kira to cut off the tail ato remains futatabi again to minasu to look upon as... HB & 251) FARLEY ORR TREE, PHT, LOMICHLOMACH CCB. COL DIC, RDNARE KAU DHSTLEMLL NS, ERRAND bee SREPMELPAFE ERCHS, TL saw AUIBT MSONTHS e BH By ETS EO Amices TEMIZEHE FED SHES S 5 Heels 2 PUEDE HSS iden-busshitsu haigt-shi himorarete iru chichi-kata haha-kata dentatsu suru yisci_ no jirushi ni toru seigyaku-kozatsu os ressei no mesu kozatsu suru ninau suisoku suru kydmi aru shiteki suru genetic substance gamete to be hidden the father’s side, the male line the mother’s side, female line to transmit dominant to take as a mark reciprocal cross male recessive female to cross to carry to infer interesting to point out, indicate366 Comprehending Technical Japanese Dees tsukasadoru to govern, rule em kosho a later chapter Jew UC 12-13) BEF LUI SAAMBTED CHS, LARS C, FRBICH CHS ELED, & DRAMET ACC OMB, Tit BME LHL OOO A ICH DATA FCHS, HELLA COMMEMICL CHS, PACES HOMME $ oH Ba, MT TLD CIE EA EDA © Ko CRIED BFEBICRL COB, COLI ICHT EST ECTHEORBADAIHATHAM, THICbDHHHAT, HEKHHNS< wea VHA EAU LSICHICRADATHS, FADS, MERIG TRAM £5 Ie BRHEERT CERTREL CH OOCHS, bk, oObitomnmet siffice 2 CHEE KD WIE COWS EMME L CHES. FRDS, —OOBROIAIE Hes cue OMe eHL, OF, COBMOMEs 6 OMe ROM Lei TAEDCHS, FEL, BL OMEWHE LE DOBSICVML ES ICTRICORAD ACHK, Fhebb, MAHALOS CM THRICH GMb vib VAL & SICK DUCK C LMS, CORAM & LI SHEN. Cv 6 MeOH BPC, WERT EBHEICH ATHAMPCHAT Lahm xe, thnk MaA ACH BOCK B, KOWMEDSE, TOPWOLBICH, Keo, REKBLOA DISS DNS, LL CRE(SAMIIDH BIC 2 6 Mo CHRIS SHEETS, W. S. Sutton AC OMEMOW® EIRENE DB WICMIERDIRAD bes TL, theme bmes swam ko 5 21cb35 ETM, coflman sic T. H. Morgan © G. B. Bridges ick o CREVICE. TLC, RGAE EIC bo CI OMRBH ema L SUK, —VOMILE DCRR 2 katte, tio E09 C CMEC Nt SRBCERAN- CHS, Chico THEE z. Lagat kiso basis SLO THE moshimo ...to sureba _if we believe that... Palen kansetsu-teki na indirect Tea chokusetsu-teki na direct catia daisha-kassei metaholic activity ‘ESEIC kakujitsu ni for certain BTS osoraku probably, in all likelihoodLESSON 23 367 suitei suru to infer shisha suru to apply (a light, X-ray) totsuzen sudden, abrupt totsuzen-hen’i-tai mutant totsuzen-hen'i mutation IG 13-14) WEF e iH Ce SRA DNA LERORAE dba CHS, Ebb SEP FOWH-CZ OMERI CS 3. MENA RRT 5 THC 8 Lb HHUA 3 & FRE, COMMPABREEMRL Ces DNA HEBER OME OTA ES CeRRS I. HBO CAMP HZ, RWI DNATHSZEXHTHS, TOTLe MET BNO 3 REE ANIL Ae RAT AEA, HRD PILE E Ob CDNA ERE ORMNIEOE AE LEC ASL, RAMMTREADICC O~CDNARKECHS ce mbm, HMMA PoFLERICTOMAEREL TODAUNKAOT, COMED ba TERER PRK. CHADRVTHEAS. Lectin t, MEWHR ETS CRAM CHA CC, DNA CH%5 CHESS. MA LICIMREAT SL, TO THREE LNSREARESWAE SHARD d di CK SCEBMDICHS, CHILI MOWMMHICK + T. MIO DR MAORFORMKIC-—MPPREBTE ae teOTHS ELEN, FORMER EBE SES OICRY HHA BORE BES 2,600A CHS. CHARAN 6 CDNA ICL CHEN SRECHS, COLI ic, DNA SURMACHS CEE, MBWICLML TS RRILS EADS. FINAL TRANSLATION TEST RG (IG 47-48) Mendel ici -, 7i8(0FIEH, 19002 Mendel OPED HIER kL Beicg ChEMOEL CHK Di FEAWOKERS E, B-DOMAKE LTHR Lo Tb, LAER cata, aia, Amal b UIC SLOWER, ENENHELTHSEK, THESES LL -WDRHMDDBELT KEVDCHS, EPKE HUADVORPOH, FBI CHAD, BEVESIR ko Caleb FS eI, TORAAI cco oR, WEI nit, Les Fimo Rr OOM, HEE IME ICE TA DORESTCERTCES, MAMBO MEIC HE Aa Diff ta268 Comprehending Technical Japanese LF ATONE OMI PICA EIU CHS EMD CEMCES, ALFAAED-CL, DO MMA EHEC 2ZEOPBIC Lo CHOOR AEA IT Ot ZDCHESR, MATFUROMBITH LHL OMCRE >THE, Thkbb, HeK—O OnmMiEeD PUL ce boon Ma, th EARALCHOOMT L& LA, Till CL — 20 TREN HBL CC 8 Re DAO, = ILL L CBR fe DRTDME RSE. CO, PRAEBICRE YD, RICT S=OORMAIET 6 bFHL PENG RAO, Bn RIMMED RAB OMIA 2 MHL HOT LIC B. TOLGIC, FHOWR, MA LMRLOMAMS CEES, Ro eMeEY SLO LIMEEGIEDICAS CLL, MALS CME HD, HACE BE IE + Ht ODI OD AKC, HMI CIINEIN & MLE MET Cir < DICT ECHZ, MRBSOSASMMS OPOREKICHS ERD THO, BRA EOREBSABICS (OMRAAR HAS, CHADNA CHS TE SMMAVICE IL. ROE, AFT IAT T-VOUTRO RT RMB Chok, BROMBICAS SOWA AMEND 6, —HEOE ICL CARMA ABOLEBT 5 me Te CH), BST, VAIL CHRMM AM ORWICMES 5 OmE WS TECHS, COLS RiLAHAOMMEA, COLABLEM~S CLICK» Hb mICkoA, CO 4 COPPMIL, Watson & Crick iC. DNA £7 OUMICA o CHARA. C OROM AICO THBABRBM ARO, COT, DNA KEOL SIL CHE ORK, FHODRGAOSMICEL cashew S 7 EICMNTHE DNA RIE EA Ua! BIOL TRS, LAST, DNA seiicdirs OARS L Ces ete, WHEY LCRAB ARO hace Ob BEBRE CERES. LAL, LOXTAS ERAN AMIAKO Cle he < MIRUELE CHORbDHTHS, ERE, 7 %A—-7< Amoeha proteus erocho cies ARERRLOMPCDY, PAL ERAT CMEC, TARENEHOT AR ADE DYICED 6 DALY CRREDELDNCHE. FEE, HNIC TIED S A, MOMMIES HMO TS 7 We DC LCRA SIE OST Eb aB, BELA, MOMMY A MOSEL atts 2 DAHA CLES. LL, TO HARD SHLOMO CH Te ATSC EEO DICLBLTHS. RAO SRAM Ocho hbh Hse LE, TA-AOMIMED CRE, RAZ BEM EO MEIC TY LORONTHVAUCMRBA NTS, AED > CHAO SMB hbNTHSLOLTHE, DNA HICH WET 2 WIC Beh CCHHINICBAEL & 6 CHR ANCHSS, LAL, ROR KCOKGRCLELETHHAAW, DNA RHOARICL Eo Ce CHM AICLESSON 23 369 BCRUOTCHS, CALORIE, DNA RR ARICLT Sho Clk 5 as, MLM CRA < BANC, BED CMON MRE om CHA GHICBS-L COS OCI Rm e Hoses. T. Caspersson © J. Brachet b tiiltia-o RIM ont RNA 2 OM ABIRE HIE ee ee eines ee ieee ee ai LEER. CHESS, BOR AMO SLA RMI EIS RNA BADE L 5. RNA (dt DNA &3F RICK ( BUECEMEE b> TOC, Lis DNA LB A> CHA Hikorhic \Bndhic REL CHS, RNA AMICK MITES LBATTS CL Bbwo CHS, COLARKE, RNAS DNA EBOR LOM; HME LCBO BO CIE ODLEEM SE SOICEH CS, COHRMIEL WC ERMA EoD CORE CACHE ENUFLESSON 24 oe aN a | 276 | zo a, | 461 SETSU TRF aeas | BD [Gea | tas i 46 | TATSU 2isb | HITSU il # aa WB Fon wo | KETSU 2a | NO sf Fain |e BY ane 676 | CHO [176 | KAN 8 a 1B To 3% Fas | crwinw 3 Fie obo (ere) iol Hi mame gm | | 2 1382 469 | atama 228b | HAL 30 in oF ioe ie Inashi(cu) KIN ti 55 suji t NIKU Ht wy 237 | KOTSU i Bt FB [5256 | none READING SELECTIONS ATEBR kanzd liver BLE fukko peritoneal (abdominal) cavity ICES ni tassura to reach..., come up to... 5 Ee migi-jobu upper right part sme ketsueki blood ae, anseki-shoku dark red BRR kappawsu na Pea &: zenshin the whole body372 Comprekending Technical Japanese BoE tansui-kabutsu carbohydrates Bic hofu ni plentifully BER kotai interchange Kbkot seni watalle extending through... throughout... ae yakuwari role la, chozd storage HADI ichiji-teki ni temporarily oN shocho small intestine PI8—PY gurikogen glycogen RL DAD takuwaeru to store EO HE okuri-dasu to send out Pee B kydky& suru to supply SR gedoku detoxication TD YB gumnknran-san ghienranic acid nyoso urea jinzo kidney +0 tOshite through... via... haishutsu suru to discharge orunishin-kairo ornithine cycle kokyat respiration yhay shitorurin, citrulline Tutay aruginin arginine BREA fukuzatsu na complicated, complex SE kankyo surroundings, environment FFP vz) AB(ADP) adenoshin-ni-rinsan adenosine diphosphate THA YPR(ATP) adcnoshin-san-rinsan adenosine triphosphate Hiwbowic® & (8 131-132) fimBBOn LMS SARABYC, TOMSLE bP CRMHOI~4m ICEL, af WES TACO Clio Ch 6. HOEK & Rk ONKisse TC, BEFITS = AMES, BIA CAS 5, a, FIC HBL «BERG AE A MRE EO GMs LUDBIC eb 6 BBR, MhOBPIC. O~CIMICBBICAE NCS, LOM, WEE TCDA Cle SMKO AI AA BUCHPEED 3 2 sD NHVSS, THHOWK ih, AMA Sth RE-BROT TIDE. CEBADME LTVZLDLEAONTHER, EKDDTHEVABPRL BM. BERRA eae ee ean eRLESSON 24 373 Epes phot, Feater(cto—aiieRRBMICh CHS, thbt, ANCHE RELL 5 HOM, HOber I ary kk CR. ADR, WHEE, BURE OMB bo cambio en, Hick Bsns, ACLS, HD Be-c—mnice < pA bE. FE. BBR HTA 2 evICKHICH RD, BSUR BO CHORDS Ck THUADFS 2, LNOESAAMMAHMED SLE, HyattTio ds orcs RONS, COMB, HORIMENCMHLASCE SBD, RRBLEEE 707 By MECMALCHED A, REECE RSS. BEOAH. ALC RADRLCEES TESTE, MMICHBAWACHS. tb SRT Y e- 7OKM ERO CORUOKE BOL CHORES 20, BBke UcHians, RRA AS CESS. AIC, ARV YE 5 WARREN COS, FY ERT EPROMREL RM MEME by LAY Y EAL TY ALI YEAS, OF ICY RLU YE, 85 LAP FOTVE=TEBALTI NF =VERS, BRI, TAX SY MKDMREN CREE AA SY Y LICKS, CCR UAAAS YEEREURIEE SD DAT. ULORIGLY 9 EMM CH Em, TORI 1D ESICAS. HMPMOM, MBAOOKOGE Borman. ee oncoS, i ‘NH, +COz SNES Co ax | }} "ADP i anaey Pues Re 120 NH2CONH2 go horumon hormones chasetsu regulation, control bunpitsy: suru to secrete bitamin vitamin oyobosu to exert sosei composition pori-pepuchido polypeptide amino-san amino acids steroido steroid nai-bunpitsu-sen endocrine glands374 Comprekending Technical Japanese AR sen. gland IW bunpitsu-butsu secretion Bow okuri-komu to send into kekkan blood vessels sekitsui-dobutsu vertebrate ndka-snitai pitnitary body K0y0-sen thyroid gland fuku-kojo-sen parathyroid fukujin adrenal suizd pancreas scisd testes rans6 ovary kaja-sei homeostasis ijl maintenance DTS -=ni azukaru to take part in..., share in... ARLEY ICE SBM G 160-162) PEOLA, ALEMOMMEMOOICHNEY REZ, HLEV EAD ROM HEOMY CDS Bay, BMPS, CAS PMROE TIC, OME Ch ORD PEDAL Keb RICKE AVE Ye BLETWACH 6, Rey DILFHUI SE SECHAT. DANOKELIEK Ae KRIATHEE + 727. BANAT ESE CHD, ELICCNADL DY, EMO FD dH THRDEDYBS, PRE REY ENT owe GD (clk, WoC, PUNE bh, Duele EPIC D CRIS, HR NIi-cte, BTM «RH TBR IRE. ome + HU WRG EDD, THEA LEY BOWEN THY, COMA VICTD Chol, MDRORALOMEICAT A. TOS, Aa kankaku senses, sensation TE hattatsu development HSS seikatsu-yoshiki way of life HA honshitsu-teki na essential PA TORE, chiisi-shinkei central nerves ROCHA kankaku-chusu. sensory center Efe ritsu-shinkei autonomic nerves RE kofun excitation fb dO nanra ka no... some... (or other)LESSON 24 375 RR HH (8S 168) KAOMMELIARAR BIC, HO CIBIORE (RHE) BEL Cos, % ORE, BWOLGRACKUCHEL ELL RE THER, COMEAHHSTE 1, COLT ARMMELTAIWS LC AMCETHBHEV TECHS. BUME CE TEONRARO MMI, © CCHIT 6 RIE Ko UPRIMER A DN, £08 BUCHOS SREP CTA TNOMMICHL ARMS CANS, RHIC, PACA SEASEOLNENOBAICMERRA DN, VSVSRMIKET ENS, CHE EG, AME Lo CRA ED DOMBELT SC EmBn, 7 ameba-undo amoeboid movement Tank ameba amoeba we gisoku pseudopodium RA genkci-shitsu protoplasm gee tokki protrusion ee genkei-shitsu-rynido protoplasm streaming GH henkei-kin myxomycetes, slime molds ets hakkekkyu leucocyte, white blood cells Ah E (RE) ED benmo (senm®) undo flagellar (ciliary) movement vy @riemushi paramecium ou to cover senmod cilia nen’eki mucus koto larynx midori-mushi euglenophyta algae yUso-shi zouspore. benmo flagella HITS yici suru to swim es kinniku muscle a Te henkei-dabutsu flatworms mimizu earthworm Wee shOka-kan alimentary canal ‘HB juso-kin longitudinal muscle SRA kanjo-kin circular muscle EL zendo peristalsis MEETS shtishuku suru to contract malt gomo bristle, seta EAB sasaern to support376 Comprehending Technical Japanese # hone bone =e ebi prawn eA gai-kokkaku external skeleton, exoskeleton Baa kansetsu articulation, joint wi mon-kin striated muscle ‘18M kokkaku-kin skeletal muscle aay hasamu to lie (between two things) foe teko lever SELBY IC taiko-teki ni in opposition Hibiti kikko-kin antagonistic muscles EO Bm (S 145-147) TARA, TAS, REEF MBHORLEML, ZAROUS HC BHT Bo CMRT 4-H bi, GOGAT & HERBIE Bo THE VDE PREM HS, MORES BOM} MRCS TS. BEM T, TCCORECHEMAT, RUTH—-IDD BRATICL, MT SMe ORIMAL BoC, HOCAPMICRAL EBS, © OE te HELM C 5, KANZO NO HATARAKI Kanzd wa fukuko no migi-jébu ni aru Ski na kikan de, sono omosa wa hitoLESSON 24 377 de wa taiji no san naishi yon-pasento ni tasshi, ketsueki o Gku fukunde ite anseki-shoku de aru. Kanz® no hataraki wa taihen kappatsu de, zenshin de hassci suru enerugii no uchi, oyoso jlini-pasento wa kanz de shdzuru, Mata, kanzd ni wa, tansui-kabutsu, shibd, tanpaku-shitsu, kakusan nado no gdsei oyobi bunkai ni hatarakn kziso ga, ta no kikan ni kurabete hij ni hifu ni fukumarete ir. Sono hoka, ima made ni wakatte iru k0so no dai-bubun wa kanz0 ni sonzai suru koto ga shirarete iru. Korera no jijiisu kara, kanzO wa busshitsu oyobi enerugii k6tai no subete ni watatte jlyS na yakuwari o shite iru mono to kangacrarete iru ga, mada wakatte inai ten mo sukunaku nai, Omo na hataraki wa, tsugi no yO de aru. Busshitsv no Chozd: Kanzd wa tansui-kabutsu no ichiji-teki na chozd basho ni natte iru, Sunawachi, shachd de kyTishii sareta budét% no ichibu wa kanzd no naka de gurikdgen to natte takuwaerare, hitsuyO ni Ojite, futatabi budG-td ni kawatte ketsu-eki-chu ni okuridasare, zenshin ni kyokyu sareru, Onaji yo ni, shibo mo kanzo de ichiji-teki ni takuwaerareru. Gedoku; Ydoku na busshitsu ga shokumotsu® to tomo ni tainai ni haittari, arui wa ch no naka de saikin no hataraki ni yotte shdjitari suru to, sorcra o fukunda ketsueki ga kanz6 0 toru toki, dokubutsu ga mudoku no mono ni kaerareru. Kono baai ni, dokubutsu ga bunkai sarete mudoku to naru koto mo ari, mata ryiisan ya guruknron-san to ketsugé shite dokusei no naku narn koto mo arn. Noiso nado no Seisei: ‘Vanpaku-shitsu ga bunkai shite shOzuru anmonia wa, saiho ni yudoku na busshitsu de aru. Hito de wa anmonia no dai-bubun wa, kanz0 no naka de ni-sanka-tanso lo ketsugd shite, mudoku no nydso to nari, jinzd 0 Wshite haishutsu sareru. Ny o de shzuru. Kanz6 ni wa, orunishin to iu busshitsu ga fukumarete iru. Anmonia to kokyt no kekka shdjita ni-sanka-tanso to wa, orunishin to ketsug6 shite, shitorurin o shorn. ‘Tsugi ni shitorurin wa m6 ichi-bunshi no anmonia to ketsngd 9 aruginin to naru. Saigo ni, aruginin wa kasui-bunkai sarete nyoso to orunishin to ni naru. Koko ni shojita orunishin wa mata onaji hanno o kurikaesu. Ijo no hanno wa motto fukuzatsu de aru ya, sono laiyO wa zurichi no yO ni naru, Haishutsu-bussshitsu no shurui wa kankyd kara no mizu no kydkyd to kankei ga aru to kangaerarete iru. HORUMON NI YORU CHOSETSU Shinkei no hoka ni, karada zentai no chdsetsu o tamotsu mono ni horumon ga aru. Horumon wa karada no tokulei no bubun de tsukurare, taieki-chO ni bunpitsu sare, bitamin ya k6so no y6 ni, goku biryS de karada no tokutei no bubun no hataraki ni Oki na cikyd 0 oyobosu busshitsu de aru. Horumon no kagaku-teki sosei wa samazama de atte, aru mono wa tanpaku-378 Comprehending Technical Japanese shitsu, pori-pepuchido, amino-san, aru mono wa suteroido de ari, sara ni kore igai no mono ya, kagaku'k0z0 uo hakkiri wakatte inai mono mo aru. Nai-bunpitsu-sen; Horumon © bunpitsu suru kikan(sen) ni wa, kan ga naku, nai- bunpitsu-sen to iware, bunpitsu-butsu wa kekkan-nai ni okuri-komareru. Sekitsui- jabutsu de wa, ndka-suitai, kojo-sen, fuku-kajasen® fukujin, suizs, seiss, ransi_ nado kara, sorezore kotonatta horumon ga bunpitsu sarete ori, korera ga tagai ni tsuriai o tamotsu koto ni yotte, karada no kOjO-sel no 1j1 ni azukatte iru. KANKAKU Gaikai no shigcki o ukeircru tame ni, dobutsu de wa tokubetsu no kikan (kankaku-kikan) ga hattatsu shite iru. Sono hattatsu wa dObutsu no scikatsu y6shiki ni djite ichijirushiku kotonatte iru ga, sono mottomo honshitsu-teki na koto wa, dono ya na shigeki o uke-irern shikumi ga dekite irn ka to in koto de aru. Kankaku-kikan de uke-torareta gaikai no shigeki wa, koko ni bunpu suru kankaku-shinkei ni yotte ch shinkei ni tsutaerare, sono shigeki ni taio suru kankaku-chts0 de sorezore no shigeki ni ojita kankaku ga okosareru. Sara ni, chist-shinkei kara wa karada no sorezore no kikan ni kofun ga tsutaerare, iroiro na hannd ga okosareru ga, kore to tomo ni, jiritsu-shinkei ni yotte mo nanra ka no hanné o shdzuru koto ga Gi. DOBUTSU NO UNDO. : Améba wa gisoku to iu genkei-shitsu no tokki o dashi, sore ga nobiru hoko ni ido suru. Kore wa ameba-undo to iware, genkei-shitsu-ryudo to missetsu ua kaukei v mviie itu mono io minasareie iru. Shukubuisu uv heu'i-kin mo ddbutsu no hakkekkyt mo doyd na undo o suru. Senmb-undd, Benmo-undo. Améba-und Zori-mushi® wa zenshin 0 Stte iru senmd o ugokashite oyogu. Hito no kikan-nai ni mo senmd ga ari, sono und6 de nen’eki o koto ni okuru. Midori-mushi ya yas shi nado wa, benmd ni yori suichii o yiei suru. Kinniku-undo; Henkei-dObutsu yori kot6® na dobutsu wa, ippan ni kinniku ni yotte undo o suru, Mimizu no karada ya, hito no shoka-kan no kabe ni wa, juso-kin lo kan, kin to ga ari, korera no kinniku no hataraki ni yotte, iwayuruzendo- undo o okonau. Mimizu no zendd-und3 de wa, taihcki no jtisd-kin ga shiishuku suru to, sono bubun ga chijimi, kanjo-kin ga shtishuku suru to, sono bubun wa nobiru. Mata, karada no ichibu o chi ni tsukete md de sasae, zendd-und@ 0 kogo ni akonai, karada © id@ saseru. Kinniku to Hone to no Kankei: Ebi ya konchu nado wa, gai-kokkaku 0 motte ite, tagai ni ugoku koto ga dekiru yo na kansetsu ni natte iru. Koko ni wa, naibu kara kinniku ya tsuile ori, kono shtshuku ni yotte gai-kokkaku o ugokasu kolo ga dekira,LESSON 24 379 Sekitsui-dobutsu de wa, Smon-kin o kokkakurkin to mo ii, kore ga hone ni tsuite iru. Hitotsu no kinniku wa kansctsu 0 hasande betsu-betsu no hone ni tsuki, sono shiishuku ni yotte, teko no genri de hone o ugokasu. Taitei hitotsu no kansetsu ni wa, mageru kinniku to nobasu kinniku ga atte, tagai ni taiké-teki ni hataraki-atte iru. Kono yo na kinnikn o kikkd-kin to in. THE FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER The liver, located in the upper right portion of the peritoneal cavity, is a large organ, with a weight which in man reaches 3—1% of body weight, and is dark red with the large quantity of blood it contains. The functioning of the liver is very vigorous and, of the energy produced in the entire body, ahout 12% is generated in the liver. Moreover, the enzymes which act to synthesize and decompose substances like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids are present in far greater abundance in the liver than in other organs. In addition, a major portion of the enzymes thus far identified are known to be present in the liver. From these facts we are led to believe that the liver plays an important role throughout all material and energy interchanges, but there are more than a few points not yet understood. The main functions are the following. The Storage of Substances: The liver is the location where carbohydrates are temporarily stored. For example, part of the dextrose absorbed by the small intestine is changed 10 glycogen and stored within the liver, becoming dextrose again as need arises, being sent out into the blood and supplied to the whole body. In the same way fats are temporarily stored in the Hyer. Datoxication: When poisonous substances enter the body in foods or arise from the activity of bacteria in the intestines, they are rendered non-toxic when the blood containing them passes through the liver. In such cases, the poisons may become detoxified by decomposition, or they may lose their toxicity by combining with acids such as sulfuric and glucuronic. The Production of Urea: The ammonia produced in the decomposition of proteins is a substance toxic to cclls. In man, the great portion of the ammonia reacts with carbon dioxide in the liver to form non-toxic urea and is discharged through the kidneys. Urea is produced in the ornithine cycle. The substance ornithine is contained in the liver. Ammonia and the carbon dioxide resulting from respiration combine with ornithine to produce citrulline. The citrulline then combines with one more molecule of ammonia to become arginine. Finally, the arginine hydrolyzes into urea and ornithine, and the ornithine thus produced will again repeat the same reactions. The above reactions are more complicated, but their general outline is as given in Figure 1. The type of380 Comprehending Technical Japanese substance discharged is thought to be related to the supply of water from the surroundings. REGULATION BY HORMONES Among the things which regulate the body as a whole, there are, in addition to the nerves, hormones. Hormones are produced by particular parts of the body and secreted into the body fluids. ‘I'hey are substances which, like vitamins and enzymes, exert a great influence on the activity of specific parts of the body in extremely small quantities. Hormones have a variety of chemical compositions, some being proteins, poly- peptides or amino acids, and others steriods. There are compositions other than these and even some whose chemical structure is not clearly understood. Endocrine Glands: Among the organs (glands) which secrete hormones, those called endocrine glands have no tubes, their secretions being sent into the blood vessels. Distinctive hormones are secreted from such parts of vertebrate animals as the pituitary body, thyroid gland, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, testes, and ovary; by keeping mutually balanced, they share in maintaining bodily homeostasis. SENSATION Special organs (sensory organs) have developed in animals for the sake of receiving stimuli from the outside world. These developments differ markedly according to the animal's way of life, and the most essential feature is the kind of stimulus which the mechanism is designed to receive. An external stimulus received by a sensory organ is wansmitted to central nerves by the sensory nerves distributed within the organ, and sensations arise in those sensory centers corre- sponding to that stimulus in proportion to their respective stimulations, Further- more, excitations are sent from the central nerves to the respective bodily organs and cause various responses. These are frequently accompanied by some response or other arising from the autonomic nerves as well. ANIMAT. MOVEMENTS, Amocboid Movement: The amoeba puts forth protoplasmic protrusions called pseu- dopodia and moves in the direction of these extensions. This is called amocboid movement and is considered to have a very close relation to protoplasm streaming. Both plant slime molds and white blond cells make similar movements. Giliary and Flagellar Movements: ‘he paramecium swims by moving the cilia which cover its entire body. There are also cilia in man’s trachea which send mucus to the larynx by their movements. Algae in the division euglenophyta and zoospores swim in the water Ly means of flagella. Muscular Mocements: Animals in higher classes than flatworms gencrally move byLESSON 24 381 means of muscles. The actions of longitudinal and circular muscles in the body of an carthworm and in the human alimentary canal perform the movement called peristalsis. In earthworm peristalsis, a part of the body will shrink when the longitudinal muscles in its hody wall contract, and it will elongate when the circular muscles contract. Furthermore, the alternation of these movements in peristalsis will move the body when a part of the body is attached to the earth with the support of the bristles. The Relation between Muscles and Bones: Prawns, insects, and the like have an external skeleton which is so articulated that mutual movements are possible. In these cases, muscles are attached from within, and the exoskeleton can be moved by means of their contractions. in vertebrates, the striated muscles (also called skeletal muscles) are connected to the bones. A single muscle is attached to each of the bones between which there is a joint and will move the bones by contraction on the principle of the lever. At any single joint there are usually bending muscles and straightening muscles which act in opposition to cach other. Such muscles are called antagonistic muscles. EXPLANATORY NOTES (1) shokumotsu “Food”. Note that that this is written ey, whereas labemeno is writen $¢~%y. (2) okuri-komu In those compounds verbs having -komu as the second ce i : a are: nagare-komu to flow into kaki-komu to write in iri-komu to enter (3) fuku- The prefix fuku- (ji) usually connotes “assistant,” “associate,” “secondary,” “sub” “supplementary.” Examples: ae fukugyd subsidiary business BU fuku-shachd vice-president (of a company) alae% fuku-sanbutsu by-product BUH fuku-genshi-karyoku secondary valence force There is another prefix fuku- (#), which occurs in the compound Jubuzatsu (838) in this lesson, which means “composite,” “complexity,” “multiple,” “repeating.” Some examples of this prefix are: ‘mn fuku-kussctsu double refraction{ I | “ICbieoT | “throughout. 882 Comprehending Technical Japanese ARP fukuso-heimen complex plane (in mathematics) {HVRLIL 4 fukuso-kanshiki-kagd- heterocyclic compound butsu HAMA — fukugd-kenbi-kyo compound microscope (4) 7ri-mnshi To a Westerner the paramecium is shoeshaped, but to a Japanese it 1s Zdri-shaped. Xdrt are Japanese sandals held on the foot by a thong between the big toe and the second toe. (5) kote In earlier readings “ was encountered with various meanings: SL Kitoshit equal Me t8-sokudo constant velocity ORE kinzoku nado metals and the like (ASS Yamamoto-ra Yamamoto et al. Here we find the same character in the meaning of “class” or “rank.” Hence jij 40¢a is high class”, and 48 itte is “first class”. (Note: The readings nado and ra are not Tayd readings, but they are frequently encountered in the technical literature.) “extending through. MEDD mb KBBICD Ko TU DB a TS. L 2 AY FUREY FIORE OMtRIC be > CHROME Io ee 3. ehRHELT dbkotvde AS HUE, MmyMea hip or 6 20, ooomzne % vkGiitic See “RH LT | “through” “vias” Lipase“ retepld, silk L CHIRON}. 2. MAN\OWMROWA REA t WL CHkbnd. 3, RMT CET SONAR OMB, Bess ANE esi L CoA RRIC A OHS. AL WRT busshitsu-kotai metabolisin rae, oka assimilation Fue ika catabolismLESSON 24 383 ARs yoyo na useful, of use BRERA, tansan-doka carbon dioxide assimilation ao yObun nutrient Hey Bt tai-busshitsu body substance ten noryoku ability tS mie haruka ni by far Ati we-kawaru to change into WTS shohi suru to consume WHE G 58-59) MURRELL GN, FA CHRORAL Scho tHisbns. FL: EMAC e DALRWRETOLMIC eo CHA EWRIC OS DERBURO ERIE C, (INIT BIC ANILIN CH B, MMIC, MARIA, - SIL Ae EDD 1, HR ee Bn eo 6 be, Hite’ EL TL OANA AWE Fe CDN FAIRS LP SOMO TAPE E LC, Bebe THE HO Ah MLSE CICHAAAWAE 26 SU ROE MI kONCHrS, MIC, MHIHWICS SXTHILDEN MLS DICKE(, COC EMMY EMME OKE RHO Y CICK ea Ne Fell: ER OP, GML CETL, BFL OMe & Adib 2S, WSC Sh, CORTIC, (WRI SIS MRE REL 5. Be ante shoka digestion ier shoka-kan digestive tract hata fuzokwki appended organs Set shokusei food habits vase niku-shokusei no carnivorous FUR honyt-rui mammals Ae kenshi canine teeth Biter so-shokusei no herbivorous Tile usuba molars eit heikatsu-kin smooth muscles (CAE EY D HES LHRH S90) THCRPEICIA A ZIG db Ae SMA BOA, BERRICSNE LIER OHMS & tee COS RODE TH CERNE CHS. HC ARIEICIS UCHIE LH BLE Bo TO C, WRMOAAM CHR AGERL, (RICK DCR OM, BRO RHIC STM CHA, HILAIRE UT 3 RHEHR EEL, BfesgbIC ss384 Comprehending Technical Japanese Fro HMDS. Co RABI hosei-20ki living organs (preserved) Hull, yuketsu blood Wausfusion ee sonpi existence, presence AH zen-tekishutsu complete extraction, removal 4% inu dog BO_NZHO mitomerareru hodo no detectable Ae sonsho damage ICT RRM sti suginai no more than... oak seppen fragment WATS sh@shitsu suru to disappear REAR kans6-ryd. dry weight Rew (SK 49-50) BIDE O-CRHAC Bt, OMIA Do COMME Db tui, HER, Fifi, Mik LUCA MMECRMRT VE ARATE, THAD HLS MPIC OHH HSH comick 9, Ty es 7 RORRO HilaHT BIC dee COME DN BCEMDDok. SbICHROSMMELH 4 x CRED DN SEORKOERIE vce, HRoWBowar sRRO AAMT, Ty eS 7 OUI ISSEE eb aie ice | DLLORRICK..C, RHOMEMMDMMIIC PH 8 ORT BIC Hoch ENGL é BEB toes 1930570 & Cl, SPN IN IC BBUT SIRI ErMLIC 0 CHERICIE C ODAiLOD © & 5H HATHRICERAE ID. TALE, RAO EMM SUNT WMCH B DBA LI ENT shy TORROIM Fe DIEIBOERD H. A. Krebs OIECH 3. SFA MMORAIIS Ty eH 7, VERE GAM ICA SE, Ty STDIN ORRMRT 6 CE RRMA. BAER, RRO EM PFC HERR RE 4 ICH, ODEN KR A RCRA, WH ORK RET SICTHAIACH S, TNA, THARKUMORS BM EME THB ERK EUS. D. PRED shinkei-setsu ganglion Si chojiku axis faa keiko tendency i miki trunk Basa hannéd kikan. reacting organ & eda branchesLESSON 24 385 i massho peripheral Fh sekizui notochord A HR no-shinkei cranial nerve rahe sekizui-shinkei spinal nerve HR (S 149) SFO) CAEN Tb KOPWICKR SHO DR DNS, TOME, rb KOWME Po REAODER AED DCE 5, COMMOREDMMERL OV, DHEAKOE —tibh. tna, CHUCHL, MEM AS HHMI, Lk, Alt BURMA Z. ved utho x3 xt ere inanins, aeawce, seemne co Hae 50, RA mike & Leeann « Tbliee ne 2805 2, RABUN kaja-sen thyroid gland RESTS Jokyo suru to remove Fyoet suri-tsubusu pulverize ia zeny anterior lobe Bets taika suru to degenerate aT S kaifuku suru to recover PRT yagate in a short time Soatm arakajime beforehand Av eY OMIA (S 162-163) Hide Rs 5 e, prcsucrem ois FL. mo mdee— nce oRuat a WETS. LAL, BE Laliniiz, noxomnmpiciacded, Romo PREM RODRVFSE, COBMLERoNAL AS. TOBE, Hie boRL iCETEAL TDR CH 3, 1 PR ASNTSRERET 6 & axiieasecL, ADKENEYORWEBRY LT, MD optitins. th, BalinxmoeB vee, BEFRIEND S 2, atc i MLS BLOKE SICH EH, BEAU BIN PRBS & DBRS SARYROMRER DAY. COLSIC, B if evld, Barton & emt 5, EiRLED FINAL TRANSLATION TEST RAOBRLBEORBICLO TELM OOBHS, CHIHED Se UP oReha 7 AICP Mx OME-PIIS OFLAEIC A da XL CAC, MUIR A RITE 7, AEC386 Comprehending Technical Japanese RBC EBWIKS KS ICh eet CHB. CCICMMILE 5 OI, Afb HRDe OO ACO BLD IAAF FSM OMICHET BELBO TE CHIT, DMM ADU TCESLIICAALOCHS, WA, RMDBICKDSIL cS ou fifa AEDS MLMBAWANTOREMEES, EDR WIC LINE HICH ORAL, b> LIMEATADNAVATAG AN. CHEARS OMEN CS 2. EH PARC 9 CHAIRED IT NLS. Ho CAD A ET RE bid, AMOWMA IN EMUT ZF) ONS, KHMOMB, cnet WIABMEELCATC, PRMD 2-1 TEMATAT LICK CHM ANS. TO ESIC CHONAMEM Sb, WAGEDOMNES CLE THEL, ROETARB AOMRERS CLO CEB CHS. PRED ILE EEC Dio CRED VHRERFOMRCD 4, HAE, SSWAE FCOPUBSLEATAES, bn PREF A CHRON ERED, haaanainiiiia HX, COMME CELOREADAH AD AY. ComMrICUM A ter! ; VED CH5T, AP FOR LMMICREL Cie OR HE TH So WEMtinOR, CHCIERENSDCH oC, COMA, HMGCOMA, PERMA HOE AIBA Ware eo CHIME AC HICHS, HALVES RDARA TOMES, fem COMIC K SAMRAT NERT CE ROO TCHS, COLS RERMEOURL ¥ICBIREL CKAORAMER TEC, RELIC 2c CaO CREAMER VARY SORDRE Es Cre, an, iN, Biter Hn 9 ees RAO HEN. 1. CREAT LAD. ASEAN ts tC URE 3 D, ES CSICRE SAR, RINE CHPCHH £2 BRS RAD ENVICHL % D COW, HHOMMMIC OCHS KS RTSIED, WH, Da aBee LETT Rol, COMBE CRNTS 605 LIRR ALATHS, COLI i, Aree Hie smos— 22h), EREMROMRMCEO SB BE MOT BRODER SL OWIICE THB.LESSON 25 RIT ER KANJI Ta] 7 - lw) Ro [ge | 37 | Mvaxu | | 7) ® WS | 764 E | 1080 | touch os | KO 216 | KON FEF ae | atau Broa | a ay | 27a | HAKU ol KAN tk ie |__} | {16 | FU SEN fi Fs FE i sats HT aa HO irl tiiaa7 | Bo! en BE 06 99 | SETSU 4 | KA Ut accel Ae aa 667 | kifew) 3909 | hana ». | 27 | SHU 3et | KAI = [2s | FE on | | 27 | a [ot | NO ag 4 Re [5202 | [| | ase | | sa | oun BF BF ear) amteo | a@ LZ! ™ 1085 ULF trite (OB) HT READING SELECTIONS. kekkan ketsueki domyaku jomyaku indsai-kekkan kubetsu suru shinzd oshi-dasu karada danryoku blood vessel blond artery vein capillary to distinguish heart to push out, force out body resilience388 Comprehending Technical Japanese OES, MMBC LC, MARE ORICHD - ABR + — BCR Bite Lome A 5. Ye, MMO A, & FORM OH 1/13 BS. & OTA & L-CARMR 4 MER + MS), Hise LCM MML x 5 HDS, & PO ARMLRIEELE Bue FEE 24 Co ODM BARD AIC, EAA <, RAL < EACHS, MMM Imm hice en 5a, Bi som, Isso mca 3. nD390 Comprehending Technical Japanese id, AMRPO~T He EVICLEROCHS. SEX REVERE SUBRERD FOWMEAAL IC, MROMRICA AEM EL Cv}, AURA, EEL KS ROOM CHL CO on, TORBEPLE WHT, Wi tok bORe vicltitenier bens, AUMRIC, OSS AMES Zot, MICA DAE AMC, LE ~15, 2A LORE S 2OOBE, CPC Bo TAHNOLS MOTE, HO GAM PORE > THMAICHIE UTS, MR te UE 2 OMRIAICHD Ad. CHIEF SREB EM SHEARD LOC, Silat So DA, RAMLOMMICTT HMO FETS, AMAR, HM OBE ROD 7-8 RRORL< 2h oS, MRICS CE OHSS, bd KIC EL cute LC, WUMMDETNA, LAD TSECORETHMICHRCLEI, CHE ME ERR va 5 MHRA REO bh CME SSE, PROV pte ¥ DE LBRO WRPREOMLICDANS, HAED EMM, BMAwem > MRE tm? Hic 8 6, nd5 debbesamenen 7A FY PIER E ob AH 5 THE oT VOTH SB, RR chisso-doka nitrogen assimilation Bile kakusan nucleic acid 9 Asie rinshi-shitsu phosphatide yay yy kurorofiru chlorophyll + tsuchi earth, ground BYIC (EI) ome ni chiefly, mainly SD special, distinct, unique By ne root EF (4&9) mazu first of all RET kangen suru to reduce (apposite of oxidize) HERA yoryoku-tai chloroplast, chlorophyll granule ROBE chisso no kote nitrogen fixation ~~ (Hi) mame beans ICO gy seni tsuku to be attached to... BER (ER) konryi (saikin) root nodule (bacteria) ayKY endo peas 4K (KD) daizu soy beans CK kobu lump, protuberance BES kyOkyt suru to supply, furnish Ele toboshii scarce, limited 3 tochi groundLESSON 25 391 LATS seiiku suru to grow ea shukushu host Hee kydsei symbiosis SARL (S 79-81) BRL, AES G+ KOE DAME REUTER 7 RED ELT. BbwT KMACBTCHS. Hit, LOPACERE, PLICMMERLAWEL TRIAS. MABE Tye H ORNL eT 6.05, BE BIC ke rity ELT, HOES ICHML THANTHA 5 hr, Hy EAR & EADIE, LIC ARS Aci Ae RAC HEMEL, ZR ECA ACRSXLGICFSEWIRG CAL, ARRICHES SAMI TC OBBBIRE MD DIL, CHERWICMIIT 6 CECHS, Lieto, MADD % DIUM em A BA, LOWVAVADBAETATIBIEL, BOBO, MEAT E BARONS EDEHOELT [BI EL, BOROOAHOMEbICRY 8 HRM ROWS MADE FICPSMENHS, COLS AIMRBUNEE RU ARIE BdiLS, LOL, CVLIZMAKARHAOO CHE MICIKT, MMNRROFIE Rh, PELROMCEH OM. THATL ADEA CH, Ate SHES SEROME REEDS. CRERPDHOWE, PEED ORMICTEAE BENOSLARORT, WORRAREL OMICEMENE SAO SO) LRA OB, CORBA TERMED CER RVD, SORICLMIBEE Hie 9 Ce BRAT REET IES DOS, ree BOS ICKL (PHO RRO BIE) ICES &, Maoibey, Wick Ae Hit M. wodinato oh cns, Eb IcHMR< HULLEOS Ba, ththobowic, BOE OU AEMeH S. RE AU, HAMAD SHODKL MRE CHS, MEA DICH CATR OIELESSON 25 395 fh EA - Mo, Homo Sapiens, Rosa Polyantha 7%: ¥0%lt, —WOMHIC ko Cull StL TSE WORT, EAELERA, CHILE be 7459 LR RAKED Ze AM EWS. PRCRITYEORVENS, LOGIT Home, Rosa V5 0ARR CD), Eh Sapiens, Poiyantha GHC, CV _LVELKK DOME TH SO. COLOCL CED BML B TivlL ) Vv % GN. Linne (1707~1778) ICE DAE RAL LOCO HIEL 0 3. BBL, M-OAMIOM RR RMLEGARD, Wes RAWICR BER ac eames MeEnchs, KRKKAN TO KETSUEKI Kekkan: Kekkan wa dOmyaku, jOmyaku,“’ m@sai-kekkan ni kubetsu sareru. D6- myaku wa, shinzo kara oshi-dasareru ketsueki 0, karada no kaku-bubun ni hakobu kekkan de aru. Kekkan-heki wa, atsukute danryoku ga aru. Shinzd no hakudd ni yotte shdzuru ketsucki no atsuryoku no henka wa, shtki- teki na hado to shite futoi domyaku kara shidai ni mattan c to” tsutawatte iku. Kono shitki-teki na had3 o myaku (myakuhaku) to ii, tekubi® nado ni furete kanjirn koto ga dekirn. JOmyaku wa, karada no kakubu kara shinz ni ketsneki o okuri-komu_ kekkan de aru, Sono kabe wa usukute danryoku ga chiisai. Ketsueki wa jomyaku-nai o yuruku nagare, domyaku no yo ni myaku o utanai, jomyaku-nai ni wa poketto- jo uv ben ya aiic, keisucki au gyakurydv fuseide iru, Mosai-kekkan wa, dOmyaku to jomyaku to o tsunagu kabe no usui hosoi kan“ de, karada no kakw-soshiki ni, amime-j6 ni wakarete mitsu ni bunpu shite iru. Shitagatte, m@sai-kan no naibu no séhy@-menseki wa kanari hiroi. Ketsu-eki wa mosai-kekkan-nai o yukkuri nagare-nagara, usui kekkan-heki 0 toshite, soshiki to no aida ni yobun, sanso, ni- sanka-tanso, rohai-butsu nado no kokan o okonau. Ketsueki: Ketsueki no juryo wa, hito de wa taiju no yaku jusan-bun-no-ichi 0 shimeru, Sono ydkeiseibun to shite sekkekkyd, hakkekkyt, kesshoban ga ari, ekitaiseibun to shite wa kessh® ga aru. Hito no sckkckkyi wa chokkci hachi-mikuron, atsusa ni ten yon mikuron gurai no enban-j0 no saihd de, kaku ga naku, chiiS ga sukoshi kubonde iru, Ketsueki ichi-rippo-mirim@toru-chi ni fukumarern kazu wa, otoke yaku go-hyakuman-ko, onna yaku yonhyaku-goji-man-ko de aru. Ketsueki no iro wa, sekkekkyu-chu no hemogurobin ni yoru mono de aru. Hemogurobin wa tetsu o fukumu shikiso o seibun to suru fukuzatsu na tanpaku- shitsu de, sanso no unpan ni taisetsu na yakuwari o hatashite iru. Sckkekkyd wa, shu to shite futoku nagai hone no kotsuzui-chti de atarashiku296 Comprekending Technical Japanese tsukurare, sono jumy® wa oyoso hyaku-niju-nichi de, furuku natta mono wa omo ni kanzd ya hizd de kowasareru. Hakkckkya ni wa, iroiro na shurui ga aru ga, ippan ni sekkekkya yori okii saihd de, chokkei oyoso jt-naishi-jtigo mikuron, niko-ij6 no kaku © motsu mono ga Gi. Hito de wa, ketsueki ichi-rippo-mirimétoru-chii ni yaku rokusen-naishi- hassen-ko aru, Am#ha no yd na undé a okonai, usni misai-kekkan no kabe o tote soshiki-nar mi de-hairi suru. Saikin nado 0 sono saihO-nai mi tori-irete shoka suru shokursay® to iu seishitsu ga aru no de, shoku-saiho to mo iware, byogen-sei uo saikin ni taisuru bogyo no hataraki o suru. Hakkekkya wa, kotsuzui, hiz6, oyobi rinpa-sen de atarashiku tsukurareru. Ketsucki wa taigai ni deru to katamaru scishitsu ga aru. Karada ni kizu 0 ukete shukketsu shite mo, kiriguchi ga chiisakereba, shibaraku suru to sono mama de shizen ni katamatte s| au. Kore o ketsueki no gydko to iu. Ketsueki o shiken-kan no naka de gydko saseru to, kabu no aka-guroi katamari to jobu no tomei na usu-kiiro no eki to ni wakareru, Katamari 0 keppei, tomei na eki o kessei to iu. Keppei wa sen’i-jo no fiburin ga kekkyt to karami-atte katamatte iru mono de aru. CHISSO-DOKA Chisso wa, tanpaku-shitsu, kakusan, rinshi-shitsu oyobi kurorofiru nado no seibun to shite, kiwamete taisetsu na genso de arn. Shokubutsu wa, tsuchi no naka kara chisso 0, omo ni muki-chisso-kag6butsu to shite tori-ireru. Shosan-en to anmoniumu-en to ga sono omo na mono de aru. Shokubutsu-tai de wa, korera no muki sso-kagdbuisu ya, tokushu na baai ni wa kaki-chi no chisso kara yuki-chisso-kagdbutsu o g@sei suru hataraki o motte iru. Kore o chisso-déka to iu. Yatki-chisso-kago-butsu no Seisei: Ne kara kytshi sareru muki-chisso-kagd-butsu no uchi de, shasan-en wa ne ya ha no naka de kangen sarete, mazu, anmoniumu-en ni kawaru. Anmoniumu-en wa sara ni to nado kara shdjita yiki-san to ketsugd shite amino-san to naru. Kono yo ni shite tsukurareta amino-san no dai-bubun wa, tagai ni tasu-ketsugo shite tanpaku-shitsu to naru ga, sono ichibu wa kakusan ya kurorofiru nado 0 tsukuru no ni mo tsukawareru. Korera no kagaku henka ni wa hikari ga chokusetsu hitsuyo de nai kara, yoryoku-tai o fukumanai saihd de mo okonawareru. Kitchit-chisso no Kotei: Puts no kotd-shokubutsu wa, ktki-chii no chisso N, 0 chokusetsu riya suru koto wa dekinai ga, saikin no uchi ni wa, kore o doka suru koto no dekiru mono ga aru. Sono hitotsu wa, mame-rui no ne ni tsuite iru _kon- ryu-saikin de aru. Endo, daizu nado no ne ni wa, chiisa na kobu no yo na mono ga ikutsu mo® mirareru. Kore 0 konry® to ii, sono saihO no naka ni wa konrydsaikin ga takusan haitte ite, sono naka de kiki-ch@ no chisso ya genrydLESSON 25 397 to natte chisso-kagSbutsu ga tsukurareru. Kono chisso kagdbutsu ga shokubutsu- tai ni kydkyd sareru no de, mame-rui wa, chisso-yobun ni toboshii tochi ni mo yoku sei-iku suru koto ga dekiru. Konryt-saikin wa, shuknshn® ni naru mame-rui no shurui ni yotte ikutsu ka® no shurui ga aru, Soshite, shokubutsu no taigai de mo seikatsu suru koto ga dekiru ga, mame-rui to kyosei shite inakereba, kuki-chu no chisso no kotel wa okonawarenai. SHOKUBUTSU NO SEISHOKU-SAIHO, Hishi-shokubutsu no seishoku-kikan no uchi, seishoku ni chokusetsu kankei suru no wa meshibe to oshihe to de arn. Meshihe no kabu o shibd to ii, naibu wa ikutsu ka” no shitsu ni wakarete iru koto ga oku, naka ni haishu to iu kyujo no soshiki ga aru. Mata, oshibe no sen- tan ni wa yaku ga aru. Haishu no naka ni wa ikko no haind-Lo-saihd ya aru. Kore wa genst-bunretsu © shite yonko no saihd to naru ga, sono uchi no sanko wa shéshitsu shi, nokotta ikko (haind-saiho) wa sara ni sankai no bunretsu ni yotte, hakko no saiho ni naru, Tsumari ran-saihd ichi, jotai-saiho ni, hansoku-saihd san, kyokukaku ni to natte haind ga deki-agaru. Oshibe no yaku ni wa, tasti no kafun-bo-saiho o shdji, kore ga, gensti-bunretsu ni yotte yonko-zutsu no kafun-saiho ni wakare, sono hitotsu-hitotsu ga seijuku shite kafun ni naru. Kafun no katachi ni wa iroiro aru ga, dkisa wa nija naishi hyaku mikuron no saki ni wa, tokki ga attari, nen’eki o dashitari shite, kafun ga tsuki-yasui yo ni natte iru koto ga di. BUNRUI NO KISO ni wa, genzai iroiro no seibutsu ga sunde iru, Sorera no seibutsu no naka de, tayai ni ruien-kankei no aru mono o sono teido ni yotte ikutsu ka no dankai ni sciri shi, hensei suru koto o bunrui to iu. Sono baai, dono sdi-ten ni chakumoku suru ka ni yotte iltu-t6ri_mo no bunrui ga kand de aru ga, kagaku- teki ni wa ittai nani o “kagi” to shite, dono yé ni bunrui shite iru no de ard ka? Seibutsu o bunrui suru mokuteki wa, tan ni, shuju-zatta na seibutsu 0 kikai- teki ni seiri shi, sono kekka 0 yoi ni riyO dekiru yd ni suru to iu dake de naku, shizen-kai ni sonzai suru seibutsu subete® no ruien-kankei o akiraka ni shi, kore o keit-teki ni hairetsu suru koto de aru, Shitagatte koko no seibulsu no motsu keitai, seiri, seishoku, hassei, sono ta iroiro no keishitsu o subete® koryo shi, baai- baai ni Sjitc, mottomo honshitsu-tcki to kangacrarcru mono o mi-idashite “kagi” to shi, ono-ono no seibutsu no keitd-chi ni okeru shizen no ichi-kankei ga akiraka398 Comprehending Technical Japanese ni naru yO ni suru hitsuyo ga aru. Kono yo na bunrui-ho wa keito-bunrui mata wa shizen-bunrui to iwareru. Shikashi, dono yO na keishitsu ga honshitsu-teki na mono de aru ka ni tsuite, zettai-teki ua kimete wa naku, bunrui-gakusha no aida de iken no chigatte iru koto mo sukunaku nai, Seibutsu o bunrui suru kihon no tan’i o “shu” to iu. Kore wa k6t6-dobutsu no hai, “o-tagai no aida ni ko o shajiru ndryoku no aru shizen no mure de, ta no doy6 na mure to no aida ni seishoku-ndryoku 0 motanai mono” to teigi sarete iru. Kono teigi wa kato na seibutsu ni wa atehamaranai ga, jissai ni, kohai-jikken o okonau koto ga fu-kand ni chikai® seibutsu-gun mo kanari Oi. Soko de, futst ni wa “sddo-kikan no ruien no teido” ni motozuki, “shu” kara hajimari, jun ni “zoku,” “ka,” “moku,” “ko,” “mon”, ‘kai” no dankai ga m®kerarcte iru, Sara ni komakaku wakeru hitsuyd no aru baai ni wa, sorezore no dankai no aida ni, ‘a” no ji o tsuketa dankai o mokeru. Tatoeba, “azoku” wa shu yori mo takai ga, z0ku yori wa hikui dankai de aru. Shu o sara ni komakaku waketa mono ni “ashu’, “henshu”, “hinshu” ga aru. Homo sapiens, Rosa polyantha nado no na wa, ittei no kiyaku ni yotte kettei sareta bankoku-kydtst no na de atte, gakumei to yobareru. Kore ni taishi hito, noibara to ita Nihongo no meisho o wamei™ to iu. Gakumei ni wa Raten-go mochi-irareru. Ue no rei de Homo, Rosa to iu no wa zokumei de ari, mata sapiens, polyantha wa shumei de, kono futatsu 0 narabeta mono ga gakumei de arn. Kono yd ni shite seibutsu-mei o kasei suru hohd wa Rinne (C.v Linné (1707-1778)) ni yori kakuritsu sareta mono de, nimei-hi to in. Mochiron, doitsu no seibutsu ni taishi kotonatta shumei 0 ataetari, kotonatta seibutsu ni dditsu-mei o mochi u koto wa kokusai-meimei-kiyaku ni yori kinj rarete iru. BLOOD VESSELS AND BLOOD Blood Vessels: Blood vessels are classified as arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries are blond vessels which carry the blood forced out from the heart to all parts of the body. ‘I'he walls of these blood vessels are thick and resilient. The changes in blood-pressure resulting from the pulsations of the heart are propagated from the large arteries gradually on out to the extremities as a periodic wave motion. This periodic wave motion is called “the pulse,” and it can be felt by touching the wrist or other locations. Veins are blood vessels which channel the blood back into the heart from all parts of the body. Its walls are thin and low in resilience. The blood flows slowly in the veins, and there is no pulsing as in the arteries. There are pocket-like valves in the veins which prevent back-flow. Capillaries are tiny, thin-walled vessels connecting the veins and the arteries: they are divided in a mesh-like fashion and densely distributed throughout the body tissue. Therefore, the total internalLESSON 25 399 surface area of the capillaries is quite extensive. The blood, as it flows slowly through the capillaries, engages in exchanges of nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and waste matter with the tissucs via the thin blood-vesscl walls. Blood: In man blood accounts for about 1/13th of the body weight. It contains red corpuscles, white corpuscles, and platelets as visible components and_ plasma as a liquid component. Human red blood corpuscles are circular disc-shaped cells %u in diameter and Z.4y in thickness, have no nucieus, and are slightly concave at the center. The number of red blood corpuscles in 1 cubic millimeter of blood is about 5% 10" for the male and about 4.5% 10* for the female. The color of blood is due to the hemoglobin in the red blood corpuscles. He- moglobin, a complex protein which has a pigment component containing iron, plays an important role in oxygen transport The red corpuscles are produced chiefly in the marrow of large, long hones; their lifetime is about 120 days, the aging ones being destroyed mainly in the liver and spleen. There are various kinds of white corpuscles; they are generally larger than red corpuscle cells, about 10-151 in diameter, and frequently have 2 or more nuclei, One cubic millimeter of human blood contains about 6000-8000 of them. They execute movements like an amoeba and can go in and out of the tissue by pass- ing through the thin walls of the capillaries. They have the property of phago- cytosis in which they ingest such things as bacteria into their cells and digest them. They are therefore called phagocytes and perform the function of protect- ing (the body) against pathogenic bacteria. New white corpuscles are produced im the Lowe mariuw, splecu, aud lymph glands. Blood has the property of clotting when it emerges from the body. Even though the body suffers a wound and bleeds, if the opening is small, the blood will harden naturally in a short while, This process is called coagulation, If we have blood coagulate in a test tube, it separates into reddish-black lumps below and a transparent, pale yellow liquid above. The lumps are called blood clots and the transparent liquid is called blood serum, The blood clots are a hardened mass of red corpuscles intertwined with thread-like fibrin, NITROGEN ASSIMILATION Nitrogen is an extremely important element, as it is a component of proteins, nucleic acids, phosphatides, and chlorophyll Plants take in nitrogen from the soil chiefly as inorganic nitrogen compounds, the main ones being nitrates and ammonium salts. A plant has the capability of synthesizing organic nitrogen compounds from these inorganic nitrogen compounds and, in certain cases, from atmospheric nitrogen. This is called nitrogen assimni- lation.400 Comprehending Technical Japanese The Formation of Organic Nitrogen Compounds: Nitrates, which are among the inorganic nitrogen compounds absorbed by the roots, arc reduced in the roots or leaves, being first converted into ammonium salts. These in turn combine with organic acids arising from sugars and other substances to form amino acids. Most of the amino acids thus produced hond together in multiples to form proteins, but some are also used in making nucleic acids, chlorophyll, and other compounds. Since iigit is not directiy necessary for these reactions, they occur even in cells which do not contain chloroplasts. The Fixation of Atmospheric Nitrogen: Most higher plants cannot make direct use of atmospheric nitrogen, but there are bacteria which can assimilate it. One type is the root nodule bacteria which are attached to the roots of beans. A great number of small protuberances called root nodules are seen on the roots of peas, soy beans, and other legumes. Many root nodule bacteria are present in their cells, and nitrogen compounds are produced there using atmospheric nitrogen as the starting material. Beans therefore can grow even in soil which is poor in nitrogenous nutrients as the nitrogen compounds are supplied by the plant itself. There are several kinds of root nodule bacteria depending on the variety of hean acting as host. These bacteria can live outside the body of the plant but if they do not have a symbiotic relation with the bean plant, they cannot fix atmospheric nitrogen. THE REPRODUCTIVE CELLS OF PLANTS Among ihe repiuduciive uigans of augivsperms, ihuse having ihe musi ditect connection with reproduction are the pistil and the stamen. The lower part of the pistil is called the ovary and its interior is often divided into several loculi, in which there are globular tissues called ovules. Furthermore, at the tip of the stamen there is the anther. Inside the ovule there is a single embryo sac mother cell. The latter undergoes meiosis and becomes four cells, of which three vanish and the remaining one(the embryo sac cell) subsequently divides three times giving eight cells, The embryo sac is finally completed with 1 egg cell, 2 synergids, 3 antipodal cells, and 2 pole nuclei. The pollen mother cells are produced in the anther of the stamen; these each undergo meiosis dividing into 4 pollen cells, each one of which ripens into pollen. Pollen comes in a variety of forms; they range in size from about 20 to 100 and are frequently spherical or ellipsoidal in shape. ‘'here are projections on the tip of the pistil stigma which, along with the secretion of a viscous liquid and many other features, provide for the ready attachment of pollen particles.LESSON 25 401 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF CLASSIFICATION Various living things inhabit the earth at present. Ordering and organizing those living things into several levels according to the extent of their mutual relationships is called classification. In doing this. however. there are many possible ways of making classfications according to which differences (among the various living things) are given atientiou, aud so we ask what exactly is the key and how does one really classify scientifically. ‘The purpose of classifying living things is not simply to provide a readily usable mechanical ordering of their variety but rather to clarify the relationships between all living things in the natural world and to arrange them systematically. It is necessary. therefore, to consider all of the various characters which each animal possesses—its formation, development, propagation, physiology—and then to discover in each individual case the essential feature which, taken as the key, will serve to clarify the natural position and relationships of each living thing within the system. This method of classifying is called a phylogenctic or natural system. There is, however, no absolutely decisive factor regarding which characters are the essential ones, and there exist more than a few differences of opinion among taxonomists. The fundamental unit in classifying living things is the species. For higher animals this is defined as those animals which are able tq produce offspring with members of their own natural group but which have uo reproductive ability with those in other similar groups. This definition does not apply to lower organisms forms of life for which cross-breeding forms of life for which cross-breeding experiments are close to impossible. Accordingly, it is customary to take the degree of affinity between homologous organs as a basis and to establish an order of levels beginning with species and proceeding to genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom. When it is necessary to subdivide further, levels denoted with the prefix sub- are introduced between the respective levels. For example, sub-genus ranks above species but below genus. In the further subdivision of species there are sub-apecies, varicties, and forms. Names such as Homo sapiens and Rosa polyantha are called scientific names and are universal terms. established according to fixed conventions, In contrast hito and noibara are Japanese names. Latin is used in scientific names. In the two examples above, Homo and Rosa are the genus names, sapiens and polyantha the species names, and the two together are the scientific name. This method of constructing the names for living things was established by Linné (1707-1778) and is called binomial nomenclature. There are, of course, international nomenclature conventions which prevent the402 Comprehending Technical Japanese assignment of different names to the same living thing or the use of the same name for different living things. a) @ (3) a Mm 8) 0) (10) Gi) jomyaku -.to tsutawatte iku tekubi EXPLANATORY NOTES ‘The character if is almost always given the reading SEL 4 is unusual. This is short for...to iu yd ni tsutawatte iku. Hh hubi neck FE tekubi wrist FOR ashikubi ankle ing JO, occuring in the combination i kabe no usui hosoikan “A slender tube with thin walls.” Here kabe no usui ikutsu mo (no) shukushu sorera no...to iu seibutsu subete keishitsn 0 subete kohai-jikken...chikai wamei (—kabe ga usui) and hosoi both modify kan. When two adjectives modify the same noun, the usual construction is: futoku(te) nagat hone “a long thick bone.” But kabe no usukute tsuyoi kan would mean “a tube with thin, strong walls.” “A yreat many”; compare with ikutsu ka (no) “a few,” “some”, “several”. “Host” (in the biological sense). The same characters would be read yadonushti, the kun-reading, if the reference were to the manager of an inn. Sorera...mono 0 is the object of seiri shi. “All the living things.” Note that subete may follow the noun, as is the case here, or precede it; in the latter case the particle no is needed: subete no seibutsu, Here we know that subete no ruienkankei is not intended, because seibutsu would then have no particle to indicate its function in the sentence. Here suhete goes with keishitsu: one could also write keishitsu no subete 0. This clause modifies seibutsu-gun. ‘The symbol fii wa is au abbreviation for AR Yamaiv meaning “Japan”. The opposite of fil is #¥.7@ indicating “foreign.” Hence: fife washoku Japanese food He ——_yoshokw foreign food FURNES — mayd-sho Japanese and foreign booksLESSON 25 403 SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS A. BER uiko pith cavity aad mitasu to fill Robe yawarakai soft BEDS amkarn to take a part in, play a role in ame kaimen-yO spongy ae kishitsu substrate, matrix mike indjo-seu'i reticulin fibres ape sinusoid STE beginning embryonic stage Bae rudiment Ae ossification ith genshi original BRATS shinnyu suru to invade seu zOketsu blood production Bid okureru to be late BARTS kaishi suru to begin RAE kino process, function FELT S kytishi suru to stop, discontinue MEETS keizoku suru to continue $ak (=bWR) — shuyd na chief, main, principal ® = wi (SJ 341) POMEL ARTE ookslec, suMER AUER «DAI FZ MOA Ke, HO VRAMANE Las, MRM OMAOMNCH ET 3. APLC HEMI 6 He Sidi oy), RCM LS Av EAS CHALE CoS, SEEMICH JEICHIE AES & & WICH DIO A, CORMMBICMROHEAT 6 & Abie a oe eke, ROmEommteA sD Mav’ OME HS a, Likicvkten, 2extmatotae ky, BRE kangen-tekitei reductimetry Rea hydjun-yoeki standard solutions Ble daiichi-tetsu-en ferrous salt wee ahi-san arsenous acid TARRY +94 — chio-ryisan-natoriumu _ sodium thiosulphate

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