Signals Systemsace PDF

Signals
and Systems
(Solutions for Volume‐1 Class Room Practice Questions)
(b) (t + cost)|t=1 = 0
1. Introduction
(c) cost u(t–3)| t=0 = 1u(–3) = 0
1 t 2 1
01. Ans: (c) (d) e 
2 t 2 2
Sol: The maximum value of
x(n) + 2x(–n) = {–1,–1,3,1,1} is 3 
(e) t sin t t   
The maximum value of 2 2
5x(n)x(n–1) = {0,5,5, –5,5,0} is 5 04.
The maximum value of Sol: x(n) = 1 – [(n–4) + (n–5) + -----]
x(n)x(–n–1) = {0,–1,1,1,–1,0} is 1 x(n)
The maximum value of
4x(2n) = {4,4,–4} is 4
-----
02. Ans: (a) n

–2 –1 0 1 2 3
Sol: x t  x t  1
x(n) = u(–n+3) = u (Mn – n0)
t t
–1 2 –2 1 M = –1 no = –3
05.
t   t  Sol:
x  1 x    1 x(t)
2   2  (a)
t t 1
–4 2 –2 4
0 t
Non zero duration = 6 –1 1
–1
03.
Sol: Sifting property of impulse is (b) x(t)
t2
 x ( t ) ( t  t
t1
0 )dt  x ( t 0 ) t 1  t 0  t 2 1
= 0 other wise t
–2 –1 1 2
(a) t0 = 4 is out of the limit so value = 0 06.
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: 3 : Postal Coaching Solutions
Sol: (a) as t , amp  0, Energy signal 
 x (n )
2
Energy in x(n) =
(b) Constant amp – Power signal n  
(c) Power + energy = Power signal Energy of the first signal

(d) Periodic signal  Power signal = 2(12 + 0.752 + 0.52 + 0.252)
(e) as t  , amp, NENP = 3.75
(f) as t , amp , NENP Energy of the secondary signal
07. = 1+ 2(0.752 + 0.52 + 0.252 )
 = 2.75
Sol:(i) E x1 ( n )   x 1 (n )
2
n   E x1 ( n )  E x 2 ( n )
 
  (0.5) n     2 (0.25) n
2
n 0 n 0
08.
x n   x   n 
2 2 Sol: x oc n  

   (0.25) 
2
 n
2
n 0 1  0.25 0.75
 1  j7  1  j7 
E x 2 ( n )   x 2 (n )  1.5  1.5  3
2  ,0,
 2 2 
n  
Given E x1 ( n )  E x 2 ( n )
09.
2
Sol: x(t)
3
0.75
2 = 2.25 2
 = 1.5
(ii) Ans: (a)
t
x1(t) = |t|; 1  t  1 2 1 0 1
x2(t) = 1  |t|; 1  t  1 10.

T = 0.25 secs 1 1
x1(t) x2(t) Sol: (a) T1  , T2 
9 6
1 1
T1 2
 LCM = 3
1 0 1 t T2 3
1 0 1 t
x1(n)
T0 = LCM T1 = 1/3
1 1
x2(n) 1 15
n (b) T1  , T2  15
11
–1 –0.75 –0.5–0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
n T1 1

–1 –0.75 –0.5–0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 T2 11

: 4 : Signals & Systems
LCM = 11 (j) multiplication of one periodic &

T0 = LCM T1 = 15 non-periodic is non-periodic
(k) u(n) + u(–n) = 1 + (n) is non-periodic
2 2
(c) T1  , T2 
3 5 x(n)
(l)
T1 5
 irrational number 1 1
T2 3 ------ -1 1 3 ------
n
So a non-periodic. 2
-1 1
2  -1
(d) T0  
10 5 N0=2
(e) It is extending from 0 to 
So non-periodic
(m)
x t   x  t  1 x(n)
(f) x e ( t )   cos 2t
2 2 ------ 1 1
1 ------
2 2
T0   1 -4 -3 0 12 3 4 5 n
0 2
-1 -1
0 5 -1
(g)  - rational, so periodic
2 6 N0=4
2 6
N0  m m 11.
0 5
Sol:
N0  6
(A) x(nTs) = 2cos(150nTs +30)
(h) N1 = 8m  N1= 8
 3 
= 2cos  n  30 
N2 = 16m  N2 =16  4 
N3 = 4m  N3 = 4 3
0 
N1 1 N1 4
 , 2
N 2 2 N3 2 8
N0  m m
LCM = 2 0 3
N0 = LCM  N1 = 16 N0 = 8
0 7 (B) Ans: (a)
(i)  - rational, so periodic
2 2 2
N1  m  N1  2
2 2 3
No  m m
0 7 2
N2  m  N2  2
N0 = 2 7

20 is non linear
N3  m  N3  4
25 (i) x1 n   x 2 n   x1 n   x 2 n 
N1 N 1
 1, 1  , LCM = 2 is non linear
N2 N3 2
(j)   x  n   x  n  is non linear
N0 = LCM  N1 = 4
(k) non linear (median is a non linear
2 
0   operator )
4 2
x1 n   x 2 n  x n  x 2 n 
x n   cos60 n   sin 140 n   cos50 n  (l)  1 
x1 n  1  x 2 n  1 x1 n  1 x 2 n  1
so 14th harmonic
is non linear
(m) linear (no non linear operator is present)
12.
(n) e x1 n  x 2 n   e x1 n   e x 2 n  is non linear
Sol: (a) x 1 t   x 2 t x 1 t  2   x 2 t  2 
13.
 x 1 t x 1 t  2   x 2 t x 2 t  2 
Sol: (a) tx t  t o   3  t  t o x t  t o   3
is non linear
time variant
(b) sin x 1 t   x 2 t   sin x 1 t   sinx 2 t 
(b) e x  t  t o   e x  t  t o  time invariant
is non linear (c) x t  t 0  cos 3t  x t  t 0  cos 3t  t 0 
d dx1 t  dx 2 t 
(c) x 1 t   x 2 t    time variant
dt dt dt
(d) sin [x(t–t0)] = sin[x(t–t0)] time invariant
is linear
dx t  t 0  dx t  t 0  d
(d) 2x1 t   x 2 t   3  2x1 t   x 2 t   6 (e)   x t  t 0 
d t  t 0  dt  dt 0 dt
is non linear
t
time invariant
(e)  x   x d

1 2 (f) x 2 t  t 0   x 2 t  t 0  time invariant
t t
(g) x(2t – t0)  x(2t – 2t0) time variant
   x1  d    x 2   d is linear (h) 2 x n n 0  x n  n 0   2 x n n 0  x n  n 0 
 
time invariant
(f) x1 t   x 2 t 2  x12 t   x 22 t  (i) time variant (time reversal operation is
is non linear time variant)
(g) x1 t   x 2 t  cos 0 t
(j) time variant(coefficient is time variable)
 x1 t  cos 0 t  x 2 t  cos 0 t is linear
(k) all coefficients are constant
– time invariant
(h) logx1 n   x 2 n   logx1 n   logx 2 n 

14. 16.
Sol: x2(t) = x1(t) – x1(t–2) Sol: (a) present output depends on present input
y2(t) = y1(t) – y1(t–2) -static
x3(t) = x1(t+1) + x1(t) (b) present output depends on present input
y3(t) = y1(t+1) + y1(t) -static
(c) present output depends on present input
-static
15.
(d) present output depends on present input
Sol: (a) Preset output depends on present input-
-static
causal
(e) y(1) = x(3) present output depends on
(b) preset output depends on present input-
future input -dynamic
causal
(f) dynamic(differentiation operation is
(c) preset output depends on present input-
dynamic)
causal
(g) present output depends on past input
(d) preset output depends on future input-
- dynamic
non causal (y(–) = x(0))
(e) preset output depends on present input-
17.
causal
Sol: If a system expressed with differential
(f) preset output depends on present input-
equation then it is dynamic.
causal
The coefficients of differential equation are
(g) n > n0 causal, n < n0 non-causal
function of time then it is time variant.
(h) non - causal(present output depends on
(a) linear, time variant, dynamic
future input)
(b) linear, time invariant, dynamic
(i) y0    x k  present output depends
0
(c) linear, time invariant, dynamic
k  
on present input - causal (d) non linear, time variant, dynamic

1
(j) y 1   x k  future input non causal 18.
k 0
Sol: If a system expressed with differential
(k) non-causal for any value of ‘m’
equation then it is dynamic.
(l)  = 1 causal,   1 non causal
The coefficients of differential equation are
(m) causal(present output depends on past
function of time then it is time variant.
inputs)
(a) linear, time invariant, dynamic (a2)
(n) non causal(present output depends on
(b) non linear, time variant, static (b5)
future input)
(c) linear, time variant, dynamic (c1)
(d)nonlinear, time invariant, dynamic(d4)

19. So, non invertible

Sol: (a) y(t) = u(t).u(t) = u(t) - stable (f) x1(n) = (n)  y1(n) = 0
(b) y(t) = cos3t u(t)  –1 < y(t) < 1 stable x2(n) = –(n)  y2(n) = 0
(c) y(t) = u(t–3) stable So, non invertible
du t  (g) So, non invertible
(d) yt    t  unstable
dt (h) x1(n) = (n)  y1(n) = u(n)
t
(e) yt    u d  r t  is unstable x2(n) = –(n)  y2(n) = –u(n)

So, invertible
(f) sin (finite) = finite. stable
(g) y(t) = tu(t) = r(t) unstable
21.
(h) y(n) = efinite = finite stable
Sol: Given
(i) y(n) = u(3n) bounded stable
x(n)
(j) x(n) = 1  y(n) = n – n0 + 1  y() =  + Unit delay y(n)

 unstable
20. Convert to Z-domain

Sol: Two different inputs produces same output
X(z)
then it is non invertible. + Z1 Y(z)
Two different inputs produces two different 
outputs then it is invertible.

(a) x1(t) = u(t)  y1(t) = u(t)
Yz  z 1 1
x2(t) = –u(t)  y2(t) = u(t)  
Xz  1  z 1
z 1
So, non invertible
(i) x(n) =  (n);
(b) x1(t) = u(t)  y1(t) = u(t)
1
x2(t) = –u(t)  y2(t) = u(t)  Yz   Xz 
z 1
So, non invertible 1 1
Yz   1 
(c) x1(t) = u(t)  y1(t) = u(t – 3) z 1 z 1
x2(t) = –u(t)  y2(t) = –u(t – 3) z
Yz   z 1
So, invertible z 1
(d) x1(t) = A  y1(t) = 0 Taking inverse Z – transform
x2(t) = –A  y2(t) = 0 y(n) = (1)n1 u (n1)
So, non invertible if n = 0, 1, 2, 3…….
(e) x1(n) = (n)  y1(n) = 0 Then y(n) = [0, 1, 1, 1, 1…….]
x2(n) = –(n)  y2(n) = 0

(ii) x(n) = u(n); 24. Ans: (a)

 Sol: A system is memory less if output,
 Y(z) = XZ
z 1
y(t) depends only on x(t) and not on past or
1 z
Yz   future values of input, x(t).
z 1 z 1
A system is causal if the output, y(t) at any
Yz  1 A B
   time depends only on values of input, x(t) at
z z  1z  1 z  1 z  1
that time and in the past.
1 1
 Both (S-I) and (S-II) are true and (S-II) is
 2  2
z 1 z 1 the correct explanation of (S-I).
1 z 1 z Both Statement I and Statement II are
Yz    
2 z 1 2 z 1 individually true and Statement II is the
1 correct explanation of Statement I
yn     1n u n   1 u n 
2 2
2. LTI (LSI) Systems
22. Ans: (b)
Sol: Constant added - non linear
01.
So, statement-I is true.
Sol:
Time varying term - time variant 
So, statement-II is true. (a) yt    x h t  d


Both Statement I and Statement II are
x() h(t-)
individually true but Statement II is not the
1
correct explanation of Statement I
23. Ans: (d) 

 t–2
Sol: (S-I): y(n) = 2 x(n) + 4 x(n  1)
Case (i) t–2 <0 y(t) = 0, t < 2
If x(n) is bounded, y(n) is bounded.
3 t  2 
Case (ii) t–2>0 yt    e 3d  1  e
t 2
 Stable. (S-I) is false. ,t >2
0 3
(S-II): h(n) = 2 (n) + 4 (n  1)
1  e 3  t  2 
h(n) = { 2 , 4 } y t   u t  2
3
Impulse response h(n) has only two finite (b) x() h(t-)
nonzero samples. This is the condition for
1 1
stability.
 (S-II) is True.
 
Statement I is false but Statement II is true 1 t

Case (i) t < 0 y(t) = 0 04. Ans: (b)

t t2 t
Sol: st    h d  u t  1  u t  3
Case (ii) 0<t<1 yt    d 
0 2 
1 1 s(2) =1
Case (iii) t>1 yt    d 
0 2
05.
Sol: Assume – +a =  –d = d
02. Ans: 0.5


zt    x ht  a   d  yt  a 
Sol: x(t) * h(t) =  x()h(t  )dt

 y( t ) 

y(2) =  x ()h (2  )d 06.
 Sol: (a) x(t – 7 + 5) = x(t – 2)
h(2–) 1  b 1  b
x() (b) x t    t    x t  
a  a a  a
1
1 (c) x t   2t  3  2t  3
 2 x t  3  2 x t  3
 
0 1 0 2
07.
1
Sol:
2 1 1
y(2) =  .1d   (a) e 1u 1t  1  e 1t  1
0
2 0 2
[From product property]
03. (b) e  t  e 1 [From sifting property]
t 1
Sol: x()
h(t-) (c) e   t 1u t  1 [From convolution property]
3
1 08.
  dx t 
1 2 t+1 Sol:
6 dt
1
5
t
5 3
y4    1d  1
6
–1
1 6 1  3
y    x h   d   4  5.5 dx t 
 t  3  t  5
 2  1.5 2  2 dt
dx t 
 h t   h t  3  h t  5
dt
09. (ii) T = 2

h(t)
1
Sol: (a) Ax Ah = Ay, (t )dt  
------ ------
1 1 A
.  t
   –4 –2 0 2 4
1
A y(t)
 1

1 1 A 1
(b) . = ,
    sin c(t ) dt   t
 –3 –1 1 3
1
A


11.
 at 2
(c) 11 = A 2

e dt  1 Sol:
(a)
x(t)
1
A= 1 1
2

1 t
(d)    = 2A  1 t 2
dt   -3 1 t -1 1
 y(t)
 2
A=
2
t
-4 -2 2
10.
Sol: (i) T = 4
h(t) (b) Ans: (c)
s
1 e
tu t   u t  1 
2 s
s
------ ------
s
e 1
t 
3
 t  12 u t  1
–8 –4 0 4 8 s 2
(c)
y(t)=x(t)*h(t) h(t)
1 1/T
0 t
t T
–5 –3 –1 1 3 5

h t  
1
u t   u t  T  15.
T yn       x  2 gn  4   x  1g n  2 
Sol:
x(t) = u(t)  x 0 gn   x 1g n  2   x 2 gn  4     
1
yt   x t   h t   r t   r t  T  x(n) =  (n–2) = 1 n=2
T
=0 otherwise
12. Ans: (a) y(n) = g(n – 4)
Sol: To get three discontinuities in y(t) both
rectangular pause must be same width. To 16.
get equal width h(t) = x(t). It is possible Sol: y(n) = x(n)*h(n)
only = 2(0.5)nu(n) + (0.5)n-3 u(n – 3)
=1 y(1) = 1, y(4) = 5/8
13. Ans: (a) h(t) 17. Ans: (a)

Sol: x(t)
2 2 Sol: y(n) = [a, b, c, d, a, b, c, d---- N times]
2
5 y(n) is a periodic function with periodic ‘4’.
------ ------
N 1
t So h(n) must be h n    n  4i 
-1 1 t –2 0 2 i 0
18. Ans: 31 1 x y
y(t)
Sol: x(n) = {1,2,1} 1 1 x y
10 10 10 h(n) = {1,x,y} 2 2 2x 2y
----- 1 1 x y
-----
-3 -1 t y(n) = x (n )  h (n )
1 3
y(t)
y(n) = { 1, 2+x, 2x + y + 1, x + 2y, y}
10
y(1) = 3 = 2+x  x = 1
t
y(2) = 4 = 2x+y+1  y = 1
y(n) = {1, 3, 4, 3, 1}
y(t) = 10 for all ‘t’
10 y (3) + y(4) = 103 + 1 = 31
14. Ans: (d)

Sol: x t   h  t    xh t  d 19. Ans: (d)
   1
 Sol:  hn    a n
 b n

  xh  t d n   n 0 n  
 only when |a| < 1, |b|>1

20. Ans: (b) 24.

  0
 h t dt   e dt   e dt   only when Sol: 1. The convolution of one causal, one-non
t t
Sol:
 0 
causal system is may be causal or non-
 < 0,  > 0 causal. So, given statement is False.
2. h(t) = e2tu(t–1) is causal, un stable
21. So, given statement is false.
 
Sol: (a) h(n) = n u(n) +  n-1 u(n–1) 3. h t   sin 0 t ,  h t  dt   sin 0 t dt  
 
(b) h(n) = 0 n<0 causal
System stable for any value of ‘’ unstable. So, given statement is true
except    and || < 1, except  = 0 4. y(t) = x(t–2)  causal

x(t) = y(t+2)  non causal.
So, given statement is false
22.
n 1
1
n
1 25. Ans: (a)
Sol: (a)   u n   A  u n  1  n 
5 5 Sol: s(t) = u(t) – e-tu(t)
dst 
When n =1, A = 1/5 h t  
dt
 
 t   e t t   e t u t 
1
(b) Hz  
1  e  t u t 
1  z 1
5
1 26.
H inv z   1  z 1
5 n n
1
k
Sol: sn    hk      u k 

1
gn   n   n  1 k  k  2 
5 k
n1
   n0
k  0 2 
23.
=0 n<0
1
Sol: h1 (n )  (n )  (n  1)   1  n 1 
2 sn   2 1     u n 
1
n 1  1  n 1   2  
h n   h n     u n     .u n 1
1 2 2 22
n 27.
1
   n   n 
2 Sol: x(n) = u(n), y (n) = (n)
u(n) – u(n–1) = (n)
y(n) = x(n) – x(n–1)
x(n) = nu(n)

y(n) = nu(n) – nu(n–1) + u(n–1) So, fourier series does not exists.
= n(n) + n(n–1)
= u(n–1) 03.
Sol: (P) Ans: (b)
28. Hidden symmetry a0, bn exists
Sol: hc(t) = h1(t)  h2(t) (Q) Ans: (b)
t t Half wave symmetry an, bn exists with
 h ()d   h () d* h

c

1 2 ( ) odd harmonics
(R) Ans: (b)
t
 h1 () *  h 2 ()d Odd symmetry & HWS  sine terms

with odd ‘n’
sc(t) = s( t ) * s 2 ( t ) (S) Ans: (c)
= s1 ( t ) * s 2 ( t ) Even and odd HWS  a0, cosine with

odd ‘n’
sc(t)  s1(t) * s2(t)
(T) Ans: (d)
3. Fourier Series a0 =0 (because average value = 0)
Even & HWS as cosine with odd ‘n’
01. Ans: Zero
  04. Ans: (b)
Sol: T1  , T2 
2 6 Sol: f1 = 5Hz, f2 = 15Hz
T1  The signal lying with in the frequency band
 3, T0 = LCM  T1 
T2 2  
10Hz to 20 Hz is 4 sin  30t  
0 = 4  8
x(t) = 3sin (0t + 30) – 4cos(30t – 60) p

42  8 Watts
2
second harmonic amplitude = 0
05. Ans: (b)

02. Ans: (d)
Sol: (a) Given signal is periodic. Sol: At 0t = /2
1 1 1
So, fourier series exists x t   1       
3 5 7
(b) Given signal is periodic.

So, fourier series exists.  tan 1 1 
4
(c) Given signal is periodic.
So, fourier series exists.
(d) Given signal is non-periodic.

06. Ans: (c) 11. Ans: (b)

2 Sol: Odd + HWS  sine terms with odd
Sol:   (2k ), k = 1, 2, ……
T harmonics
The above frequency terms are absent.
The above frequency contains even
12. Ans: (a)
harmonics and also gives that sin terms are
T
1 2
Sol: RMS 
T 0
absent. only cosine terms are present 2
x ( t )dt
Finally odd harmonics with cosine terms
are present so, x(t) it is a even and T 2 2 T

1    12  
halfwave so, =   t  dt   36dt 
T 0 T 
x(t) = x(T–t) even  T
2

x(t) = –x(t–T/2) halfwave
1 144 t 3 T T 
=  . 2
36t T 
T  T2 3 0 2

07. Ans: (a)
20 1 144  T 3   T 
Sol: T1 = 1, T2 =10, T3 = 8, T4   =  2    36 
3 T  T  24   2 
T0 = 40 1
= 6T  18T
2 T
0   0.05rad / sec
T0 = 24
RMS = 24  2 6A
08. Ans: (a)
1
21  11  13 5 13. Ans: (c)
Sol: Average value  2  
6 6 Sol: Average value  1  10 sin tdt  10

2 0

2 
2 0
09. Ans: (a) a1  10 sin t cos tdt  0
2
1
f t dt
2 0

Sol: a 0  2
2 0
b1  10 sin t sin tdt  5
a0 = Average value = 0
d1  a12  b12  5
10. Ans: (d)

1 14. Ans: (d)
Sol: T0 = 4msec f 0   250Hz
T0 Sol: 0 = 

5 f0 = 1250 Hz
x t   a 0   a n cosnt   b n sin nt 
n 1

x(t) = A cos (t) c0 = 1/2

2 a n  c n  c n  0
A  a 1   x ( t )e  jt dt
1
0
b n  jc n  c n  
1 2 n
4
  te  jt dt   (2  t )e  jt dt = 
0 1
2
18.
Sol: (i) y(t)  d n  e  jno c n  e -jn c n = cn (–1)n
15. (ii) f(t) = x(t) –y(t)
Sol: a0 = 5

d n  c n   1 c n  c n 1   1
n n

10[1   1 ]
1 n
b n  10 sin nt dt 
0
n
19. Ans: (b)
an = 0
Sol: d n  e  jn0 t 0 c n  e jn0 t 0 c n  2 cosn0 t 0 c n
20 20
x t   5  sin t  sin 3t    
 3 T
Assume t 0 
4
H()  n 
1 d n  2c n cos 
 2 
dn = 0 for odd harmonics

-4 4
20.
20 20 dx t 
y t   5  sin t  sin 3t Sol: yt  
 3 dt
dn = jn0cn
16.
dn
 cn 
Sol: 0  jn0
3
1 T/ 2  jn0t
x t   2  cos2 0 t   4 sin 50 t  dn   t  d / 2  t  d / 2e dt
T T / 2
1 1 4 4
x t   2  e j2 0 t  e  j2 0 t  e j50t  e  j50 t 2j  n0d 
2 2 2j 2j  sin  
1 4 4
T  2 
c0= 2, c2 = 1/2, c 2  , c 5  , c 5 
2 2j 2j d
C0 
T
17.
1 1
Sol: c n   t e  jn0t dt   te  jn 2 t dt  j
0 0
2 n
21. 1
T
| cn |  2
 | n 2 | for wave form W2
1 n
T 0
Sol: a K  x ( t )e  jk0 t dt
23.
1   jk 3 t 
1 2 2 2
 jk t
=  e dt    e 3 dt  Sol:
3 0 1 
(a) Polar form of TFS
  jk 2  t  jk
 2
t 
1 e 3 1 e  3 2 = d o   d n cos(n0 t  n )
=  
3   jk 2 2 1  n 1
0
 jk 
 3 3  dn = 2 c n
1   jk 3    jk 43 
2 2
 jk do = 2, d1 = 4 , d2 = 4 , d3 = 4
= 
 e  
 1   e  e 3 
 jk 2     polar form = 2 + 4cos(0t + 30)
+ 4cos(20t + 60)
1  
2 4
 jk  jk
ak = 1  2 e e 3 
3
+ 4cos(30t + 90)
jk 2  
(b) x(t)  cn
x(at)  cn , 0 = a0
22. Ans: (c)
x(t)  cn
Sol: W1 is a periodic square waveform with
x(t – t0)  e  jn0t 0 cn
period T and it is having odd symmetry and
also odd harmonic symmetry (or Half-wave dx ( t )
 ( jn0 )c n
dt
symmetry).
W2 is a periodic triangular waveform with
24.
period T and it is having odd symmetry and
1
also odd harmonic symmetry (or Half-wave Sol: (a) C 0  a 0 
2
symmetry).
a n  jb n  j
 Only odd harmonics: nf0, n = 1, 3, 5 etc Cn   oddn 
2 n
of sine terms are present in wave forms W1 20
and W2 in their Fourier series expansion. a n  0, b n  oddn 
n
Note that waveform, W2 can be obtained by Power up to second harmonic
integrating the waveform, W1. 2 2
  C n  0.45 W
If cn is the exponential FS coefficient of the n  2
1   jk 4 t 
4  8 
nth harmonic component, c n e j n ω0 t  jk t
(b) c K    e dt    e 4 dt 
1 8  0 4 
| cn |   | n 1 | for wave form W1
n

4
  jk  t 4 
C
 2
 jk t
8
P
1 e 4 e 4 n
=    x  4
8   jk   4

 jk = (0.5)2+(1)2+(2)2+(4)2+(2)2+(1)2+(0.5)2
 4 0
4 
= 26.5 Watts
=
1
 jk 2
 
e  jk  1  e  jk 2   e  jk  
(b) x t   C n e jn0 t
=
1
jk 2

 1k  1  1   1k  n  

j

j
 C  4 e  j40 t  C 3e  j30 t e 2  C  2 e  j2  0 t e 4  C 1e  j0 t
cK =
2
jk 2

1   1
k
  C 0  C1e j0 t  C 2 e j20 t e
j
4  C 3 e j0 t e
j
2  C 4 e j 4 0 t

cK = 0 for ‘K’ even (K=10)  j30 t 
 0.5e  j4 0 t  1e 2
Power = 0   
 j 2 0 t  j30 t  j 2 0 t 
 2e 4
0.5e j40 t  1e 2
 2e 4
25.   j2 0 t  4 j 2 0 t  

Sol: (a) All periodic signals are power signals. 

 0.5 e  j4 0 t  e j4 0 t  2 e  e 4

 
For power signal E =  [given is false]
  j30 t  2 j30 t  

(b) C0 = j2 (average value) [given is false] e e 2

4
 
T
j  
(c)  x I ( t )dt  j2  x t   cos 40 t  4 cos 20 t  
T0 4

T
1  
T 0
x I ( t )dt  2 is possible only when  2 cos 30 t    4
 2
xI(t) is constant. So given is correct x *  t   x t 
T T
1 j So even symmetry
(d) C0 =
T0 x R ( t )dt   x I ( t )dt
T0
= 0 + j2 (c) f0 = 10 Hz
T 0 = 2 f0 = 20  rad
1
T 0
x R ( t )dt  0 only when x R ( t ) is odd 

x t   cos80t   4 cos 40t  
 4
given is in correct
 
 2 cos 60t    4
 2
26.
1   (d) Cut off frequency = 25 Hz
   Cn
T 
2 2
Sol: (a) Power  x t dt 
n  
= 50  rad
So output of the filter is

  Waveform symmetries (Even, odd, Half-

yt   4 cos 40t    4
 4 wave) simplify the evaluation of FS
coefficients.
So, statement (3) is true.
27.
Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct.
Sol: A. Fourier transform of periodic impulse
train is also periodic impulse train
30. Ans: (d)
A2
Sol: For a real valued periodic function f(t) of
B. For a full wave rectified wave form
frequency f0
2A
cn  , n is even

 1  4n 2  Cn = C * n
Statement (I) is False but Statement (II) is
B 1,
True because the discrete magnitude
C3
spectrum of real function f(t) is e2ven and
D. Given signal satisfied half-wave
phase spectrum is odd.
symmetry so only harmonics are present
D4 4. Fourier Transform
28. Ans: (b) 01.

Sol: Frequency is constant. So, S1 is LTI system, 
frequency is not constant. So, S2 is not LTI Sol: Xf    x t e  j2 ft dt


system. x(t) units are volts and dt units are sec
So, Unit of X(f) is volt-sec (or) volt/Hz
29. Ans: (d)
Sol: Fourier series expresses the given periodic
02.
waveform as a combination of d.c. 
component, sine and cosine waveforms of Sol: (a) X0    x t dt  area

different harmonic frequencies as
1 
 
f ( t )  a 0   a n cos (n 0 t )   b n sin (n 0 t )
 4  2    1 2   7
n 1 n 1
2 
= A0 + An cos(n0t + n) (b) 2x(0) = 22 = 4
An and n (Amplitude and phase spectra) 03.
occur at discrete frequencies. Sol: (i) x t   e  at u t   e at u  t 
1 1 2a
X    2
a  j a  j  a   2

 2 j 1
(ii) e at u t   e at u  t   ii)  2e a .u  
a 2  2 a  jt
As a 0 2a
iii)  2e  a | |
2 a t
2 2
u t   u  t  
j 1
iv)   j sgn 
2 t
sgn t  
j
08.
04. t
Sol: x1 t   rect  X1 f   Sincf 
12
Sol: G   1  1
 9 2
 1
Apply inverse Fourier Transform x t   x  t   Xf   e  jf Xf 
 2
gt   t   2e 3|t|
FT[x(t) + x(–t)] = X(f) + X(–f)
= 2cos (f). Sinc (f)
05. Ans: Zero
Sol: x(t) = rect(t/2), X() = 2sa() 09.
1
y(t) = x(t)+x(t/2), Y() = X() + 2X(2) Sol: u t    
j
2 sin  4 sin 2
Y   1
   t   2u  
f = 1   = 2, Y(2) = 0 jt
1 1
 t    u 
2 j2t
06. Ans: (d)
Sol: Y() = 3X(2)
10.
1   Sol:
x(at)  X 
a a
i) x t   e 3 t 1u t  1e 3
t
x    2X2 X  e  je 3
1
2 3  j
1 t
x   X2 t
ii)    2Sa 
2 2 2
y(t) = 3/2 x(t/2)  t 1
  2e Sa 
 j

 2 
07. 4
iii) e 2|t| 
Sol: i) 1  2() 4  2

2 t 2 4e  2 j 15.
e 
4  2 Sol: (i) e  j3t x t   X  3
(Frequency sifting property)
11. 3
j t
Sol: e 4
x t / 4  4X4  3
(a) f1(t) = f(t – 1/2) + f(–t–1/2) (Time scaling property)
j j 3
 1  j4 t
F1   e 2
F  e .F 
2
e x t / 4  X4  3
4
3 t 
(b) f 2 t   f   1 (ii) Ans: (a)
2 2 
X   2    4    4
F2   3e 2 j F2
x(t) = 1 + cos(4t)
12. Ans: (a)
Sol: g(t) = x(t–3) – x(–t+2) 16. Ans: (d)
G f   e  j6 f
Xf   e  j 4 f
X f  Sol: X(f) = (f – f0)
x(t)  e j2 f 0 t
13. j
Sol: x t  t  1 e4
8f 0
i) cos 0 t 
1  j0t
 e e
 j0t 

      0     0    
2 x t  
4

ii) sin 0 t    0     0 
j
17. Ans: (b)
iii) e at sin c tu t   1  1

1 

Sol:
2 j  a  j  c  a  j  c   X(f)
iv) 2
t     0     0  
Arect  cos 0 t  AT Sa   T  Sa  T
T
    2   2  
f
–2 2
14.
1
Sol: Sinc(t)  rect (f) x(t) cos 2 t  Xf  1  Xf  1
1 2
Sin c(t)cos(10t)  [rect (f – 5)
2 2
+ rect (f + 5)] 1
-3 -1 1 3

18. Ans: (d) t  4 j

te 
Sol: Output of multiplier  2
1 2
1 1 Apply duality property

= x t  cos2c t    x t  cos 
2 2 4t 
 2j.e
1
Output of the filter is  x t  cos   2 t 2
1 
2
2
 x t  cos 
22.
Sol: (i) X1   e 2 j X   e 2 j X 
19. Ans: (c)
dx ( t ) 1  2 j   
Sol: y(t) = (ii) X 2 ()  e X 
dt 3 3
(iii) X 3 ()   j e 3 j .X 
2
Y() = jX()
It x(t) is even function, then y(t) is odd d
function.
(iv) X 4 ()  j  jX
d
It x(t) is triangular function X() is Sinc2
function, it is real.
23.
y(t) is odd function, Y() is imaginary.
Sol: x(t) = rect (t/2)
2 sin 
1 X 
20. Ans:  
2 
(a). y1 t   x t  1  Y1   e  j X
1  
Sol: x t     Xe d
jt
(b).  y2(t) = x(t) * x(t)
2   
2 sin  2 sin 
dx t  1  Y2() = X() X() 
 jX.e d  
j t

dt 2  
sin 2 
dx t  1  Y2   4
  jXd 2
dt t 0 2 
d
(c). y 3 t   tx t  Y3   j x

1 0
 
2 1
j  j  d
 
1
 
 j j  d
0 
  d
(d). y 4 t   x t sin t  1 X    X  
1 2j

2  dx t 
(e). y 5 t    jx 
dt
21. (f). y6(t) = (t+1) x(t) + 2u(t–1)
t
Sol: te a t  j
d  2a 

 4 ja (g). y 7 t   y1    2Y1 2
 2 
d  a    a 2   2 2
2
  2

(h). y8(t) = y2(2(t+1)) y2(2(t1)) (a). 0 < f < 1 Y() = X().H()

1   1  
Y8   Y2  e  j1  Y2  e  j1 H()
2 2 2 2 2 sin  f t 2
y t  
1   1   t
 Y2  e j  Y2  e  j
2 2 2 2 
-f f
1  

 Y2   e j  e  j 
2 2 (b). 1 < f < 2
t 1
(i). y 9 t   x   y 2 t  Y()
2 2 2
1 1
Y9   2X2  Y2 
2 
1 -f -1 1 f
(j). zt   y 2 2t 
2
sin 1t sin f t
y10(t) = z(t+1) + z(t) + z(t–1) yt   
t t
Y10() = (1+2cos) Z()
sin 1t sin 2 t
(c). f > 2 yt   
t t
24. Ans: y(t) = cos 2t
sin 4t  
Sol: h t   H  rect  26.
t 8 Sol: (a). X() =  () + (5) + ()
H() x(t) = 1 + ej5t + ejt

1 2
e  jt  T1  2

 2 2
-4 4 e  j5 t  T2  
5 5
y(t) = cos 2t T1 5
 is irrational
T2 
25. So, non-periodic
      (b). h(t) = u(t) u(t2)
Sol: X   rect   rect 
 21   2 2  h(t)
X() H()
2
1
1
  t
-2 -1 1 2 -f f 0 2

t   
 h t   rect  0.5  sin  
2
2  rectt  
 
  
sin 2
rect (t)  2
  
sin  . 
 2 
2 rectt  

t  sin  
rect   0.5   2e  j 2
2  

sin  rectt   sin c 
 H  2e  j
 2 

cos   [ () +  ( + )]
x(t) * h(t)  H() X()
 
Y1   sin c           
 2 
 sin  
XH      5    2e  j 2 
   Y1   sin          
 2
sin  sin 5
  Lt 2e j    52e j5 2  2 
x0  5  sin      sin    
 2  2
sin 
 2e  j

2  2 
 2  2e  j5
sin 5 
  5 Lt
sin x 
 0  sin      sin     
5 x  2   2 
 x 

sin 5 = 2  () + 2 ( + )
XH  2  2e  j5   5
5 2
Y1         
sin 5  j5 t 
 x t  * h t   2  2e  j5 e
5 Taking inverse fourier transform
 Periodic 2
∴ y 1 t   cos t
(c). In above problem, convolution of two 
non periodic signals can be a periodic (b). y2(t) = rect(t) * cos 2t
signal Similar to above
2 
Y2   sin    2    2
27.  2
Sol: (a). y1(t) = rect (t) * cos t 2   2  
 sin    2  sin    2
 2  2
 

rect(t)  2 sin   Y   yt e  jt dt  
2  2 
sin    2  
2   2 
sin  .  2   0
 2    2  2   2  2 
∴ y2(t) = 0

t    3 
(c). y3(t) = sin c(t) * sinc   e j3t sin ct   rect 
2  2 

rect (t)  sin c  
 2      3 
sin ct  * e j3t sin ct   rect   rect 
 2   2 
sinc  t   2 rect  
 2 
 t  1
sin c   2 rect 
 2 
 
sin ct   rect  ×
 2 
 0  0 2 4
t  
sin c   2 rect 
2 
0
∴ Y3   rect  2 rect  
 2   ∴ Y4() = 0
 y4(t) = 0
1 2
× 28.
 Sol:
 X1()
 0  /2 0 /2
1/8
2

–8 8
=

/2 0 /2 (a). sinc(8t) 
H  8e  j X1   e  j  8    8
 
Y3   2 rect  0 otherwise

Y  e  j       
 
Y3   2 rect 
 y(t) = cos(t – 1)
Taking inverse fourier transform (b). Ans: (d)

t G f   e  f Hf   e  f
2 2
y 3 t   sin c 
2
Yf   G f Hf   e 2 f
2

(d).sinc(t)  rect  
 2 

29. Ans: (c) 1  2a a

 X d 
2
E 
2
Sol: e  t  e  f
2
2    
From frequency shifting property
x t   e j2 t e  t
2
33.
1  1/ 2 1/ 2 
-conjugate even symmetry Sol: E 
1
 5
  d   d   d 
2  1 1 / 2 4 1/ 2  8
30.
1 34.
Sol: (a). Y  X  0   X  0  Sol: Ex(t) = 1/4
2
sin t sin t / 2 X 
2 1
(b). x t    4  2
t t
1
SYY   X | H |2 
2
1       ,  c    c
X   rect  * rect  4  2
2  2  1  c

1 1 1 1  
E yt    S yy  d   tan 1  
X() = 2  8 2 2  2  c
1/2
c = 2 rad/sec

–3/2 –1/2 1/2 3/2
35.
31. 2 t 4
Sol: e 
X  4
2
t
Sol:  x t dt   X0   2
 j 8  4 
 2  4 2 d  2 2  4  d
 
rect  / 4 
  
j 1

2
 2  e 2 t dt
2 
32. 

sin at   2
Sol:  rect 
t  2a 
2.302
X() 36. Ans: B 
a
2a
Sol: g t  
 a  t2
2
-a a 2a
a t
We know e 
a  2
2

2a  d
t g  
a 
By duality property e  t0
a t
2 2
d
B
2

2 Both are constant
e d  0.99  e
a  a 
Given d
B 
0 B
0  40.
 e 2 a
d   e  2 a
d  0.99  e 2 a d   e 2 a d Sol:
B 0   0
(i) Ans: (c)
e 2 a 
0
e 2 a 
B
  e 2 a  0 e 2 a   
   0 . 99      1
2a  B  2a  0   2a    2a  0  Hf  
1  j2fRC

1
2a

1  e  2 aB 
1  2 aB
2a
e 
1 
0.99
2a

1  1  H f  
1
2aB
1  4 2 f 2 R 2 C 2
 2 2e = 2 0.99
2aB
|H(f1)|  0.95
 1 e = 0.99
f1 = 52.2 Hz
 0.01 = e2aB
 ln (100) = 2aB (ii) Ans: (a)
n 100 4.605 2.302 (f) = –tan–1(2fRC)
 B  =
2a 2a a  df  1  2RC 
t g f     
df 2 1  2fRC 2 
37. Ans: (a)
tg(100) = 0.71 msec
 2
Sol: E   X1 f 
2
df  10 8
 3 41. Ans: (c)
38. Ans: (c)
Sol: yt   1 cos100t  108 cos106 t  1.56 106 

Sol: H 
100
 30    30
60 tg = 10–8, tp = 1.5610–6

0 = 10 |H(10)| = 2 , H10  
6 42.
 13
0 =26 |H(26)|=1, H26  Sol: The condition for distortion less
30 transmission system is magnitude response
   13 
yt   4 cos10t    sin  26t   is constant and phase response is linear
 6  30  function of frequency. These two conditions
are satisfied in the frequency range
39. 20 to 30 kHz. So, from 20 to 30kHz no
distortion.
Sol: () = –t0
 
t p    t0


43. Ans: 8 45.

Sol: Given input signal frequencies are 10Hz, T
Sol: R xx     x ( t ) x ( t  )dt
20Hz, 40Hz. Only 20Hz is allowed.
0
1   
So, y(t) =  8 cos 20t   20   A2
2  4  R xx    cos0    18 cos6
2
   Power = Rxx(0) = 18
 4 cos 20t   20o 
 4 
Power in y(t) =
42 8
46.
2 Sol: rxx   x t * x  t   e 3t u t * e 3t .u  t 
F.T 1 1 3 
44. rxx   SXX    rxx   e
9  2 6
Sol: The condition for distortion less
transmission system is magnitude response 47.
is constant and phase response is linear Sol:
function of frequency. 1 1
(a) H  , X 
2 2
For 200 <  < 200, there is no amplitude 1  2

4  2
SYY   X H
2 2
distortion.
And For  100 <  < 100, there is no phase (b) y(t) = x(t) * h(t) = [e–t – e–2t]u(t)
distortion  1
E y  t    yt  dt 
2
x1(t)  12
 = 20 and  = 60 1
E x t  
So no phase distortion and no amplitude 4
distortion. 1
E y t   E x t 
x2(t) 3
 = 20,  = 140
48.
Amplitude distortion, do not occurs. Sol: i) Ans: (b)
Phase distortion occurs.
1 8 t
x t   e 8 t u t  * e 8 t u t   e
[∵  = 140] 16
x3(t) 1 1
x  
 = 20,  = 220,  16  16 e
Phase distortion and amplitude distortion ii) Ans: (c)
occurs 1
S GG   G  
2
[∵  = 220] 64   2

SGG 0 
1 3 
 rect e  j2 
64 10  8 
iii) Ans: (b)  output energy
y  e u t  * e u  t 
8 t 8t
1

 Y d
2

1 8  2  
y  e
16 4
1 9
y0 
1  
2  4  100
16
1 9
 .  8
49. 2 100
Sol: rxy    x t  * y t   e  t u t  * e3 t u  t  36
Output energy = J
1 1 1/ 2 1/ 2 100
rxy     
1  j 3  j 1  j 3  j
1  1
rxy    e u    e 3 u    51.
2 2
Sol: (a). m = 200  X1()
50.
s = 400  rad/sec
Sol: Given x(t) = sinc 10t 
–200 200

Sinc t  rect  
 2 
(b). m = 400  X2()
1   
sin c10t   rect  s = 800  rad/sec
10  20 
1    
X  rect  –400 400
10  20 

H  3rect e  j2
 8  5
(c). x 3 t   cos500t   cos3000t 
 Y() = X() H () 2
1        j2  m = 5000 
 rect 3 rect e
10  20   8  s = 10,000  rad/sec
1/10 3
1 
(d). X 4   .rect 
6  j  2a 

10  10  4  4 m = a

a The maximum frequency in above signal

fm 
2 is
a m = 2/5
f s  2f m  Hz
 2fm = 2/5
fm = 1/5
(e). m = 120 , fm = 60Hz Nyquist rate = 2fm = 2/5 = 0.4
(fs) = 2fm = 120 Hz
(f) Ans: 0.4 52.
Sol: X1() Sol:
X()
 2
sin t
x 1 t   2 2

t –/2 /2 
 0 0
  2 2
 t  nTs   f s
n  
   n 
n  
s (a). X()+e–j.X() no change in frequency
axis (s)min = 2m = 0

1   
 t  10n       n  dx t 
n   10 n   5 (b).  j.X s = 0
dt

1   
x1 t  * (t 10n)  X1      n  1  
(c). x 3t   .X 
n 10 n  5 3 3
1   n   
X   X1     n  30  30 30
10 n   5   5 S  2   30
2 2 2
1    
X       X1 0  X1       (d).
1 1
X  0   X  0 
10  5  5 2 2
 2   2   3   3  
X1       X1           
5
   5  5
   5  
0 30
  2 
X1    2, X1    2, 2 2
5  5 
30
 3   4  S  2   30
X1    X1        0 2
 5   5 
X() 53.
1  
Sol: (a) x1 2t   X1  
2 2

–2/5 –/5 0 /5 2/5
In this operation maximum frequency The frequency in sampled signals are =

becomes double. So, fm = 4k, fs = 2fm = 200, 100, 500, 400, 800. Cutoff frequency
8k of filter is 100 Hz.
(b) x 2 t  3  e 3 j .X 2  Output frequency = 100 Hz
In this operation maximum frequency
does not change double. So, fm = 3k, fs = 56. Ans: (b)
2fm = 6k Sol: The sampled signal spectrum is

1
(c) X1()+X2() X  (f ) 
Ts
 X(f  nf ) s
In this operation maximum frequency is n  
max(2k, 3k). So, fm = 3k, fs = 2fm = 6k If fs=fmThe spectrum is constant spectrum

(d) X1()*X2()
In this operation maximum frequency is 57. Ans: (a)
2k + 3k. So, fm = 5k, fs = 2fm = 10k Sol: fm < fc < fs – fm  5< fc < 9
(e) X1 ().X2()
In this operation maximum frequency is 58. Ans: (c)
min(2k, 3k). So, fm = 2k, fs = 2fm = 4k Sol: fm =100, fs –fm = 150
1 fs = 250
(f) X1   1000  X1   1000 1
2 Ts   4m sec
fm = 2.5kHz, (fs)min = 2fm= 5kHz fs
54. Ans: (d) 59. Ans: (d)

3
Sol: Given x(t) = 100 cos(24  10 t) 1 1
Sol: f s    3  103  1kHz
1 T0 10
fm= 12000Hz & fs =  20KHz
50 T0  n 
6 sin  
The frequencies in sampled signal are 1  3 
= nfs  fm = 12K, 8K, 32K, 52K, 28K,------
Cn  
T0 T0
3.e  jn0t dt 
n
6
The above frequencies passed through a
 Cn = 0 for n = 3, 6, 9 …..
filter of cutoff from 15K.
So, output is 8KHz, 12KHz only. Cn 0 for n = 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10……
  f  3fs, + f 6 fs ….
Are not present in signal
55. Ans: (a)
 400  3 (1000) = 3.4 K,  2.6 K
Sol: fm = 200Hz, fs = 300Hz
So options with 3.4 K and 2.6 K are wrong
So (c) and (a) are wrong.
3.6 K is out of the given range [ 2.5 to 3.5]

So (B) is wrong fn = 750

So (D) is correct. (fs)min = 2fn = 1500 Hz
= 1500 samples/sec
60. (i). Ans: (b)
Sol: (ii) Ans: (a)
X()
 
x t   cos10t  
 4
fs = 15 Hz, s = 2fs = 30 Hz
–1000 1000 
 sin t   
h t    . cos 40t  
 t   2
Output of multiplier is = x(t). cos(1000t)
1 1 sin t 1
= X  1000  X  1000 
2 2 t 
– 
Output of multiplier
sin t   
h t    cos40t  cos  sin 40t sin 
t  2 2
–2000 0 2000 
sin t
h t   . sin 40t
t
sin 1500t  1  sin t j40 t sin t  j40 t 
h(t)   .e  .e
t 2 j  t t 
H() H()
1/2j
–41 –39
–1500 0 1500  
39 41
–1/2j
Y() = X().H()
 
x t   cos10t  cos  sin 10t  sin
4 4
1
X    10    10
–1500 0 1500  2
1  
The maximum frequency in y(t) = 1500 
  j   10    10 
2  
m = 1500  Sampled signal spectrum
 Where c(t) is carrier signal and m(t) is a

X    f s  X  n  s
n   base band signal and fc > fH (where fc is
n = 0, m, –m = –10, 10 carrier frequency, fH is the highest
n = 1, s – m, s + m = 20, 40 frequency component of m(t))
n = 2, 2s – m, 2s + m = 50, 70 x̂ t   mt .ĉt 
only 40 frequency is allowed output of Where f̂ t  is Hilbert transform of f(t).
filter is  
For the above problem c(t) = sin  t  
15       4
Y   2 j   40   2 j   40 
2   sin(t / 5) 
and m(t) = – 2  
15   1   1   t / 5 
     40     40
2  j 2j j  2j   Complex envelope
= x t   jx̂ t e
 j2 f c t
15    
  2 j   40  2 j   40
2         j2fct
=  2 mt sin t    jmt cos t  e
15        4  4 
    40    40 
2 2 2    
=  2mt cos t    j sin t   e  j2f ct

15      4  4 
  2 j   40   2 j   40    1
2   j t    j2   t
=  2mt  e  4
e 2
  
   40    40  j


j
2 2  = j 2mt  e 4  2mt e 4
15  
Y    2   40     40 

 sin( t / 5)  j 4
2 = 2 e
 t / 5 


  40    40
2j 
62. Ans: (b)
15 1 1 
yt    2 cos 40 t  sin 40t  Sol: Given s( t )  e  at cos[(c  ) t ]u ( t )
2 2  
Complex Envelope s ( t )  s  ( t )e  jc t
15   
yt    cos 40t cos  sin 40t sin  ~s ( t )  [e  at e j( c  ) t u ( t )]e  jc t
2  4 4
15   Complex Envelope = eat e jt u(t)
yt   cos 40t  
2  4
63. Ans: 8
61. Ans: (c)
Sol: Y() = X() H()
Sol: x(t) = m(t) c(t)

66. Ans: (b)

X() H()
Sol: Sampling in one domain makes the signal
2 j to be periodic in the other domain. It is
 true.

–2 2 Multiplication in one domain is the
–j
convolution in the other domain.
Both statements are correct and statement
(II) is not the correct explanation of
Y() = –2j 0 <  < 2 statement (I).
2j –2 <  < 0

1
 5. Laplace Transform
 y(t ) dt  2  y() d
2 2
01.
1  
2 0
  4 d   4 d 1
2  0 2  Sol: e  at u ( t )  ,   a
sa
4
= 2  2 eat u ( t ) 
1
,  a
2 sa
16 1
= e  at u ( t )  ,   a
2 sa
=8 1 1
(1) X 1 s    ,   1
s 1 s  3
64. Ans: 10kHz 1 1
(2) X 2 s    , 2    4
Sol: m(t)  band limited to 5kHz s2 s4
m(t) cos(40000t)  modulated signal we (3) no common ROC so no laplace
require least sampling rate to recover transform for x3(t).
m(t)  25kHz = 10 kHz (4) no common ROC, no laplace transform
(5) no common ROC, no laplace transform
65. Ans: (c) 1 1
(6) X 6 s    , 1    1
Sol: Aliasing occurs when the sampling s 1 s 1
frequency is less than twice the maximum
frequency in the signal, and it is 02.
irreversiable process. Sol: ROC = ( > –5)  ( > Re (–)) =  > –3
So, Statement I is true but Statement II is Imaginary port of ‘’ any value, real part of
false. ‘’ is 3.

03. 09.
Sol: The possible ROC’s are 
Sol: G(s) = X(s) + X(–s), where X(s) 
 > 2, < –3, –3<  < –1, –1 <  < 2 s 1
s     s   s
G (s)   2
04. s 1
2
s 1
e 3s e 3s  –  = –1, –  –  =0
Sol: Ys   
s 1 s  2  = –1,  = ½
yt   e  t 3 .u t  3  e 2  t 3 .u t  3
10.
dyt  dyt 
05. Sol:  2 yt   t   2 x t 
dt dt
Sol:
 s 5
sY(s) = –2Y(s)+1 ----- (1)
(a). x t   e  5 t 1.u t  1.e  5  X(s)  e .e ,   5 sY(s) = 2X(s) ------ (2)
s5
–5t solving (1) and (2)
(b). g(t) = Ae .u(– t – t0)
2 s
 A.e s 5 t 0 Ys   , Xs   2
G s   ,   5 s 4
2
s 4
s5
A = –1, t0 = –1
11.
4 4 4 4
Sol: (a) Xs     
06. s  2 s  1 s  1
3 2
s 1
Sol: x t   5r t   5r t  2   15u t  2   5u t  4  t 2 t
x t   4e  2 t .u t   4 e .u t 
5 5e 2s 15e 2s 5e 4s 2
Xs    2  
s2 s s s  4 te  t .u t   4e  t .u t 
e 2s
(b) Xs   
07. Ans: (a) s  13
x t   
t  22 .e t 2  .u t  2
08. Ans: (c) 2
2
1 t t 1
Sol: Xs   e u t  
s  1s  3 2 s  13
1
G s   Xs  2  
s  1s  1 12.
G() converges means ROC include Sol: y(t) + y(t) * x(t) = x(t) + (t)
j axis Y(s) +Y(s)X(s) = X(s)+1
–1<  < 1 Y(s) = 1

y(t) = (t) 16. Ans: (b)

1
Sol: H(s) =
s5
13.
1 1 2
e 2s Y(s) =  
Sol: x 1 t  2  ,   2 s  3 s  5 s  3s  5
s2
Y(s) 2
e 3s X(s) = 
x 2  t  3  ,  3 H(s) s  3
s3
x(t) = 2 e–3t u(t)
2 s 3s
e e
Ys   . , 2    3
s2 s3 17. Ans: (b)
Vs  1 Ys  1
Sol:  
14. Xs  s  1 Vs  s  1
Ys  Ys  1 1 1
Sol: sYs   4Ys   3  Xs  Hs    . 
s Xs  s  1 s  1 s  12
1 3 h(t) = t e–t . u(t)
s
Hs    2  2
s  1s  3 s  1 s  3
18.
 1 t 3
h t   e .u t   e 3t .u t  Y(s) 1
2 2 Sol: (a)  given statement is false
X(s) s
1 s 1
Xs    1  (b) x(t) = u(t)
s s
y(t) = r(t) is unbounded
1
Ys   Xs .Hs   given statement is false
s3
(c) x(t) = u(–t)
yt   e 3 t .u t 
y(t) =  is unbounded
given statement is false
15. Ans: (d) (d) Given true
1 1
Sol: Xs    e 6s , Hs  
s2 s 19.
6 s
1 e Sol: s2Y(s) + sY(s) + 2Y(s) = X(s)
Ys   Xs .Hs   
ss  2  s 1
H(s) 
1
  s  s   2
2
y t   u t   e  2 t .u t   u t  6
2 2
G (s)  H(s)  sH(s)  H(s)
s

  2  s 2  s   4 12
G (s)  
1  1
 Hs   
 2 2  s2 s4
 s   s   s    s
Number of poles = 1. h t   4e 2 t u t   12e 4 t .u t 
20. Ans: (d)

23.
Sol: Change the initial condition to –2y(0)
j  2
and the forcing function to –2x(t) Sol: H j 
 j   4 j  4
2
x(t) = 8 cos 2t, 0 = 2

21.
j 1 1 1
Sol: (a). x 0  Lt sXs   2 H  j 0     j
s  4j 4 4
x    Lt sXs   0 1 
s 0
| H0  | , H0  
4s  5 2 2 4
(b). Xs   improper function
2s  1 8    
yt   cos 2t    2 2 cos 2t  
3 3 2 2  4  4
Xs   2  
2s  1 2s  1
neglect the constant ‘2’ in the above 24. Ans: (a)
function.  2  1
Sol: H j 
3 3   2  2 j  1
x 0  Wt s. 
s  2s  1 2
0 = 1 rad/sec
4s 2  5s
x    Lt sXx   Lt 0 H(0) = 0
s 0 s 0 2s  1
y(t) = 0 for all s
(c). x(0) = 0
Final value theorem not applicable,
25. Ans: (d)
because poles on imaginary axis.
2 1
(d) x(0) = 0 Sol: (i) Hs   Xs  
s s2
2
s
x() = –1
2
Ys   Xs .Hs  
ss  1s  2
22.
S = 2 pole lies right side of s-plane
k s  1 1
Sol: Hs   Xs   y() =  unbounded
s  2s  4 s
k s  1
Ys   Hs .Xs   26. Ans: (d)
ss  2s  4 
k
y   Lt sYs   1 k  8
s 0 8

Sol: For an LTI system input and output 3 3t

y t   e
frequencies must be same, there may be 20
change in phase.
Given that input is a1sin(1t + 1) and 28.
corresponding output is a2F(2t + 2). s2  s  2
Sol: Hs  
From the above condition F may be sin or s3
cos and 1 = 2. 1 s3
H inv s   
Hs  s  2s  1
27.  > +1 causal unstable
s2 Does not exist in this case a causal & stable
Sol: Given Xs  
s2 system
2 1
yt    e 2 t u  t   e  t u t 
3 3 29. Ans: (c)
2 1 1 Sol: (a) A system to be stable & causal all the
Ys   .  e  t u t 
3 s2 3 poles of the system should lie in the left
2 1 1 1
Ys   .  half of s-plane.
3 s  2 3 s 1 (b)Any system property like causality,
  stability doesn’t depend on the location
<2  > 1 of zero’s. It depends only on poles
Ys  location.
(a).  Hs  
Xs  (c) There is no necessity that the poles lie
1  2s  1  s  2  within |s| = 1
  2,   1,   0
3  s  2 s  1  All the roots of characteristic equation
 
s  2  means all the poles of the system should
 s  2    1
lie in left half of s-plane.
1 3s

3 s  1s  2 30. Ans: (a)
s 1 s 1
 ,   1 Sol: Ys   , Hs  
s  1s  2 s2 s 1
Ys  s 1 2 / 3 1/ 3
(b). The input is e3t t Xs     
Hs  s  1s  2 s  1 s  2
 the output  H3 × input
Stable input –2 <  < 1
3 3t
 e 2 1
45 x t    e t u  t   e  2 t .u t 
3 3

31. Ans: –1.19 h(n) = 0 n < 0 causal

4
Sol: Y(s) = 1  (c) h(n) = (n–3) + (n+2) - non causal
s6
y(t) = 1–4 e–6t.u(t)
02.
y(0.1) = 1 – 4 e–0.6
1
= –1.19 Sol: (a) an u(n) 
1  ae  j
n
1
6. DTFT y(n) =   u (n )
4
 
Y e j 
1
1  j
01. 1 e
4
Sol:
1 1 1 h(n) 1  
Y e j0 
1

4
  1  1 3
sin   N1    1
---   2 
n 4
–N1 N1 
 
sin 
2 (b) X e j   xn e  jn
n  
 7 
sin  =
(a) H   2 
 
 

sin  
2
X e j   xn  1n  cos 3 3  1
n  
Here N1 = 3
 
(c) H e j  1  2e  j  3e 2 j  4e 3 j
1 1 1 h(n) 1 DC gain H(ej) = 1+2+3+4 = 10
---
03.
n
–3 3 Sol:
3
h(n)  0 n < 0 – non – causal (i) X(e j )e j  e - j  [1  cos 2]
2
(b) Here N1 = 1 3  e 2 j  e 2 j 
X(e j )e - j  e j  1  
After applying time shifting property 2 2 
3 3 2 j 3  2 j
1 1 1 X(e j )e - j  e j   e  e
2 4 4

X ( e j )   x ( n )e
n  
 j n
0 1 2 n

3 5  n 
x (0) 1   , x(1) = 1, x(–1) = 1, sin 
4  n 
2 2 y(n )  2   cos 
3 3 n  2 
x(2) = , x(–2) =
4 4
3 5 3 05.
x (n )   ,1, ,1, 
4 2 4 Sol:
H(ej)
 (a)
(ii) x(n) = 2(n + 3)– 3(n – 3)
X(ej) = 2e3j – 3 e–3j = 2[e3j – e–3j] – e–3j 
j –3j –c c
X(e ) = 4jsin(3) – e
Given X(ej) = asin(b) + cejd
a = 4j , b = 3, c = –1, d = –3 gn    1n .h n 
G e j   He j   
04.
G(ej)
 
sin  n  j  n
Sol:  4  .e 2  
 3
n
4 4 
-c  +c
Ideal HPF
 
sin  n   j  n
(b) Y e j   X e j   Xe j   
 4  .e 2 
n 
 3 
4 1
4
  
2 2 1
Y(ej)
 3 
j
Y(e )
 1 2 2
 3    3
4 4 4 4  0   3 
2 2 2
 n  Y(ej0) = 1, Y(ej) = 1
sin  
4   j2 n j n 


Y(n )  e  e
2

n  

06. 10.
n Sol: H(ej)
1 1
Sol:   u n  
2 1
1  e  j
2

From time scaling property  
n 6 6
 1  10  n  1
  u  
 2   10  1
1  e  j10   
2 Input signal frequencies are ,
8 4
 
Then the output is yn   sin  n 
07. Ans: (b) 8 
Sol: x(2n) = {1, 3, 1}
 11.
x(2n) = (n +1) + 3(n) + (n–1) Sol: For an LTI system input is x n   e j 0 n
(n  n 0 )  e  jn 0 then output is y(n )  e j 0 n .H e j 0  
FT [x(2n)] = 3 + 2cos 
H ( e j )   h ( n )e
n  
 j n
08.
 
H e j  8 2 cos 2  4 2 cos 
Sol: x    Xe jk 
n
k 
0 
4
n
(i) x    X e j2   
2
He   4
j 0
yn   4e
jn
4
 

(ii) x 2n   X e
j
2 

  12.
Sol: (a) y1 n   x12 n  it is not an LTI system.
09.
(b) Input frequency and output frequency
n 1
Sol:  u(n)  are same. So, it is LTI system.
1   e  j
H(ej) = 2
3 j
e
n–3 u(n – 3)  (c) y3(n) = x3(2n) it is not an LTI system.
1   e  j

 e 3 j / 8   13.
 n 3 .u n  3  
jn
e 8
 j  / 8  
1  e  Sol: H(ej) = 2  cos + 
d  e 3 j / 8  
   

 n 3 .u n  3  j
jn
ne 8 H e j  0 H e j 1
d 1  e  j / 8  
2 2
 
3 8

=  2  1 17.
1 Sol: y(n) = x(n) + 2x (n1) + x(x2)

1 2 Y(ej) = X(ej) [ 1+2ej + e2j]
j0 3 H(ej) = [ 1+ej ]2
DC gain = H(e ) = 3 
1 2 = [ 1+ cos   j sin]2
(a) |H(ej)| = (1+ cos )2 + sin2 ()
sin 
14. H(ej) = 2tan1
1  cos 
 
Sol: H e j 
b  e  j
1  ae  j 10   = 0  | H (ej)| = 1
j 2 j j  H (ej) = 0
|H(e )| = 1  H(e ).H*(e ) =1
 n   
 b  e  j   b  e j  4 cos       H e j  2  
   1  2 4 2
 j j
1  ae  1  ae    H(ej) = 90
Only when a = –b (b) Output of given input
 n  
10  4 cos   is
15. Ans: (a)  2 4
 
Sol: H e j  1  e  j  e 2 j  n   
10  42 cos   
x(n) = 1+4cosn  4 4 2
x1(n) = 1  = 0  n  
 10  8 cos  
 4 4
|H (ej0)| = 1+  +  H(ej0) =0
y1(n) = 1 +  + 
x2(n) = 4cosn  =  18. Ans: (b)
Sol: anti symmetric, k = –2
|H(ej)| = 1 –  +  H(ej) = 0
 () = –2
y2(n) = 4 (1-+)cosn
Slope = –2
y(n) = (1 +  + ) + 4(1 –  + ) cos n
y(n) = 4 only when  = 2,  = 1
19. Ans: (b)
 5    
16. Ans: (a) Sol: x n   cos n   cos n  0 
 2  2  2
 
2 4
Sol: Y e j0   xn .  hn   15LB
n 0 n 0
 
|H(ej)| = 1 H e j 0  

8
 n  
yn   cos  
 2 8

c
20. Ans: (a) 1 c
Sol: X(ej) = 2 + 2cos +e–5j + 2e–4j
E
2  1d  
 c
 j 
  1 j
X e4
  1
  2 23. Ans:
  40
  1/ 2  
X e j / 4  tan 1  

Sol: By plancheral’s relation
1/ 2  4 
Xe j Y e j d

1
 x n yn   
n   2  
21.   n  
 n 
sin   sin  
4  1   4  
 2
Sol: H   hn e  jn
  h n e  jn x n    
n   n 0 2n 2  n 
 
1 1  j 1  2 j  
  e  e
3 3 3 1/2
1
 1
 e  j e j  e  j  e  j    n  
sin 
3 3 1   4 
 
1 1 2  n 
 e  j 2 cos   e  j  
3 3   /4 /4
2 1
H  e  j cos   e  j
3 3
1   n  
H  e  j 1  2 cos  sin  
1   3 
3 yn    
1 5  n 
H  0  e  j 1  2 cos   0 only 



3
1/5
when
1+2 cos  = 0
1  2 
cos    cos 
2  3  y(n) /3 /3
2
  2.093 rad
3
n n 
 sin sin 4
4  3  1  1  1 d
22. X(ej) 
n   2n 5n 2  2  5 

Sol: 1 4
1

 40
–c c

24. 1 2 2
 
 2 2 4 4
Sol: (a). X e j0   xn   6 2 2 4 4
n  
1 1 2 2
     1 xn   2

j n
(b). X e
n  
g(n) = { 2, 6, 9 , 6, 2}

(c).  Xe j d = 2x(0) = 4


 g(n) is non causal and maximum
value is 9.
(d).  Xe j e 2 j d = 2x(2) = 0


 26.
  2
 Xe  d 2  Xn  
2
(e). j
2  5k 2  10k
  n   Sol: 
40k 40k
 28
2
FS = 2fm
d
 

X e j d  2  nx 1 
 2

(f).  d  n   
= 220k
= 40k
 158  2  316
 
(g). X e   j  N 1
   
 2 
  5 4

2
25. Ans: (d) 27. Ans: (a)

Sol: f(n) = h(n) * h(n) Sol: x ( t )  cos( 0 t )
n
1 2 2 x nTs   cos 0 nTs   cos 0  ----- (1)
1 1 2 2  1000 
2 2 4 4  n   9n 
Given x(n)  cos   cos  ------ (2)
2 2 4 4  4   4 
By comparing (1) & (2)
f(n) = { 1, 4, 8, 8, 4}  causal 0  0 9
  ; 
1000 4 1000 4
g(n) = h(n) * h(n)
0 = 250, 2250
h(n) = { 2 2 1}

 28. Ans: 2.25 kHz

h(n) ranges from n = 2 to n=0  
Sol: H e j  0.5  0.5e  j
h(n) ranges from n = 0 to n=2 
= is 3 - dB cutoff frequency
g(n) ranges from n = 2 to n=2 2

2f  (b)  <  Z.T is exist

 
fs 2 (c)  =  no Z.T
2f 

9kHz 2 05. Ans: (c)
f = 2.25kHz  1/ 2 3/ 2
Sol: Xz   
1 1
7. Z‐Transform 1  z 1 1  z 1
2 2
n n
11 3  1 
x n      u n     .u n 
01. 22 2 2 
z 1
Sol: anu(n)  ,z  a x(2) =
za 4
z
–anu(–n – 1)  ,z  a
za 06. Ans: (d)
ROC = (|z| > 1)  (|z| < ||) = 1 < |z| < 2 Sol: poles = j, –j, zeros = 0, 0
Only when  =  2, ‘n0’ any value kz 2
X z  
z2  1
02. X(1) = 1  k = 2
Sol: (a) finite duration both sided signal 0 < |z| < 
2z 2
(b) finite duration right sided signal |z| > 0 Xz  
z2  1
(c) infinite duration right sided signal Given right sided sequence so ROC is
(|z| >1/2) (|z| > 3/4) = |z| > 3/4 z   j  z 1
(d) (|z|>1/3)(|z|< 3)(|z| > 1/2) =1/2< |z|<3
2z 2
Xz   , ROC is z  1
z2  1
03. Ans: (a)
Sol: ROC = (|z| > |a|)  (|z| < |b2|) common ROC
exists only when |a| < |b2| 07. Ans: (b)

3n
Sol: X(z) = 2nz
n 0
2n
04. i) Ans: (b)

1 9
Sol: ROC = (|z| > |a|)  (|z| > |b|) (|z| < |c|) =  z2  z4  - - - - -
2 4
= |b| < |z| < |c|
 
 
ii) ROC = (|Z| > ||) (|Z| < ||)  9 1 
x(n) =     , , 0,1, 0, 
Z Z 4 2
XZ     
Z Z  
  
(a)  >  no Z.T

Now consider (a) option If zero = –1

 n
 2  n 1 r
Y1(z) =    z 
n 0  3 
4 2  1  1  r  1  r
1 r 4 2
2 9
= 1+ z 1  z 2  - - - - - r 5
3 4   r = –5/2 is not valid

2 4
 x (n ) y (n )  0
n  
1 Because given as r  1
Now consider option (b)

Y2(z) = z–1 + 4z–3 + - - - - - - 09. Ans: (a)
y2(n) = {0, 1, 0, 4, - - - - - - } z4
 Sol: Hz  
1
 x (n ) y 2 (n )  0 z4 
n   4
Hz   Hz 1 
08. Ans: r = –1/2 h(n) = h(–n)
Sol: H(z)  1 r So h (n) is real for all ‘n’

1 1
1  z 1 1  z 1
2 4
10.
1 1
1  z 1  r (1  z 1 ) 1
= 4
1 1
2
1 1
Sol:  3n .u n  2  9z , | z | 3
(1  z )(1  z ) z3
2 4 9z 1
Consider the numerator  3n .u  n  2  1
, | z |
z 3 3
1 1  1 1 
1 z  r 1  z 
4  2  11.
1 r  Sol: g(n) = (n) – (n–6)
(1  r )    z 1
4 2 G(z) = 1–z–6 , |z| > 0
1 r 
  
4 2
zero =  12.
1 r 2z
Sol: Xz   z 2  2z 
If zero = 1 z2
1 r x(n) = (n+2) + 2(n+1) – 2 (2)nu(–n–1)

4 2 1 1  r 1 r
1 r 4 2 13. Ans: 0.097
 3r 3 Sol: The poles of H(z) are
  r = –1/2
2 4 1  j2k  1 
Pk = exp k  1, 2, 3, 4
2  4 
j
1 4 1 j 1 j 14.
P1 = e    n n
2 2 2 2 5  10 
Sol: x n     u n     u n 
1
j3 
1 j 4 7
P2 = e 4
 
2 2 2 5
n
z
  u n   , | z | 5 / 4
1
j5 
1 j 4 5
P3 = e 4
  z
2 2 4
2
n
j7  7 z 7
P4 =
1
e 4
1 j
    u (n )  z
 10  7 10
2 2 2 z
10
kz 4 n
H(z) = 7 z 1 7
(z  P1 )z  P2 z  P3 z  P4    u (  n )  z 1 
 10  7 10
z 1 
kz 4 10

1 1
z4  n
4  10  z 10
  u (n )  z
Given H(1) = 5/4 7 1 7 7

5 k z 10

4 5/4 1
z z
25 X(z) =  ROC
k= 5 1 7
16 z 
4 z 10
25 4
z  5 10 
H(z) = 16 z  z  
1  4 7
z4 
4 5 10
ROC = z
Given g(n) = (j)n h(n) 4 7
G(z) = H(z/j)
4 15.
25  z 
25 4
  Sol: Xz   z 4  z 2  2z  2  3z 4
16  j 
16
z
G(z) =  H(z) = 2z–3
 z  1 z4  1
4
   4 Yz   Xz .Hz   2z  2z 1  4z 2  4z 3  6z 7

 j 4
25 25 4 25 8 y(4) = 0
G(z) =  z  z  .....
16 64 256
25 16.
g(8) =  0.097
256 z3 1
Sol: x 1 n  3  , | z |
1 1 2
1 z
2

z 1
x 2  n  1  , | z | 3
1
1 z and it is FIR Filter because h(n) is finite
3
duration.
z2 1
Yz   , | z | 3
 1 1  1  2
1  z 1  z  20.
 2  3 
Sol: (1) x(n) = z0n , y(n) = z0n H(z0)
y(n) = (–2)n . H(–2) = 0
17.
H(–2) = 0
1
Sol: Hz  
 1 1  1 1  1
1  z 1  z  1  a.
 2  3  1
1  z 1
Yz 
1 (2) Hz    4
X(z)  1  z 1 Xz  1
3 1
1  z 1
1
Yz   Hz .Xz   2
1 (a) H(–2) = 0
1  z 1
2 9
n a
1 8
 yn     .u n 
2
(b) y(n) = (1)n . H(1)
18. Ans: (a) H(1) = –1/4
1 n
Sol: G (e j )  e  j  e 3 j yn   1
4
G (e j )  e 2 j (e j  e  j )
Let us consider  =  21. Ans: (a)
j 2 j
G (e )   e (2 cos()) Sol: y(n) = h(n) * g(n)
When  =  it gives linear phase. Y(ej) = H(ej) G(ej)
 
 Y e j 
 
G e j
19. Ans: (a)  1  j 
1  2 e 
 
Sol: H e j  e 2 j  e 3 j
1 j
|H(ej)|  G(ej) = Y(ej)  e Y(ej)
2
HPF 1
 g(n) = y(n)  yn  1
2
 Put n = 1
0 

1 1 1 25.
 g(1) = y(1)  y (0)  
2 2 2 (n )  (n  1)  (n  2)
Sol: (a) h (n ) 
g(1) = 0 10
1  z 1  z 2 z 2  z  1
H(z) = 
22. Ans: (c) 10 10z 2
Sol: H(ej) = 1–e–6j = 0 only when 2 finite poles, 2 finite zeros
6 = 2n (n = 1) (b) Given x(n) = u(n)
 1
 X(z) 
3 1  z 1
2  f 
 Y(z) = H(z) X(z) 
1  z  z 
1 2
9k 3 101  z  1
f = 1.5k  
y()  Lt 1  z 1 Y(z)
z 1
1  z 1  z 2   1 
23. 
 Lt 1  z 1  10  1  z 1 
0.5
z 1
  
Sol: X(z)  ,z 2
1  2z 1 111 3
y() = 
x(n) = –0.5 (2)n . u(–n–1) 10 10
x(0) = 0
26. Ans: (a)
24. Sol: The output of the sampling process is
1 n even x(nTs) = 2 + 5sin(100××n×Ts)
Sol: x n    1
0 n odd TS 
400
 X(z) = 1 + z2 + z4+….  1 
x n   2  5 sin 100    n  
1  400 

1  z 2  n  
x n   2  5 sin   , 0 
1  4  4

   1  z 1  z 1
1
2 2
N0  m m
x    Lt 1  z Xz  1
0 
z1
4

 Lt 1  z 1
z1
 1  z 11  z 
1 1
N0 = 8 m
N0 = 8 is the No. of samples per cycle
1
 Yz  1 1  z  N 
2 
Xz  N  1  z 1 
N=8

1 1  z 8  29.
Yz   .Xz 
8  1  z 1  Sol: (a) An LTI system is stable if and only if
ROC includes j axis.
Final value theorem
 0.5 < Re {s} < 2

y   Lt 1  z 1 Yz 
z 1

(b). For an LTI system to be stable, all the
1 1  z 8 
Z1

y   Lt 1  z 1  8  1  z 1 
Xz  poles must lie left side of the j axis
S = 2 is the pole in the right half of s-
8
1 z plane.
y   Lt Xz 
Z1 8 So it is not possible.
y() = 0 (c). Re {s} 3
Re { s} > 2
27. Ans: (c) 3< Re{s} <  0.5

Sol: Yz   Hz .Xz   0.5 < Re {s} < 2 are the four possible
ROC’s
A 1
 
 
1
1 z  1 1  1
1  z  1  z 30. Ans: (d)
 3 

y   Lt 1  z 1 Y z 
z1
  3 j  3  j 
 z  e  z  e 
4  4
Sol: Hz    
3 4
A 0 z
2 3
3 Numerator order > denominator order
A
2 4
so, anti-causal system & z  - stable
3
28. Ans: (c)
31. Ans: (d)
 z  2z 2
Sol: Hz   Sol: Poles  1  0.5 z1 = 0  z = 0.5
2z 2  
Zeros  1 2z1 = 0  z = 2

Pole =  It all zeros and poles are inside the unit
2
circle [|z| = 1] then it is a minimum phase

 1  || < 2, any value of ‘’ system.
2
So given system is Non minimum phase
system if all poles are inside unit circle then
we can say system is causal and stable. So
given system is stable.

32. Ans: (a) fs

2 
1 1 z 2f 4
Sol: Hz     (3)   
2 2 z2 fs fs 2
Given stable system. So, ROC includes unit e 2 j  1 
H ( e j )  j j
at    0
circle. ROC is z  2 (e  0.5)(e  0.5) 2
1 1 n
h n   n   2 u  n  1
2 2 36. Ans: (c)
Sol: A causal LTI system is stable if and only if
33. Ans: (c) all of poles of H(z) lie inside the unit circle.
Sol: Poles z = 2j So, Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is
|poles| = 2 false.
ROC = |z| < 2 because system is
stable (ROC includes unit circle). 37. Ans: (b)
In this case system is non-causal z3  2 z2  z N(z)
Sol: H(z)  
1 1 D( z )
z2  z 
4 8
34. Ans: (c)
As N(z) is of higher order than D(z), the
z
Sol: H(z)  is a stable system because system is not causal, as (n + 1) is one of
1
z the terms in the output for the input (n).
2
1 If the N(z) is of lower order than the
pole z   is inside the unit circle.
2 denominator, the system
The poles of H(z) should be inside the unit (i) may be causal or
circle for a stable system. (ii) may not be causal as it depends upon the
 A is True but R is false. ROC of the given H(z).
So, Both Statement I and Statement II are
individually true but Statement II is not the
35. Ans: (c)
z 2 1
Sol: H(z) 
(z  0.5) (z  0.5)
38. Ans: (a)
(1) The system is stable because poles Sol: Both Statement I and Statement II are
z =  0.5 are inside the unit circle. individually true and Statement II is the
(2) h (0)  Lt H(z)  1
z 

39. Ans: (b) 1  0.6z 1 

H 2 z   z 1  1 
P0  P1 Z 1  P3 Z 3  1  0 .4 z 
Sol: HZ  
1  d 3 Z 3
Direct Form – I
41. Ans: (a)
1
x(n) P0
  y(n) Sol: Hz   ----- (1)
1  0.7z  0.13z  2
1
1
Z Z1
From the given plot
  a0
P1 0 Hz   ------- (2)
1  a 1z  a 2 z  2
1
Z1 Z1

By comparing (1) & (2)

0 0 a0 = 1, a1 = 0.7, a2 = –0.13
Z1 Z1
42.
 
d 3 1
Sol: Hz  
P3
1  az 1
No. of delays = 6 h(n) = (a)nu(n)
Direct Form – II 
 h (n)   stable
n  
 
X[n]
P0 =  unstable
Z1 
1
 
 (a )
n 0
n

1 a
, a 1
0 P1
= , |a|  1
Z1
So, the b, c & d are unstable.
 
0 0
Z1
43.
Sol: From signal flow graph

d 3
k 1
P3 z1
Hz   4
k
No. of delay’s = 3 1  z 1
3
k
Pole = 1
40. 3
Sol: y(n) = x(n –1)  Y(z) = z–1 X(z) |k| < 3
–1
H(z) = z = H1(z) H2(z)
44. Ans: (c) 2  12

k = 2  z1,2 = 1 3
Sol: From signal below graph reduction 2
2  z 1 = 1 1.732
Hz  
1  2z 1 outside the unit circle
2z  1 Here k = [–1, 1/2]

z2
47.
45. Ans: (b)
 0.54  z 1
2e  1 j Sol: H(z) 
Sol: H e j    e j  2
1  0.54z 1
|H(ej0)| = 1 x(n) 1 y(n)

j/2  
|H(e )| = 1 –0.54
j
|H(e )| = 1
So, All pass filter z–1
46. Ans: (a) 0.54 1

Sol: 1 – k[z–1 + z–2] = 0
z2 – zk – k = 0 By comparing d = 1, b = 0.54, c = 1
 k  k  4k 2
z1, 2 =
2
For causal & stable poles < 1
1  5 1  2.236
k = 1  z1,2 = 
2 2
(outside the unit circle)

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Signals

02. Ans: (a) n

Sol: (a) as t , amp  0, Energy signal 

(c) Power + energy = Power signal Energy of the first signal

x2(t) = 1  |t|; 1  t  1 10.

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LCM = 11 (j) multiplication of one periodic &

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on present input - causal (d) non linear, time variant, dynamic

19. So, non invertible

20. Convert to Z-domain

outputs then it is invertible.

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(ii) x(n) = u(n); 24. Ans: (a)

So, statement-II is true. (a) yt    x h t  d

23. Ans: (d) 

Case (i) t < 0 y(t) = 0 04. Ans: (b)

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13. Ans: (a) h(t) 17. Ans: (a)

 only when |a| < 1, |b|>1

20. Ans: (b) 24.

except    and || < 1, except  = 0 4. y(t) = x(t–2)  causal

Sol: sn    hk      u k 

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= s1 ( t ) * s 2 ( t ) Even and odd HWS  a0, cosine with

x(t) = 3sin (0t + 30) – 4cos(30t – 60) p

05. Ans: (b)

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06. Ans: (c) 11. Ans: (b)

6 6 Sol: Average value  1  10 sin tdt  10

10. Ans: (d)

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x(t) = A cos (t) c0 = 1/2

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Sol: (a) All periodic signals are power signals. 

(b) C0 = j2 (average value) [given is false] e e 2

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  Waveform symmetries (Even, odd, Half-

28. Ans: (b) 01.

frequency is not constant. So, S2 is not LTI Sol: Xf    x t e  j2 ft dt

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18. Ans: (d) t  4 j

1 1 Apply duality property

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(h). y8(t) = y2(2(t+1)) y2(2(t1)) (a). 0 < f < 1 Y() = X().H()

H() x(t) = 1 + ej5t + ejt

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Taking inverse fourier transform (b). Ans: (d)

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29. Ans: (c) 1  2a a

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43. Ans: 8 45.

For 200 <  < 200, there is no amplitude 1  2

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a The maximum frequency in above signal

In this operation maximum frequency The frequency in sampled signals are =

max(2k, 3k). So, fm = 3k, fs = 2fm = 6k If fs=fmThe spectrum is constant spectrum

54. Ans: (d) 59. Ans: (d)

So (B) is wrong fn = 750

 Where c(t) is carrier signal and m(t) is a

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