Steel Structures Design Prof.Dr.AbdErahim Khal Dessouki 2.

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what you want to .** ubisag 2-1 TYPES OF TENSION MEMBERS The elements of a structure that carry
tension loads are termed tension members. The bottom chords of roof and bridge trusses are classic
examples of tension members. Some of the truss web members may carry tension or may be a tension
for certain loading conditions and compression for other loading conditions. Transmission and
microwave towers and bracing systems in multistory buildings and steel cables as used in suspension
bridges and in cable-supported roofs are examples of steel tension members. Some examples of these
members are shown in Fig. (2-1). In all these uses the tensile strength of the steel is used. In this stress
configuration plate buckling or warping is not a consideration in some instances; however, specifications
will require a minimum amount of member stiffness for aesthetic and safety reasons. Generally, tension
members may be categorized as rods and bars, rolled structural shapes, built-up members, and wires or
cables. Currently, the Egyptian Code of Practice does not allow the use of rods and cables in bracing
systems or as main tension members. 609 / 29 > I

Steel Structures Desgn Prof.Dr.AbdErahm Khall Dessouk 2.pdf Foxt Reader Extras O Tel me what you
want to 2001, as: F 0.58F, 2-2 There are two code requirements for tension members; the stress
requirements and the stiffness requirements. 2-3-1 Allowable Stress in Tension The actual stress in a
tension member is based on the effective net area and should not exceed the allowable stress. The
allowable tensile stress (F) for steel is calculated using Equation (2-2) or Table (2-1) which shows the
allowable tensile stress for different steel grades used in structural design. The yield stress of the
different steel grades can be taken from Table (1-2). Table (2-2) Allowable Tensile Stress For Different
Steel Grades F. (allowable tensile stress), t/cm 40mm<t<100mm Steel grade t<40mm ST 37 1.40 1.30 ST
44 1.50 ST 52 2.10 2.0 All values for allowable stress, F, may be increased by 20% if secondary stresses
are considered (case of loading II). 609 / 29 > I

Steel Structures Design Prof:Dr. AbdErahim Khal Dessouk_2.pdf-Foxt Reader Connect Extras O Tel me
what you want tC ..* utisag sampn 2-3-2 Effective Net Area "Anet" The net area is the gross (total) area
except where the net area is the least effective cross-sectional area for all other cases as where bolt or
rivet holes are used for mechanical fasteners at the ends or where holes and/or area reductions occur
along the member. The effective area in resisting the tensile stress of the cross-section is called the
effective net area "Anet". For bolted (or riveted) connections: Net area = Gross area - Area of holes Anet
= Agross - Aholes 2-3 Hole diameter = bolt diameter + 1mm for M12 up to M14 bolts Hole diameter =
bolt diameter + 2mm for M16 up to M24 bolts Hole diameter = bolt diameter + 3mm for M27 and larger
For welded connections: Net area = Gross area 2-4 The tension member resistance must be calculated
based on the effective net area of the cross section Aget which can be calculated as follows: 609 / E9 I

Steel Structures Design Prof.Dr.AbdErahm Khal Dessouki 2.pdf- Foxt Reader Help Extras O Tel me what
you want to *** ut 2-3-2 Effective Net Area "Anet" The net area is the gross (total) area except where
the net area is the least effective cross-sectional area for all other cases as where bolt or rivet holes are
used for mechanical fasteners at the ends or where holes and/or area reductions occur along the
member. The effective area in resisting the tensile stress of the cross-section is called the effective net
area "Anet". For bolted (or riveted) connections: Net area = Gross area - Area of holes Anet = Agross -
Aholes 2-3 Hole diameter = bolt diameter + Imm for M12 up to M14 bolts Hole diameter = bolt diameter
+ 2mm for M16 up to M24 bolts Hole diameter = bolt diameter + 3mm for M27 and larger For welded
connections: Net area = Gross area !! Anet=Agross 2-4 The tension member resistance must be
calculated based on the effective nét area of the cross section Anet which can be calculated as follows:
1- For lined up holes Whenever there is only one hole or multiple holes lined up transverse to the
loading direction, there is only one potential failure line, which passes through the bolt hole/or holes
(line AB in figure). 608/9 1

Steel Structures Design Prof.Dr.AbdEtrahim Khal Dessouki _2.pdf - Foxit Reader Extras O Tel me what
you want to sec. AB Anet = Agross- Aholes 2-5 Anet = Agross-n(d+2mm)t Where: number of bolts in the
cross section perpendicular to the direction of loading, thickness of plate element at which the hole lies,
bolt diameter. !! P 2- For staggered holes Whenever there is more than one hole and the holes are not
lined up transverse to the loading direction, more than one potential line may exist. The controlling
failure line is that which gives the minimum area. There are two lines of staggered holes. The failure line
may be through one hole (section A-B), or it might be along a diagonal path (section A- C). The effective
net area shall be the least that can be determined from any plane or planes cutting each component
plate or section perpendicular to its axis, diagonally or following a zigzag line through adjacent rivet or
bolt hole. All holes of rivets or bolts met with, shall be deducted from the gross sectional area. Where
any portion of sectional- area is measured along a diagonal plane, a quantity = (S. 1/4g) is added for each
gauge. The net area Anet is the minimum of two values: Auer(path A-B) = Agras-(d+2mm)t Ansi(path A-
C)= AgoM-2 (d+2mm).t+(s4g).t 2-6 2-7 41 64 / 809

Steel Structures Design Prof.Dr.AbdErahim Khalil Dessouki 2.pdf - Foxit Reader O Tel me what you want
to senxg *** ut IC Sec. AC Sec. AB C B Where : is the staggered pitch, (the distance measured parallel to
the direction of stress in the member, center to center of holes in consecutive lines, is the gauge
distance measured at right angles to direction of stress in the member, center to center of holes in
consecutive lines, is the thickness of the material. CALCULATION OF EFFECTIVE NET AREA FOR TRUSS
MEMBERS WITH BOLTED CONNECTIONS 2-4 2-4-1 Symmetrical Sections For sections consisting of two
angles back-to-back and two angles. star shaped (where the center of gravity of the member coincides
with the center of gravity of the gusset plate; Anet = Agross- Aholes Where the diameter of the bolt hole
diameter of the bolt + 2 mm for drilled bolts 609 / 59 > IY

Steel Structures Design Prof.Dr.AbdErahim Khal Dessouki_2.pdf - Foxit Reader Extras O Tel me what you
want to 2-4-2 Unsymmetrical Sections 1- Single angles, channels and T-sections Where there is
eccentricity between the centroid of the member and the centroid of the gusset plate at the location of
the connection. For single angle sections connected through one leg only, single channel sections
connected only through the web, and T-sections connected only through the flange, the effective area
should be taken as the net area of the connected leg, plus the area of the unconnected leg multiplied
by: 3 A1 3A1+ A2 Cusset 3 A1 Aper = A1 + A2(- 2-8 3A1+ A2 Where: = net area of connected leg, Az =
area of unconnected leg. 2- Double angles The two angles are considered unsymmetrical when they lie
on one side of the gusset plate. The effective area should be taken as the net area of the connected legs
plus the area of the outstanding legs multiplied by: SAL 5 A1+ A2 608/99 > )►

Steel Structures Design Prof.Dr.AbdErahim KhalM Dessouki_2.pdf - Foxt Reader Extras O Tel me what
you want to ** ubis 5 A) 541+ A2 Anet = Aj + A2(- 2-9 Where: = net area of connected leg, = area of
unconnected leg. CALCULATION OF EFFECTIVE NET AREA FOR TRUSS MEMBERS WITH WELDED
CONNECTIONS 2-5 2-5-1 Symmetrical Sections Such as two angles back-to-back Anet = Agross 2-5-2
Unsymmetrical Sections 1- Single angles, channels and T-sections 3 A1 Anet = A + A2 (- 3A1+ A2 Where:
gross area of connected leg, - area of unconnected leg. There are no bolt holes to be deducted from
areas Apor A 41( 67/ 80S9 Ps
Steel Structures Design Prof.Dr.AbdErahim Khall Dessouki 2.pdf -Foxt Reader O Tel me what you want to
senx3 54 Steel Structures Design 2- Double angles Anet = A1 + A2 (- 5A1+ A2 Where: = gross area of
connected leg, area of unconnected leg. There are no bolt holes to be deducted from areas Aj or A2. ES
ES Gusset 9-7 STIFFNESS REQUIREMENTS FOR TENSION MEMBERS 2-6-1 Slenderness Ratio Leff should
not exceed 300. 2-6-2 The Length/Depth Ratio The length/depth ratio should not exceed the limits given
in the following table. Tension members in Buildings Roadway Bridges P/T 09 35 G08 / 89> I 2414 – Ps

O Tell me what you want to CHapter 2.COSION Members DESIGN PROCEDURE Step 1: Choose the Cross
Section -For bolted connections Force a. Symmetrical sections; Arequired 0.85 Ft Force b.
Unsymmetrical sections; Arequired 0.85x0.85 F1 -For welded connections Force a. Symmetrical sections;
Arequired Force b. Unsymmetrical sections; Arequired = 0.85 Fr Step 2: Check of the Chosen Member
Check of the actual stress fact = Anet force SF, = 0.58 Fy Check stiffness Check of the length to depth
ratio < the previous values in (2-6-2) - Check slenderness ratio For two angles back-to-back (Aax is the
maximum of Ain= Lb-in or hour For two angles star-shaped (Anax 71- For single angle (Aa Note that
minimum angle leg "a" shall be 31 (whero d is the bolt diameter and t is the ngle leg thickness). 608 /69
IY 41 4-