Biology Report On Issues

With The Human Kidney:

Student name: Ayhan AbdulAziz Ismail

Course: Biology, 2nd Course, 2nd Year.
Instructor: Dr. Bushra
Date: 6/14/2020

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Contents
Heading 1.
Introduction:................................................................................................................................3
1. What Is a kidney?..............................................................................................................3
2. Why Are Kidneys So Important And What Is Their Function?..........................................3
3. What Is A Kidney Failure?................................................................................................4
Heading 2.
Kidney failure:............................................................................................................................5
Causes of kidney failure..........................................................................................................5
The five types of kidney failure:...............................................................................................6
1. Acute prerenal kidney failure:.....................................................................................6
2. Acute intrinsic kidney failure:......................................................................................6
3. Chronic prerenal kidney failure:.......................................................................................6
4. Chronic intrinsic kidney failure:..................................................................................7
5. Chronic post-renal kidney failure:...............................................................................7
Kidney failure stages:..................................................................................................................8
1st stage:..................................................................................................................................8
2nd stage:.................................................................................................................................8
3rd stage:..................................................................................................................................9
4th stage:..................................................................................................................................9
5th stage:................................................................................................................................10
Specific Kidney Diseases & Their Cures :................................................................................11
Heading 3.
Reference………………………………………………………………………………………12

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 Introduction:

1. What Is a kidney?

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are
located just below the rib cage, one on each side of your spine, Healthy kidneys filter
about a half cup of blood every minute, removing wastes and extra water to make urine.
The urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder through two thin tubes of muscle called
ureters, one on each side of your bladder. Your bladder stores urine. Your kidneys,
ureters, and bladder are part of your urinary tract.

….. ….. …..

2. Why Are Kidneys So Important And What Is Their Function?

Your kidneys remove wastes and extra fluid from your body. Your kidneys also
remove acid that is produced by the cells of your body and maintain a healthy balance of
water, salts, and minerals—such as sodium, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium—in
your blood, Without this balance, nerves, muscles, and other tissues in your body may
not work normally, Your kidneys also make hormones that help.
1. control your blood pressure.
2. make red blood cells NIH.
3. keep your bones strong and healthy.
Each of your kidneys is made up of about a million
filtering units called nephrons, Each nephron
includes a filter, called the glomerulus, and a tubule,
The nephrons work through a two-step process: the
glomerulus filters your blood, and the tubule returns
needed substances to your blood and removes wastes.
Now That We Know What Is A Kidney And How It Works, I Will Now Explain The Issues
That The Kidney Faces :

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 ….. ….. …..

3. What Is A Kidney Failure?

Kidney failure occurs when your kidneys lose the ability to sufficiently filter waste from
your blood. Many factors can interfere with your kidney health and function, such as:

toxic exposure to environmental

pollutants.
certain acute and chronic diseases.
severe dehydration.
kidney trauma.

Your body becomes overloaded with toxins if your kidneys can’t do their regular job,
This can lead to kidney failure, which can be life-threatening if left untreated.
This image shows the
trauma stages of
Kidney’s :

Kidney failure:

….. ….. …..

Symptoms of early stage kidney disease may be difficult to pinpoint. They’re often subtle
and hard to identify. If you experience early signs of kidney disease, they may include:

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decreased urine output.
Common ways your Kidney gets harmed
fluid retention that leads to swelling in
limbs.
Causes of kidney failure
shortness of breath.

Kidney failure can be the result of

several
Conditions or causes ,The cause
typically also
determines the type of kidney failure,
People
who are most at risk usually have one or
more
of the following causes:
1. Overusing Painkillers

2. Abusing the Salt Shaker

3. Eating Processed Foods

4. Not Drinking Enough Water

5. Missing Out on Sleep

6. Eating Too Much Meat

7. Eating Too Many Foods High in Sugar

8. Cigarettes

9. Drinking Alcohol in Excess

The five types of kidney failure:
10. Sitting Still  ….. …..

…..
1. Acute prerenal kidney failure:

Insufficient blood flow to the kidneys

can cause acute prerenal kidney

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failure. The kidneys can’t filter toxins from the blood without enough blood flow. This
type of kidney failure can usually be cured once your doctor determines the cause of the
decreased blood flow.

2. Acute intrinsic kidney failure:

Acute intrinsic kidney failure can result

From direct trauma to the kidneys, such
as physical impact or an accident. Causes also include toxin overload and ischemia,
which is a lack of oxygen to the kidneys.
The following may cause ischemia:
1.severe bleeding
2.shock
3.renal blood vessel obstruction
4.glomerulonephritis

3. Chronic prerenal kidney failure:

When there isn’t enough blood flowing to the kidneys for an extended period of
time, the kidneys begin to shrink and lose the ability to function.

4. Chronic intrinsic kidney failure:

This happens when there’s long-term

damage to the kidneys due to intrinsic kidney
disease. Intrinsic kidney disease develops from a
direct trauma to the kidneys, such as severe
bleeding or a lack of oxygen.

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 5. Chronic post-renal kidney failure:

A long-term blockage of the urinary tract prevents urination. This causes pressure
and eventual kidney damage.

Kidney failure stages:

st
1 stage:

This stage is very mild. You may experience no symptoms and have no visible
complications. Some damage is present, It’s still possible to manage and slow
progression by maintaining a healthy lifestyle. This includes eating a balanced diet,
regularly exercising, and not using tobacco products. Maintaining a healthy weight is
important too, If you have diabetes, it’s important to manage your blood sugar.

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2nd stage:

Stage 2 kidney disease is still considered a mild form, but detectable issues like
protein in urine or physical damage to the kidneys may be more obvious, The same
lifestyle approaches that helped in stage 1 are still used in stage 2. Also talk with your
doctor about other risk factors that could make the disease progress more rapidly.
These include heart disease, inflammation, and blood disorders.

3rd stage:
At this stage kidney disease is considered moderate. Your kidneys aren’t working
as well as they should, Stage 3 kidney disease is sometimes divided into 3A and 3B. A
blood test that measures the amount of waste products in your body differentiates
between the two, Symptoms may become more apparent at this stage. Swelling in
hands and feet, back pain, and changes to urination frequently are likely, Lifestyle
approaches may help. Your doctor may also consider medications to treat underlying
conditions that could speed up failure.

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 5 Critical Stages Of Kidneys

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
Health Ratio Stage Critical Ratio Symptoms Ratio

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

Stage 5

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4th stage:

Stage 4 kidney disease is considered moderate to severe. The kidneys aren’t

working well, but you’re not in complete kidney failure yet. Symptoms can include
complications like anemia, high blood pressure, and bone disease, A healthy lifestyle is
still vital. Your doctor will likely have you on treatments designed to slow damage.

5th stage:

In stage 5, your kidneys are nearing or are in complete failure. Symptoms of the
loss of kidney function will be evident. These include vomiting and nausea, trouble
breathing, itchy skin, and more, At this stage you’ll need regular dialysis or a kidney
transplant.

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 Specific Kidney Diseases & Their Cures :
Name Cause Cure
Dehydration. Drinking water.
Certain diets.
Obesity.
Kidney Stones Digestive diseases and Pain relievers.
surgery.
Certain supplements and
medications. Medical therapy.

Acute GN :
Acute GN can be a response
to an infection such as strep reduce your intake of:
throat or an abscessed tooth.

Chronic GN :
The chronic form of GN can foods that contain a high
develop over several years amount of salt and
with no or very few foods or drinks that contain a
Glomerulonephritis symptoms. This can cause high amount of potassium
irreversible damage to your
kidneys and ultimately lead
to complete kidney failure.

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 People who have PKD were healthy blood pressure.
born with it. PKD is almost Keep a healthy blood sugar
always inherited from a parent level.
Polycystic kidney disease or from both parents. Keep a healthy weight.

References:

[1]
https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1677-55382003000200002

[2] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2221618915000827

[3] https://www.google.com/search?
q=+kidney&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj3momawe_pAhWE0oUKHWMmCKQQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=+kidney&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECA
AQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzoCCAA6BAgA
EBhQ5cIDWIzTA2Cb3gNoAHAAeACAAbsBiAH8A5IBAzAuM5gBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aX
otaW1n&sclient=img&ei=UMPcXveyG4SllwTjzKCgCg&bih=723&biw=1495&client=opera-
gx&hs=diG#imgrc=SN2NOxXvsr5jtM

[4]
https://www.healthline.com/health/human-body-maps/kidney#kidney-conditions
https://www.medicinenet.com/kidney_failure/article.htm

[5]
https://www.anapolweiss.com/the-stages-of-chronic-kidney-disease/

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