AGGREGATE

DBN 163 (MATERIAL)

 INTRODUCTION
• The term aggregate is used to describe the
gravels, crushed stones and other materials
which are mixed with cement and water to
make concrete.
• The function of aggregate in concrete is as a
mass of particles which are suitable for resisting
action of applied load,abrasion and percolation
of moisture and the action of weather.
• It is also to reduce the volume changes resulting
from setting and hardening of concrete.
 CLASSIFICATION
HIGH DENSITY
AGGREGATE

-COARSE AGGREGATE
NORMAL AGGREGATE -FINE AGGREGATE
CLASSIFICATION -ALL-IN AGGREGATE

NATURAL

LIGHT WEIGHT
AGGREGATE

ARTIFICIAL
 HIGH DENSITY AGGREGATE
• Aggregate of high specific gravity, that is
ranging from 2800 kg/m3 to 2900 kg/m3 are
used to make high density concrete.
• Examples of aggregate in this class
examples magnetite and barytes.
• They produce dense and crack free concrete.
• The main drawback is that they are not
suitably graded. It is difficult to have
adequate workability without segregation.
 NORMAL DENSITY AGGREGATE
• COARSE AGGREGATE
– Coarse aggregate are material retained on 5 mm BS 410 sieve test.
– Coarse aggregate consists of natural occurring stones (crushed,
uncrushed or broken).
– It should be hard, strong, dense, durable, and clean.
– It should be roughly cubical in shape. Flaky pieces should be avoided.
Characteristics of coarse aggregate
– The coarse aggregate is clean, hard, non porous, free from lumps of
clay and vegetable matter.
– Water absorption of aggregate is not more than 10 % of its weight
after 24 hours immersion in water.
– Angular and roughly cubicle particles are ideal. River gravels make the
best coarse aggregate.
– Aggregate is chemically inert material.
 NORMAL DENSITY AGGREGATE
• FINE AGGREGATE
– Fine aggregate is a material which passed
through a 5mm BS 410 sieve test.
– Sand is generally considered to have a lower size
limit of about 0.07 mm material between
0.06mm and 0.002mm is classified as silt, and
smaller particles are called clay.
 NORMAL DENSITY AGGREGATE
• FINE AGGREGATE

Fine aggregate
Natural sand resulting from natural
disintegration of rocks
Sand may be described
Fine aggregate
Crushed stoned sand or produced by crushing
crushing gravel sand hard stone or natural
gravel respectively.
 NORMAL DENSITY AGGREGATE
• ALL-IN AGGREGATE
– These are material composed of a mixture
of coarse and fine aggregate.
– These are normally not graded and used in
unimportant works as they are taken from pit or
river bed.
– Hence, they are also regarded or referred to as
“pit run aggregate”
 LIGHT WEIGHT AGGREGATE
• Any aggregate with particle density of less than 2000 kg/m3.
• Light weight aggregate may be subdivided into
following groups:-

– Naturally occuring materials

• pumice, foamed lava, volcanic tuff porous limestone.
– Naturally occuring materials which require further processing
• Expanded clay, shale and slate and other expanded minerals such
as perlite and vermiculite
– Material which occur as industrial by products.
• Fly ash, sintered slate and colliery waste, foamed or expanded
blast furnace slag.
 LIGHT WEIGHT AGGREGATE
• The main requirement of light
weight aggregate is its low density.
• However, light weight aggregate has
high water absorption,thus, the
workability concrete mixes become stiff
within a few minutes mixing.
• In that case, the aggregate require
wetting before mixing in the mixer.
 Characteristic of aggregate
• Chemical stability
– Aggregate will not react chemically with
cement or be affected chemically by other
external influences.
– In some areas, aggregate with certain certain
chemical constituents react with alkalis in cement.
This alkali-aggregate reaction may cause abnormal
expansion and map-cracking of the concrete.
 Characteristic of aggregate
• Abrasion resistance
– Essential when the aggregate is used in concrete subject
to abrasion as in floors and pavement.
• Resistant to freezing and thawing.
– The freeze-thaw resistance of an aggregate is related to
its porosity, absorption and pore structure.
• Compressive strength
– Resistance to compressive forces.
– The particle shape and surface texture of an aggregate
influence the properties of fresh concrete more than
they affect the properties of hardened concrete
 Physical Properties
• Strength
– Strength of rock aggregate varies between
70 N/mm2 to 350 N/mm2.
– A good average value of crushing strength
of aggregate is 200 N/mm2.
– In general, igneous rock are much stronger
than the sedimentary and metamorphic rock
 Physical Properties
• Hardness
– Ability of aggregate to withstand wear or load
or applied pressure.
• Toughness
– Resistance of aggregate to failure by impact.
• Durability
– Ability of aggregate to with stand external or
internal damaging attack or in word soundness
of the aggregate.
• Porosity
• Porosity
– Aggregate normally have pores of various sizes
• Water absorption
– The water absorption is express as percentage
of weight of the dry condition.
Grading