Landscaping

1) Landscaping involves reinstatement of the site in the form of roadways, footpaths, paved areas
and etc.
2) total landscape consists 2 parts,
a) softscape
i) deals with plantation such as trees, shrubs, hedges, ground covers and their
maintenance.
ii) Water, soil and plants are three important requirements for softscape design

b) Hardscape
i) Design space for people and their pedestrian movement.
ii) Includes footpaths, cycleways and etc.
iii) Provision of enclosure, ex. Physical barriers to provide visual screening, may be in the
form of walls, hedges and fences to set boundary for right of ownership
iv) It cover selection of suitable street furniture such as well-designed dustbins and
benches for sitting

Pavements
1) Sequence of roadwork,
a) Setting out roads,
i) Carried out after topsoil has been removed according to dimensions given on the layout
drawings.
ii) Layout include straight lengths, junctions, hammer heads, turning bays and intersecting
curves.

b) Earthworks,
i) Involve removal of topsoil together with any vegetation, scraping and grading the
required area down to formation level plus the formation of any cuttings.
ii) The soil immediately below the formation level called subgrade (strength of subgrade
will decrease as moisture increases)
iii) Install subsoil drains alongside the proposed road to preserve strength and durability of
subgrade
iv) Subgrade required protection
 by covering with medium gauge plastic sheeting
 by spraying bituminous binder with sand topping

c) Pavements construction,
i) Once subgrade prepared and any drainage is installed, construction of pavement can
be undertaken.
ii) Pavements can be laid between metal road forms
iii) Road kerbs can be laid first to act as permanent formwork
2) Pavements can be in 2 forms,
a) Flexible
i) It is formed of materials applied in layers directly over the subgrade
ii) Used for strong subgrade as load is largely dependent on subgrade
iii) No polythene sheet is used

b) Rigid
i) Consist of a concrete slab resting on a granular base
ii) Consist of reinforced or unreinforced in-situ concrete slab laid over a base course of
crushed stone which has been blinded to receive polythene sheet slip membrane to
prevent grout loss from the in-situ concrete slab and also to prevent he ground moisture
from entering the pavement.
iii) Used for weak subgrade as load is transferred to in situ concrete.
iv) Polythene sheet is used

3) Longitudinal & transverse joint required in rigid pavements to:

a) Limit size of slab
b) Limit stresses due to subgrade restraint
c) Provide for expansion and contraction movements

4) Spacing of joint determined by,

a) Slab thickness
b) Reinforced or unreinforced slab
c) Anticipated traffic load and flow rate
d) Temperature at which concrete laid

5) Road drainage
a) Laying the paved area to a suitable crossfall to direct the run-off towards drainage channel
b) This is usually bounded by kerb which helps to convey the water to the road gullies which
are connected to a surface water sewer
c) Surface water removal of paved areas,
i) Channel collection
ii) Gully collection