KX, Sesripoay Mey 4) 1920 Boundary-Layer Theory BY ental Dr HERMANN SCHLICHTING Professor at the gineering University of Braunschweig Director of the Aerodynamische Vereuchsanstalt Gottingen Head of the Institute for Aerodynamice of the Deutsche Forsshungsanstalt fir Luft- und Rauunfahrt, Braunschweig, Germany ‘Translated by Dr J. KESTIN Professor at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Islend Sixth Baition McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMP. NEW YORK ST. LOUIS - SAN FRANCISCO - TORONTO LONDON - SYDNEY VBRLAGG. BRAUN - KARLSRUHECHAPTER X Approximate methods for the solution of the two-dimensional, steady boundary-layer equations ‘The examples of exact solutions of the boundary-layer equations which have been discussed in the preceding chapters have shown that, in most eases, the ‘mathematical difficulties associated with them were very considerable, in spite of the fact that the actual problems under consideration represented very special ca ‘The general problem involving the flow of a fluid round a body of atbitrary shape, which is particularly important. in practical applications, cannot be completely solved with the aid of the analytical methods developed so far. Even the numerical or step-by-step methods require an amount of work which is not acceptable in practice when a large number of examples is to be computed, and if a fast digital computer is not available, It ia, therefore, important to devise approximate methods which would in such cases quickly lead to an answer even iftheit acouracy’ were to be inferior to that of the numerical methods. Following Th. von Karman [9} and K. Pohlhausen (14) it is pos sible to devise such simplified methods ft is agreed to satisfy the differential equations of boundary-layer flow only in the average and over the boundary-layer thickness rather than to try to satisfy the boundary conditions for overy individual fluid par- ticle, Such a mean-value function can be obtained from the momentum theorem. This, in turn, is obtained as an integral of the equations of motion over the boundary layer thickness. The momentum theorem which will be made the basis ofthe approx mate method to be discussed in the present. chapter has already been deduced in Sec. Ville. Before proceeding to apply the method to the general cases of two: dimensional ond axially-symmetrical boundary layers with pressure gradients, we shall consider first the essential features of the method as applied to the flat plate at zero incidence. This example is particularly simple in that the pressure gradient vanishes along the whole plate. Moreover, we shall have the opportunity of assessing the power of the approximate method, at least in a particular case, and to compare dy known from Chap. VIL it with the exact solution which is al 8, Application of the momentum equation to the flow past a flat plate at zero incidence Applying the momentum equation to the fluid within the control surface shown in Fig. 10.1, we can derive the statement that the flux of momentum through dered fixed in space, is equal to the skin friction on the ‘the control surface, 001188 2X. Approximate methods for steady equations Plate D(z) from the lending edge (x =0) to the current section at z. The application Se guomentum equation to this particular case has alten bears discussed in Sef, EXE Te was then found, eqn. (0.40), that the drag of » Plate wetted on one side is given by Diz) =o f u(U.—u) dy, (a0) There the integral is to be taken at section x. On the other hand the drag can be ‘pressed as an integral of the shearing stress 1, at the wall, takon alone tgs plate Dia) = | rola) de. (10.2 Upon comparing eqns. (10.1) and (10.2) we obtain ne) =og f wi. —w dy (03) sana iguntion can be alto deduced ina purely formal way from the boundary layer samation (721) by first integrating tho equation of motion in the sais, oe fede if 80m ¥ = 0 to y =o, Equation (10.3) is, finally, obtained without ae Senet, tte velocity component » is eliminated with the tid of the Crate continuity, and if it is noticed that uw (@ujéy),- — ry cota suroce le Foo ig. 102 Application of the momentum equa. Poy tion to the flow pasta at plata at zero incidence Introducing the momentum thickness, d, defined by eqn. (8.34), we have oti = dos) The momentum equation in its form (10.4) ‘momentum equation of ven in eqn. (8.35), being valid Sethe case of fat plato at zero incidence. Its physical meaning expresses the tet ss of momentum in the boundary. there is no contribution from the layer, because in the example under consideration pressure gradient, se cr ean. (10.4) introduced no additional assumptions, as will be the case Trik the approximate method, but before discussing this matter it might be asta fonote a elation between r, and d,, which is obtained from eqn, (10.4) by introducing4 Application of the momentum equation to the flow past a fiat plate at zero incidence 189 with 0-83: the exact value for z, from eqn. (7.82). Putting tlp Use! <2) we have and hence With reference to eqn. (10.3) or (10.4) we ean now perform an approximate caleulation of the boundary layer along a fiat plate at zero incidence. The essence of the approximate method consists in assuming a suitable expression for the velocity distribution u(y) in the boundary layer, taking care that it satisfies the important boundary conditions for u(y), and that it contains, in addition, one free parameter, such as a suitably chosen boundary-layer thickness which is finally determined with the aid of the momentum equation (10.3) In the particular case of a flat plate at zero incidence now being considered it is possible to take advantage of the fact that the velocity profiles are similar, Hence we put (G) =i. aoe) where 7/=y/6(2) is the dimensionless distance from the wall referred to the boundary layer thickness The similarity of velocity profes is here accounted for by assuming that /(7) is « function of 1 only, and contains no additional free parameter. The function f must vanish at the wall (7 —0) and tend to the value 1 for large values of 7, in view of the boundary conditions for w. When using the approximate method. to place the point at which this transition occurs at finite distance or in other words 40 assume a finite boundary-layer thickness (2) spite of the fact that all exact solutions of the boundary-layer equations tend asymptotically to the potential flow associated with the particular problem ‘The boundary-layer thickness has no physiealsigniicanee in ths connexion, being only 'quantity which its convenient to use in the eomputation Having assumed the velocity profile in eqn. (10.0), we can now proceed to evaluate the momentum integral (10.3), and we obta [ u(Oa—w) dy = Tat (2) [ fA — fan (10.7) ‘The integral in eqn. (10.7) can now be evaluated provided that a specific assumption is made for f(7). Putting « = / 1 —fan (10.8) for short, we have [ u(We— w) dy = 0.2 = 46a?190 X. Approximate methods for steady equations The value of the displacement thickness 4, from eqn. (8.33) will now also be caleu: lated as it will be required later. Putting a= / fan, (20.10) we obtain (20.11) (20.12) (20.13) Integration from 5 =0 at x =0 gives the first result for the approximate theory in the form a2) =) 2B, y/ 7 (10.14) a V Too” ‘Hence the shearing stress at the wall from eqn. (10.12) becomes vole) = VP wo. (20.15) Finally, the total drag on a plate wetted on both sides can be written as 2D 2D by2aR Vuela, (10.16) ‘and from eqns, (10.11) and (10.14) we obtain the displacement thickness yz A comparison of the approximate expressions for the boundary-layer thickness, for the shearing stress at the wall, and for drag with the respective formulae of ‘the accurate theory, eqns. (7.37), (7.B1) and (7.33), shows that the use of the integral ‘momentum equation leads in all cases to a perfectly correct formulation of the ‘equations, In other words, the dependence of these quantities on the current length, 2, the free-stream velocity, U, and the coefficient of kinematic viscosity, », is correctly deduced. Furthermore, the relation between momentum thickness and shearing stress at the wall given by eqn. (10.5) can also be deduced from the approximate calculation, as is easily verified. The still-unknown coefficients a, ag and fj can only (10.17) ileu. 10) 6) ‘Application of the momentum equation to the flow pasta fat plate at zero incidence 191 be calculated if a specific assumption regarding the velocity profile is made, i. e if the function /(n) from eqn. (10.6) is given explicitly ‘When writing down an expression for #(7), it is necessary to satisfy cortain boundary conditions for u(y), i.e. for j(m). At least the no-slip condition u— 0 at y = and the condition of continuity when passing from the boundary-layer profile to the potential velocity, w= U at y = 64, must be satisfied. Further con. ditions might include the continuity of the tangent and curvature at the point, Where the two solutions are joined. In other words, we may seek to satisfy the von, ditions ou/éy = 0 and 2u/éy* = 0 at y = 4. In the case of a plate the condition that aujéy? = 0 at y = 0 is also of importance, and it ean be se (7.15) that it is satisfied by the exact solution. Numerical examples ‘We now propose to test the usefulness of the preceding approximate method with the aid of several examples. The quality of the result depends to a great extent on the assumption which is made for the velocity function (10.6). In any case, as already mentioned, the function j(m) must vanish at 1 = 0 in view of the no. slip condition at the wall. Moreover, for large values of we must have f(y) — 1 If only a rough approximation is desired, the transition to the value f(y) ~ 1 may Sccur with a discontinuous first derivative. For a better approximation, continuity in dj/dy may be postulated. Independently of the particular assumption for {(1) the quantities OVE AVE. AVie VE must be pure numbers. They can be easily ealoulated from eqns. (10.8) to (10.17), Fig. 10.2. Velocity distribution in the boundary layer on a flat plate at zero incidence 8 (0) Linea approximation (@ cable approsimetin ‘rom abi 101 Ly ‘Table 10.1 contains results of several calculations with alternative velocity distribution functions. The first two functions are illustrated with the aid of Fig. 102, The linear function satisfies only the conditions f(0) = 0 and f(1) = 1, whereas the cubic function satisfies in addition the conditions /'(1) = 0 and /"(0) ~ 0: finally « fourth degree polynomial can be made to satisfy the additional condition f” (1) -= 0. The sine function satisfies the same boundary conditions as the polynomial of fourth degree, except for "(1) = 0. The polynomials of third and fourth degree ‘and the sine-function lead to values of shearing stress at the wall which are in error by less than 3 per cont. and may be considered entirely adequate. The values of the displacement thickness 4, show acceptable agreement with the corresponding cexuet valueX. Approximate methods for steady equations Table 10.1, Results of the caleulation of the boundary layer fora fat plate at zero incidence ‘based on approximate theory Velocity distribution WO =e) 1 i= rss | 269 = 50 V test It is seen that the approximate method leads to satisfactory results in the case of a flat plate at zero incidence, and the extraordinary simplicity of the ealcalation is quite remarkable, compared with the complexity of the exact solution, b. The approximate method due to Th. von Kérmin and K. Poblhausen for two dimensional flows ‘We now propose to develop the approximate mothod of the preceding section so that it can be applied to the general problem of a two-dimensional boundary layer with pressure gradient. The method in its original form was first indicated by K. Pohlhausen [14]. The succeeding description of the method is based on its mor modern form as developed by H. Holstein and T. Bohlen [7]. We now choose, as before, a system of coordinates in which z denotes the aro measured along the wetted wail and where y denotes the distance from the wall. The basic equation of the mo. mentum theory is obtained by integrating the equation of motion with respect to from the wall at y =0 to a certain distance h(2) whieh is assumed to be outside the boundary layer for all values of x, With this notation the momentum equation hhas the form already given in (8.35), namel (10.18) +@4+0)0% & This equation gives an ordinary differential equation for the boundary-layer thickness, fas was the case with the flat plate in the preceding section, provided that a suitable for prc ha des As the de theb. The approximate method due to Th, von Kérmén and K. Pohihsusen 193 form is assumed for the velocity profile. This allows us to calculate the momentum thickness, the displacement thickness, and the shearing stress at the wall. In choosing fa suitable velocity funetion it is necessary to take into account the same considers. tions as before, namely those regarding the no-slip condition at the wall, as well requirements of continuity at the poin Solution, Furthermore, in the presence of a pressure gradient the function ‘admit the existence of profiles with and without a point of inflexion correspo to their occurrence in regions of negative and positive pressure gradients, In as the ‘where this solution is joined to the potential must order to be in « position to calculate the point of separation with the aid of the approximate method the existence of a profile with zero gradient at the wall (0u/éy)y ) must flso be possible. On the other hand functions postulating similarity of velocity cribed. Following K. profiles for various values of z may no longer be pre: Pobl- hausen we assume & polynomial of the fourth degree for the velocity function in terms of the dimensionless distance from the wall 7 = y/8(z), i.e. we put bbatten fn) =an (10.19) in the range 0 <1 <1, whereas for 9 > I we assume simply u/U = 1. We further demand, as before, thet the boundary layer should join the potential flow finite distance from the wall y = 6(z) at the In order to determine the four free constants, a b, ¢, d, we shall prescribe the following four boundary conditions y=0: u=0; Ge a ay =O ), they are all satisfied by the exact solution. As seen from eqns. (7.10) to (10.20) ‘Those requirements are sufficient to determine the constants a, 2, ¢, d, because the no-slip condition at the wall is implicit in eq which is importanee. It determines the curvature of the velocity profile near the w (10.19). The second condition ‘sfied by all exact solutions, as seen from eqn. (7.15), is of particular all and makes sure that there is no point of inflexion in the velocity profile in regions of decreasing pressure. Furthermore, regions of increasing pressure contain points of {nflexion as required by the exact solution in Chap. VIL., Figs. 7.3 and 7.4. Introd the dimensionless quantity eau vod swe obtain the following expressions for the coefficients in eqn. (10.19): ‘and henee for the veloci FHPl) + AGU oz)X. Approximate methods for steady equations ‘where F(n) =2—2 98 + nt Gn) = 4 (n— 39 + 34° — 4) =§ n(L— P- It is easily recognized that the velocity profiles expressed in terms of 7 = y/6(z) constitute a one-parameter family of curves, the dimensionless quantity A being 1 shape factor. The dimensionless quantity A which may also be written as —(1~ (Ln), | Go2s) 8a a 8 Am a can be interpreted physically as the ratio of pressure forees to viscous forces. In order to obtain a quantity to which real physical significance can be ascribed, ‘would be necessary to replace 6 in the above definition by a linear quantity which itself possesses physical significance, such as the momentum thickness, This will be done later in this section, ry Fig. 10.8. Tho functions F(x) and (> Fig. 10.4. The one-parameter family ‘the velocity distribution in the boundary city profiles from eqn, (10.22) layer from eqns. (10.22) and (10.23) ‘The two functions F (7) and G() defined by eqn. (10.23), which together compose the velocity-distribution function given in eqn. (10.22), are seen plotted in Fig, 10.3 Velocity profiles for various values of are shown in Fig. 10.4. The profile which corresponds to A =0 is obtained when dUjdz =0, i.e. for the boundary layer with no pressure gradient (flat plate at zero incidence), or for a point where the ‘velocity of the potential flow passes though a minimum or a maximum. In this case the velocity profile becomes identical with the fourth-degree polynomial used for the fiat plate in the preceding section. The profile at separation with (Ou/éy)y = 0, i.e. with a= 0, occurs for A = — 12. It will be shown later that the profile at the stagnation point corresponds to A = 7-062. For A > 12 values u/U > 1 occur», The approximate method due toTh. von Kéemén and K. Pobthausen 195 in the boundary layer, but this must be excluded in steady flow. Since behind the point of separation the present calculation based, as it is, on the boundary-layer concept, loses significance, the shape factor is seen to be restricted to the range -RSAs+12 Before proceeding to calculate the boundary-layer thickness 5(z) from the ‘momentum theorem, it is now convenient to calculate the momentum thickness, 4 the displacement thickness, 4, and the viscous shearing stress at the wall, 1, with the aid of the approximate velocity profile in the same way as was done for the flat plate at zero incidence in the preceding section. ‘Thus we obtain from eqns. (8.33) and (8.34), together with eqn. (10.22), 4 % | 2=F) —Aa(man, | Pa) + 4610 — Fy) — Ae@Qp) ay Computing the definite integrals with the aid of the values of F(y) and @(,) from eqn. (10.23), we have ware ani akie ae) (00.24) 3 10 ~ 135 § 3 is ~ ia) (0.28) Similarly, the viscous stress at the wall, ry = u(6wioVyem is given by upmost 4 (10.25) rl ie In order to determine the still-unknown shape factor A(z) and, hence, the function 9{z) from eqn. (10.21), it is now necessary to refer to the momentum equation (10.18) Multiplying by 6,/ U we can represent it in the following dimensionless form 8, 4) Ut rod a) ae (10.26) in which the boundary-layer thickness 6 does not appear explicitly; this circumstance is not surprising, because it constitutes only a fortuitous quantity associated with the approximate method of calculation and has no particular physical meaning, On the other hand eqn. (10.26) contains the really important physical quantities, viz. the displacement thickness, ,, the momentum thickness, ds, and the shearing stress at the wall rp. It is, therefore, natural to begin with the calculation of , from the momentum equation (10.26) and to deduce § from it with the aid of eqn. (10.24), Following H. Holstein and 'T. Bohlen [7] it is convenient to introduce for this purpose ‘8 second shape factor196 X. Approximate methods which is connected with the momentum thickness in the same way as the first shape factor, A, was connected with the boundary-layer thickness, 5, in eqn. (10.21), In addition we shall put ant, (10.28) so that av : Kant (00.29) 1 hes)" K ds4—gigt)'4 (00.30) Denoting =hik) aosnt and tee 1 A\(an a a a8 : 83 = (2+54) (Ss — a4 — wa) Hh (10.32) for the sake of brevity, and substituting, K and Z from eqns. (10.27) and (10.28) respectively, together with /,(K) and f,() from eqns. (10.31) and (10-32), we obtain, further, from the momentum equation (10.26) together with d, b,//» = }4Z/dz, the relation’ 1 02+ 2+) K =f) (10.33) Finally, we introduce the additional abbreviation, 2/,(K) —4K —2 Kj,(K) Pik) (10.34) or, written out fully, (a 1 vf Fm) =2 (5 — 354 — re") 2s Poss4+\ (10.35) where the relation between A and K was given in eqn. (10.30). With all these abbre- vations and substitutions the momentum equation (10.33) can now be rewritten y condensed form ik) he (10.36) 4} The quantity #1,_ = 44/8, ia also regarded at » shape factor; i is of particular importance for the turbulent boundary layer, ef Chap. XXIT. Tes value for laminar boundary layers ranges from about 2-3 to 3°, ef ‘Table 10.2 it assumes values from about 1-3 to 2 in the case of turbulent boundary layers, At the point of transition Hf, increases cousidersbly, ef. Fig. 16.5. br isa non-| of the current is very compl eqn. (10.36) i pendent of tb for all. The & from eqns. (It auxiliary fane Solution + solution of eq) shonld begin Aifferent from angle. The in upstream stag taneously. Th value, The 2et ‘on the right-h P Hence A =7 as already me ‘upstream of eqn. (10:36 ‘over to the li Here thd sub values the eq) Figure 10.5 aerofoil at 22 K, =00770 reaching the fonction Uz flow solution, initial slope © 4 Intend of e tial equation5 The spproximate method due to Th. von Kérmén and K. Pohibausen 197 ‘This is non-linear differential equation of the first order for Z 4,%/v as a fonction of the current length coordinate, z. The fact that the form of wi Rayne F(K) y the solution of Panne 2) BB concerned, because itis « universal function, i.e. ens chit tm Pendent of the shape of the body and it can, therefore, be calesares ts’, and Been ats functions K(A) from eqn. (10.30), as well as f (2) fe(K), and F(R) omit, 10-81), (10.32), and (10.35), respectively, are ghee a! Hette tne The ausliary function F(X) is represented graphically in Fig. 10 € Solution of the differential equation for momentum thickness: Concerning the rutin of ean. (10.96) it is possible to make the following remark: "Tor calculation aig begin at the stagnation point z— 0, where U = end aU/d finite and Giftrent {rom zero, unless the body possesses there a sharp cusped edge with zero rurve aZ/dz would become infinite at the talus Tho sits the finction F(K) is seen to have a physically meacinetal se ca tee gaze Of F(K) occurs for values of for which the sotond bake ee on the right-hand side of eqn. (10.35) vanishes, Thus F(K) =0 for K 0-070, or for A fo = 7-052 Hence A = 7-052 is the value of the frst shape factor at the stagnation point, cpctreatY mentioned. In this manner the initial slope of the integral omen Pent or egn, LOS pret, seen to be of the indefinite form § (singular soit Sreit; (10.36), bat its value can be ously computed by a simple process of going over to the limit. We obtain Hate Ihe subsoript 0 refers to the upstream stagnation point, With these initial Finan, ‘he equation can be conveniently integrated, e.g, by the meted arenas Piewe 10.5 illustrates the use of this method ‘as apolied. tee metrical Ew at zero incidence. The caleulation begins with the valuce yma Tcal Ko = 00770 at the leading-edge stagnation point, and becomes completed upon Fenching the point of separation with A= —i2 and K — Oissy te velocity function U (2), together with ite frst derivative aU jaz‘, i given by te potential. flow solution. "The value of d2U only required at the leading edge for the initial slope of the integral curve, T Jeasut of eam, (20:90) K. Pohlhauson used in his paper [14] » diferential equation for the quant ‘ily which ip us to 2, K. Pohlhausen's differential equation containing tain ation O(a) and dUide. Singo the derivatives of Ua) mich or ents comet, o2 erapisaldiferentistin, the representation dus to H. Hoke gases sarreiuts an eesentil improvement ofthe method, ax d20 da! does not ree eon tial equation at all.X. Approximate methods for steady equations Auxiliary fumetions for the approximate calcalai after Holstein and Boblen | 1. The f of laminar boundary layers, The in te ee | 7m) |aneden] yuna 2. Tat j = ie is | cose | —oone | 3. Tho s “4 e003 | —ooas5, Table | coon | Soom | Ho | Some | Beene 4. Thed i | cea | Sooo frome | cae | — Sms | | see 5. The b 3 | ones i | ds oes 6. Final | | See 14 | 0074 | #2 | oust | | j ot | ron | ° | | Fe : oes Fi. t | cour dary lage 3 | cts Pollhawe } 2 the dire | 1a | teoainee 1 | J 015 at ar } ° © | ones | 5 ina = 00140, 0-503 | O27 =: | Sut | Sams oes ine 23 te =angse Ih ateeie oie ! —4 | —00575 0/8698 0-160 pa | =5 | Soro | oe780 odo aw | © | aoe | ie an i | —P0009 | Lost | | o100 by the ie | e110 13080 | 0070 accuracy. j | rer 059 the otis oo arte | oa | With «= } rea | 3600 ° eqn. (10:3». The approximate method due to Th, von Kérmén and K. Pohlhausen ‘The procedure used in the computation may be summarized as follows 1, The potential flow function U(z), together with its derivative dU/dz, are given in terms of the are length. Integration of eqn. (10.36) gives Z(z) and the second shape factor K(z) so that the momentum thickness 4,(r) can be calculated from equation (10.27), and the position of the point of soparation may be found subsequently. The variation of the first shape factor A(z) is obtained from eqn. (10.80) and ‘Table 10.2. 4. The displacement thickness, 6,, and the shearing stross at the wall, r», are found from eqn. (10.31) and (10.32), respectively, together with the values in Table 10.2 5. The boundary-layer thickness 4(2) follows from eqn. (1 6. Finally, the velocity distribution is found from eqn. (10.22) Fig. 10.5, Example of the ealevlation of the hour: dary layer by the approximate method due to Pohlhausen and Holstein-Bohlen (7). Solution of the differential equation (10.88) by the methods of lnoclines for the symmetrical Zhukovekit serofol ‘F015 at anincidence angle a = 0, See alao Fig. 10.12 In cases when the potential flow pattern is available the whole calculation can be completed by a skilled computer using a slide rule in about 2 hours A. Walz [26] pointed out that eqn. (10.36) can be reduced to a simple quadrature by the introduction of a further approximation without any appreciable loss of accuracy. He found that the function F(K) can be approximated quite closely by the straight line F(R) =a—0Kk With a = 0-470 and 6 =6 the approximation is particularly close between the stagnation point and the point of maximum velocity (Fig, 10.6) .In this manner gn. (10.36) reduces to200 X. Approximate methods or, substituting the original values for Z and K. a (08,4) ) Uae 1 a & (9) -2—o— yw, ‘This differential equation for U4,4/v can be integrated explicitly to Bat of O12, oF, using the numerical values for a and b given earlier: (10.37) function F() for thecal culation of laminar boundary layer by the method of Holstein and Boilen ) ase eg, 402; (@ ner spprorimation (5) = 0470 —6 x; The, preceding equation provides « simple way of approximately solving the problem of eermining the potential fow which produces a preserbod boundary Mee, tees fom ean. {10.25} together with tho ube ete ve) ‘we see that eqn. (10.31) transforms into rire 20.39) According to ret Te ia soon that & in the external ¢ In this eonnexio et 1. Flat ple Pohlhausen ap) case of a flat eqn. (10.36), wi gives dZjdz — it follows that 10.1. Table 10.1 meters for the } 2. Twosdir two-dimensiona ‘The exact vali stress at thew: In the approxit that the mome It is soen ftom the approximat 3. Flow pas calculation for Table 10.3, Com. Comparison between the approximate and exact solutions [2], the solution of this differential equation is given by cee 10.40) Ve =e {> It is eon that a proscribed variation of the shape factor K(2) leads to a definite variation U(2) fexternal dow. In the special case when K — const, we find that urn (io) (e) ~: wat the remarks made in Sec. Xf are also relevant. In this connexion the reader will find tl cc. Comparison between the approximate and exact solutions 1. Flat plate at zero incidence. It is easy to see from equ. (10.22) that the Poblhausen approximation becomes equivalent to Example 3 in Table 10.1 for the case of a flat plate at zero incidence, This case can also be obtained directly from eqn. (10.38), where U(2) = Use, U” = 0 and hence K = A = 0, s0 that eqn. (10.36) gives dZ/dz — F(0)/Us. = 0-4698/Uzq. Taking into account that Z=0 at «= 0 it follows that Z=0-4698 z|Uz, ot 6, = 0-686 Yvz/U in agreement with Table 10.1. Table 10.1 contains exact and approximate values of the boundary-layer para- ‘meters for the purpose of comparison. It is seen that agreement is very satisfactory 2. Twoudimensional stagnation flow. ‘The exact solution of the problem of ‘two-dimensional stagnation flow for which U(z) =U’, was given in Sec. V 9 The exact values of displacement thickn ness and shearing stress at the wall, calculated with the aid of that theory, are given in Table 10.3, In the approximate method we have Z, = Ka/0’, and from eqn. (10.36) it follows that the momentum thickness is given by 5, VU']y = VKq = ¥00770 = 0-278 Tt is scen from eqn. (10.31) that the displacement thickness is approximated 4, VU Jo = jy(Ko) V Ky = 0-641 and eqn. (10.32) gives rou UV 710" =la(Kally Ky = 0'332/0-278 ~ 1-19 for the shearing stress at the wall. The agreement between tthe approximate and exact values is here also completely satisfactory. 8. Flow past a cirenlar eylinder. A comparison of the result of the approximate calculation for a circular eylinder with the solution due to Hiemenz (Sec. Xe) ‘Toble 10.8. Comparison of exact and approximate values of the boundary-layer parameters for the case of teo-dimensional alagnation jlow oyZ | av icegesat aan es | aoa Oe | 2a co Sees Ue seo | oneatel ita: | a0 Kk. SESWADAL