Coordinates: 52°24′N 16°55′E

Poznań
Poznań (UK: /ˈpɒznæn/ POZ-nan, US: /ˈpoʊznæn, ˈpoʊznɑːn/ POHZ-nan,
POHZ-nahn,[2] Polish: [ˈpɔznaȷ̃] or [ˈpɔznaɲ] ( listen); German: Posen; known Poznań
also by other historical names) is a city on the Warta River in west-central
Poland, in the Greater Poland region. It is best known for its renaissance Old
Town and Ostrów Tumski Cathedral. Today, Poznań is an important cultural
and business centre and one of Poland's most populous regions with many
regional customs such as Saint John's Fair (Jarmark Świętojański), traditional
Saint Martin's croissants and a local dialect.

Poznań is the fifth-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. The city's
population is 538,633 (2011 census), while the continuous conurbation with
Poznań County and several other communities is inhabited by almost
1.1 million people.[3] The Larger Poznań Metropolitan Area (PMA) is
inhabited by 1.3–1.4 million people and extends to such satellite towns as
Nowy Tomyśl, Gniezno and Września,[4][5][6][7] making it the fourth largest
metropolitan area in Poland. It is the historical capital of the Greater Poland
region and is currently the administrative capital of the province called Greater
Poland Voivodeship.

Poznań is a center of trade, sports, education, technology and tourism. It is an

important academic site, with about 130,000 students and Adam Mickiewicz
University, the third largest Polish university. Poznań is also the seat of the
oldest Polish diocese, now being one of the most populous archdioceses in the
Top: Panorama of Poznań
country. The city also hosts the Poznań International Fair – the biggest Middle: Poznań Town Hall, Stary
industrial fair in Poland and one of the largest fairs in Europe. The city's most Browar, Opera House
renowned landmarks include Poznań Town Hall, the National Museum, Grand Bottom: Guardhouse
Theatre, Fara Church, Poznań Cathedral and the Imperial Castle.

Poznań is classified as a Gamma- global city by Globalization and World Cities

Research Network.[8] It has often topped rankings as a city with very high
quality of education and a very high standard of living.[9] It also ranks highly in Flag
safety and healthcare quality.[10] The city of Poznań has also, many times, won
the prize awarded by "Superbrands" for a very high quality city brand. In 2012,
the Poznań's Art and Business Center "Stary Browar" won a competition
organised by National Geographic Traveler and was given the first prize as one
of the seven "New Polish Wonders".
Wordmark
The official patron saints of Poznań are Saint Peter and Paul of Tarsus, the
patrons of the cathedral. Martin of Tours – the patron of the main street Święty
Marcin is also regarded as one of the patron saints of the city.
Coat of arms

Contents
Names
History
Geography
Climate
Administrative division
Economy
Transport
Culture and sights
Education Poznań

Public universities
Private higher education
High schools
Scientific and regional organisations
Sports
Infrastructure
International relations
Twin towns – Sister cities
Gallery
Notable people
See also
Location of Poznan in Poland
References
Bibliography
External links

Names Poznań

The name Poznań probably comes from a personal name, Poznan (from the
Polish participle poznan(y) – "one who is known/recognized"), and would
mean "Poznan's town". It is also possible that the name comes directly from the
verb poznać, which means "to get to know" or "to recognize," so it may simply
mean "known town".
Poznań (Poland)
The earliest surviving references to the city are Coordinates: 52°24′N 16°55′E
found in the chronicles of Thietmar of
Merseburg, written between 1012 and 1018: Country Poland
episcopus Posnaniensis ("bishop of Poznań", in Voivodeship Greater Poland
an entry for 970) and ab urbe Posnani ("from Voivodeship
the city of Poznań", for 1005). The city's name County city county
appears in documents in the Latin nominative Established 10th century
case as Posnania in 1236 and Poznania in Town rights 1253
1247. The phrase in Poznan appears in 1146
Government
14th-century seal showing and 1244.
• Mayor Jacek Jaśkowiak
Poznań's coat of arms (PO)
The city's full official name is Stołeczne Miasto
Poznań ("The Capital City of Poznań"), in Area
reference to its role as a centre of political power in the early Polish state. • City 261.85 km2
Poznań is known as Posen in German, and was officially called Haupt- und (101.10 sq mi)
Residenzstadt Posen ("Capital and Residence City of Poznań") between 20 Highest elevation 154 m (505 ft)
August 1910 and 28 November 1918. The Latin names of the city are Posnania Lowest elevation 60 m (200 ft)
and Civitas Posnaniensis. Its Yiddish name is ‫פּױזן‬, or Poyzn.
Population (31 December 2018)
In Polish, the city name has masculine grammatical gender. • City 534,813 (5th)[1]
• Urban 1.1 million
• Metro 1.4 million
History
Time zone UTC+1 (CET)
For centuries before the Christianization of Poland, Poznań (consisting of a • Summer (DST) UTC+2 (CEST)
fortified stronghold between the Warta and Cybina rivers, on what is now Postal code 60-001 to 61–890
Ostrów Tumski) was an important cultural and political centre of the Polan Area code(s) +48 61
tribe. Mieszko I, the first historically recorded ruler of the Polans, and of the Vehicle PO, PY
early Polish state which they dominated, built one of his main stable registration
 headquarters in Poznań. Mieszko's baptism of Website www.poznan.pl (ht
966, seen as a defining moment in the tp://www.poznan.p
Christianization of the Polish state, may have l/)
taken place in Poznań.

Following the baptism, construction began of Poznań's cathedral, the first in Poland.
Poznań was probably the main seat of the first missionary bishop sent to Poland, Bishop
Jordan. The Congress of Gniezno in 1000 led to the country's first permanent archbishopric
being established in Gniezno (which is generally regarded as Poland's capital in that
period), although Poznań continued to have independent bishops of its own. Poznań's
cathedral was the place of burial of the early Piast monarchs (Mieszko I, Boleslaus I,
Mieszko II, Casimir I), and later of Przemysł I and King Przemysł II.

Monument of Mieszko I and The pagan reaction that followed Mieszko II's death
Bolesław I the Brave, (probably in Poznań) in 1034 left the region weak, and in
Golden Chapel in Poznań 1038, Duke Bretislaus I of Bohemia sacked and destroyed
Cathedral both Poznań and Gniezno. Poland was reunited under
Casimir I the Restorer in 1039, but the capital was moved to
Kraków, which had been relatively unaffected by the
troubles. In 1138, by the testament of Bolesław III, Poland was divided into separate
duchies under the late king's sons, and Poznań and its surroundings became the domain of
Mieszko III the Old, the first of the Dukes of Greater Poland. This period of fragmentation
lasted until 1320. Duchies frequently changed hands; control of Poznań, Gniezno and
Kalisz sometimes lay with a single duke, but at other times these constituted separate
duchies.

In about 1249, Duke Przemysł I began constructing what would become the Royal Castle Tomb of Mieszko I and
on a hill on the left bank of the Warta. Then in 1253 Przemysł issued a charter to Thomas of Bolesław I in Poznań
Guben (Gubin) for the founding of a town under Magdeburg law, between the castle and Cathedral
the river. Thomas brought a large number of German settlers to aid in the building and
settlement of the city – this is an example of the German eastern migration (Ostsiedlung)
characteristic of that period.[11][12] The city (covering the area of today's Old Town neighbourhood) was surrounded by a
defensive wall, integrated with the castle. According to Walter Kuhn, in 1400 three-quarters of the town's population was
German-speaking.[13]

In reunited Poland, and later in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Poznań was

Royal Castle after its total
reconstruction
degrees from 1611 until 1773, when it was combined with the Academy.
the seat of a voivodeship. The city's importance began to grow in the Jagiellonian
period, due to its position on trading routes from Lithuania and Ruthenia to western
Europe. It would become a major centre for the fur trade by the late 16th century.
Suburban settlements developed around the city walls, on the river islands and on
the right bank, with some (Ostrów Tumski, Śródka, Chwaliszewo, Ostrówek)
obtaining their own town charters. However the city's development was hampered
by regular major fires and floods. On 2 May 1536 a fire destroyed 175 buildings,
including the castle, the town hall, the monastery and the suburban settlement called
St. Martin.[14] In 1519 the Lubrański Academy had been established in Poznań as
an institution of higher education (but without the right to award degrees, which
was reserved to Kraków's Jagiellonian University). However a Jesuits' college,
founded in the city in 1571 during the Counter-Reformation, had the right to award

In the second half of the 17th century and most of the 18th, Poznań was severely affected by a series of wars (and attendant
military occupations, lootings and destruction) – the Second and Third Northern Wars, the War of the Polish Succession,
the Seven Years' War and the Bar Confederation rebellion. It was also hit by frequent outbreaks of plague, and by floods,
particularly that of 1736, which destroyed most of the suburban buildings. The population of the conurbation declined
(from 20,000 around 1600 to 6,000 around 1730), and Bambergian and Dutch settlers (Bambrzy and Olędrzy) were brought
in to rebuild the devastated suburbs. In 1778 a "Committee of Good Order" (Komisja Dobrego Porządku) was established
in the city, which oversaw rebuilding efforts and reorganised the city's administration. However, in 1793, in the Second
Partition of Poland, Poznań came under the control of the Kingdom of Prussia, becoming part of (and initially the seat of)
the province of South Prussia.

Jesuits' College was one of the most
prestigious schools in the Polish–
Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Prussian authorities
expanded the city boundaries,
making the walled city and its
closest suburbs into a single
administrative unit. Left-bank
suburbs were incorporated in
1797, and Ostrów Tumski,
Chwaliszewo, Śródka, Ostrówek Posnania (Poznań), c. 1617, view from the north
and Łacina (St. Roch) in 1800.
The old city walls were taken
down in the early 19th century, and major development took place to the west of the
old city, with many of the main streets of today's city centre being laid out.

In the Greater Poland uprising of 1806,

Polish soldiers and civilian volunteers assisted the efforts of Napoleon by driving
out Prussian forces from the region. The city became a part of the Duchy of Warsaw
in 1807, and was the seat of Poznań Department – a unit of administrative division
and local government. However, in 1815, following the Congress of Vienna, the
region was returned to Prussia, and Poznań became the capital of the semi-
autonomous Grand Duchy of Posen.

The city continued to expand, and various projects were funded by Polish
philanthropists, such as the Raczyński Library and the Bazar hotel. The city's first
railway, running to Stargard, opened in 1848. Due to its strategic location, the
Prussian authorities intended to make Poznań into a fortress city, building a ring of
defensive fortifications around it. Work began on the citadel (Fort Winiary) in 1828,
and in subsequent years the entire set of defences (Festung Posen) was completed.

A Greater Poland Uprising during the Revolutions of 1848 was ultimately

unsuccessful, and the Grand Duchy lost its remaining autonomy, Poznań becoming
simply the capital of the Prussian Province of Posen. It would become part of the
German Empire with the unification of German states in 1871. Polish patriots
continued to form societies (such as the Central Economic Society for the Grand
Details in the interior of the Poznań
Duchy of Poznań), and a Polish theatre (Teatr Polski, still functioning) opened in
Fara Collegiate Church, one of the
1875; however the authorities made efforts to Germanize the region, particularly most stunning and best preserved
through the Prussian Settlement Commission (founded 1886). Germans accounted examples of baroque architecture in
for 38% of the city's population in 1867, though this percentage would later decline Poland. The construction of the
somewhat, particularly after the region returned to Poland. temple began in 1651 and took
almost half a century to complete
Another expansion of Festung Posen was planned, with an outer ring of more
widely spaced forts around the perimeter of the city. Building of the first nine forts
began in 1876, and nine intermediate forts were built from 1887. The inner ring of fortifications was now considered
obsolete and came to be mostly taken down by the early 20th century (although the citadel remained in use). This made
space for further civilian construction, particularly the Imperial Palace (Zamek), completed 1910, and other grand buildings
around it (including today's central university buildings and the opera house). The city's boundaries were also significantly
extended to take in former suburban villages: Piotrowo and Berdychowo in 1896, Łazarz, Górczyn, Jeżyce and Wilda in
1900, and Sołacz in 1907.

Poznań International Fairs were held for
the first time in 1925
At the end of World War I, the final Greater Poland Uprising (1918–1919)
brought Poznań and most of the region back to newly reborn Poland, which was
confirmed by the Treaty of Versailles. The local German populace had to acquire
Polish citizenship or leave the country. This led to a wide emigration of the
ethnic Germans of the town's population. The town's German population
decreased from 65,321 in 1910 to 5,980 in 1926 and further to 4,387 in 1934.[15]
In the interwar Second Polish Republic, the city again became the capital of
Poznań Voivodeship. Poznań's university (today called Adam Mickiewicz
University) was founded in 1919, and in 1925 the Poznań International Fairs
began. In 1929 the fairs site was the venue for a major National Exhibition
(Powszechna Wystawa Krajowa, popularly PeWuKa) marking the tenth
anniversary of independence; it attracted around 4.5 million visitors. The city's boundaries were again expanded in 1925 (to
include Główna, Komandoria, Rataje, Starołęka, Dębiec, Szeląg and Winogrady) and 1933 (Golęcin, Podolany).

During the German occupation of 1939–1945, Poznań was incorporated into the Third Reich as the capital of Reichsgau
Wartheland. Many Polish inhabitants were executed, arrested, expelled to the General Government or used as forced
labour; at the same time many Germans and Volksdeutsche were settled in the city. The German population increased from
around 5,000 in 1939 (some 2% of the inhabitants) to around 95,000 in 1944.[16][17] The pre-war Jewish population of
about 2,000[18] were mostly murdered in the Holocaust. A concentration camp was set up in Fort VII, one of the 19th-
century perimeter forts. The camp was later moved to Żabikowo south of Poznań. The Nazi authorities significantly
expanded Poznań's boundaries to include most of the present-day area of the city; these boundaries were retained after the
war. Poznań was captured by the Red Army, assisted by Polish volunteers, on 23 February 1945 following the Battle of
Poznań, in which the German army conducted a last-ditch defence in line with Hitler's designation of the city as a Festung.
The Citadel was the last point to be taken, and the fighting left much of the city, particularly the Old Town, in ruins.

Due to the expulsion and flight of German population Poznań's post-war population was almost uniformly Polish. The city
again became a voivodeship capital; in 1950 the size of Poznań Voivodeship was reduced, and the city itself was given
separate voivodeship status. This status was lost in the 1975 reforms, which also significantly reduced the size of Poznań
Voivodeship.

The Poznań 1956 protests are seen as an early instance of discontent with
communist rule. In June 1956, a protest by workers at the city's Cegielski
locomotive factory developed into a series of strikes and popular protests against
the policies of the government. After a protest march on 28 June was fired on,
crowds attacked the communist party and secret police headquarters, where they
were repulsed by gunfire. Riots continued for two days until being quelled by the
army; 67 people were killed according to official figures. A monument to the
victims was erected in 1981 at Plac Mickiewicza.[19]

The post-war years had seen much reconstruction work on buildings damaged in the
fighting. From the 1960s onwards intensive housing development took place,
consisting mainly of pre-fabricated concrete blocks of flats, especially in Rataje and
Winogrady, and later (following its incorporation into the city in 1974) Piątkowo. Poznań protests of 1956. The sign
reads "We demand bread!".
Another infrastructural change (completed in 1968) was the rerouting of the river
Warta to follow two straight branches either side of Ostrów Tumski.

The most recent expansion of the city's boundaries took place in 1987, with the addition of new areas mainly to the north,
including Morasko, Radojewo and Kiekrz. The first free local elections following the fall of communism took place in
1990. With the Polish local government reforms of 1999, Poznań again became the capital of a larger province (Greater
Poland Voivodeship). It also became the seat of a powiat ("Poznań County"), with the city itself gaining separate powiat
status.

Recent infrastructural developments include the opening of the fast tram route (Poznański Szybki Tramwaj, popularly
Pestka) in 1997, and Poznań's first motorway connection (part of the A2 autostrada) in 2003. In 2006 Poland's first F-16
Fighting Falcons came to be stationed at the 31st Air Base in Krzesiny in the south-east of the city.

Poznań continues to host regular trade fairs and international events, including the United Nations Climate Change
Conference in 2008. It was one of the host cities for UEFA Euro 2012.

Geography
Poznań covers an area of 261.3 km2 (100.9 sq mi), and has coordinates in the range 52°17'34''–52°30'27''N, 16°44'08''–
17°04'28''E. Its highest point, with an altitude of 157 m (515 ft), is the summit of Góra Moraska (Morasko Hill) within the
Morasko meteorite nature reserve in the north of the city. The lowest altitude is 60 m (197 ft), in the Warta valley.

Poznań's main river is the Warta, which flows through the city from south to north. As it approaches the city centre it
divides into two branches, flowing west and east of Ostrów Tumski (the cathedral island) and meeting again further north.
The smaller Cybina river flows through eastern Poznań to meet the east branch of the Warta (that branch is also called
Cybina – its northern section was originally a continuation of that river, while its southern section has been artificially
widened to form a main stream of the Warta). Other tributaries of the Warta within Poznań are the Junikowo Stream
(Strumień Junikowski), which flows through southern Poznań from the west, meeting the Warta just outside the city
 boundary in Luboń; the Bogdanka and
Wierzbak, formerly two separate tributaries
flowing from the north-west and along the
north side of the city centre, now with their
lower sections diverted underground; the
Główna, flowing through the
neighbourhood of the same name in north-
east Poznań; and the Rose Stream (Strumień
Różany) flowing east from Morasko in the
north of the city. The course of the Warta in
Lake Malta Półwiejska Street is one of the city's
central Poznań was formerly quite different many pedestrianised central streets.
from today: the main stream ran between
Grobla and Chwaliszewo, which were originally both islands. The branch west of
Grobla (the Zgniła Warta – "rotten Warta") was filled in late in the 19th century, and the former main stream west of
Chwaliszewo was diverted and filled in during the 1960s. This was done partly to prevent floods, which did serious damage
to Poznań frequently throughout history.

Poznań's largest lake is Jezioro Kierskie (Kiekrz Lake) in the extreme north-west of
the city (within the city boundaries since 1987). Other large lakes include Malta (an
artificial lake on the lower Cybina, formed in 1952), Jezioro Strzeszyńskie
(Strzeszyn Lake) on the Bogdanka, and Rusałka, an artificial lake further down the
Bogdanka, formed in 1943. The latter two are popular bathing places. Kiekrz Lake
is much used for sailing, while Malta is a competitive rowing and canoeing venue.
The view of Poznań's Old Town
The city centre (including the Old Town, the former islands of Grobla and
Chwaliszewo, the main street Święty Marcin and many other important buildings
and districts) lies on the west side of the Warta. Opposite it between the two
branches of the Warta is Ostrów Tumski, containing Poznań Cathedral and other ecclesiastical buildings, as well as housing
and industrial facilities. Facing the cathedral on the east bank of the river is the historic district of Śródka. Large areas of
apartment blocks, built from the 1960s onwards, include Rataje in the east, and Winogrady and Piątkowo north of the
centre. Older residential and commercial districts include those of Wilda, Łazarz and Górczyn to the south, and Jeżyce to
the west. There are also significant areas of forest within the city boundaries, particularly in the east adjoining Swarzędz,
and around the lakes in the north-west.

For more details on Poznań's geography, see the articles on the five districts: Stare Miasto, Nowe Miasto, Jeżyce, Grunwald
and Wilda.

A panoramic view of Poznań, taken from the city's north-eastern suburbs in Nowe Miasto

Climate

The climate of Poznań is within the transition zone between a humid continental and oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb to Dfb
although it totally fits in the second in the 0 °C isotherm) and with relatively cold winters and warm summers. Snow is
common in winter, when night-time temperatures are typically below zero. In summer temperatures may often reach 30 °C
(86 °F). Annual rainfall is more than 500 mm (20 in), among the lowest in Poland. The rainiest month is July, mainly due to
short but intense cloudbursts and thunderstorms. The number of hours of sunshine are among the highest in the country.
Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen
Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "humid continental climate).[20]
 Climate data for Poznań (Poznań Airport), elevation: 83 m or 272 ft, 1981–2010 normals

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 13.5 17.6 21.5 29.3 31.6 36.8 38.7 37.0 30.4 25.6 17.1 13.9 38.7
°C (°F) (56.3) (63.7) (70.7) (84.7) (88.9) (98.2) (101.7) (98.6) (86.7) (78.1) (62.8) (57.0) (101.7)

Average 2.3 2.9 8.3 13.6 19.4 22.1 24.6 24.5 19.3 13.9 6.7 3.2 13.4
high °C (°F) (36.1) (37.2) (46.9) (56.5) (66.9) (71.8) (76.3) (76.1) (66.7) (57.0) (44.1) (37.8) (56.1)

Daily mean −1.2 −0.7 4.0 9.8 14.9 18.2 20.1 19.8 15.3 9.9 4.4 0.2 9.6
°C (°F) (29.8) (30.7) (39.2) (49.6) (58.8) (64.8) (68.2) (67.6) (59.5) (49.8) (39.9) (32.4) (49.3)

Average low −4.6 −4.3 −0.3 6.0 10.3 14.3 15.5 15.1 11.3 5.9 2.1 −2.8 5.7
°C (°F) (23.7) (24.3) (31.5) (42.8) (50.5) (57.7) (59.9) (59.2) (52.3) (42.6) (35.8) (27.0) (42.3)

Record low −28.5 −24.0 −16.1 −8.6 −1.5 1.5 4.7 3.9 −3.8 −8.3 −13.6 −19.2 −28.5
°C (°F) (−19.3) (−11.2) (3.0) (16.5) (29.3) (34.7) (40.5) (39.0) (25.2) (17.1) (7.5) (−2.6) (−19.3)

Average
33 27 38 31 50 57 76 61 42 34 35 40 524
precipitation
(1.3) (1.1) (1.5) (1.2) (2.0) (2.2) (3.0) (2.4) (1.7) (1.3) (1.4) (1.6) (20.6)
mm (inches)

Average
precipitation 14 12 11 9 11 12 13 13 9 12 14 12 142
days

Average
relative 81 82 75 68 63 68 70 72 74 77 80 82 74
humidity (%)

Mean
monthly
56 67 118 179 230 237 236 229 171 122 55 40 1,740
sunshine
hours

Source: Polish Central Statistical Office (http://www.pogodynka.pl/polska/daneklimatyczne//cps/rde/xchg/gus)

Climate data for Poznań (Poznań Airport), elevation: 83 m or 272 ft, 1961–1990 normals and extremes

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 13.2 17.6 24.0 29.9 31.5 33.7 36.4 36.1 34.6 27.9 19.9 15.0 36.4
°C (°F) (55.8) (63.7) (75.2) (85.8) (88.7) (92.7) (97.5) (97.0) (94.3) (82.2) (67.8) (59.0) (97.5)

Average 0.5 2.2 6.8 13.0 18.8 22.1 23.5 23.1 18.7 13.1 6.4 2.2 12.5
high °C (°F) (32.9) (36.0) (44.2) (55.4) (65.8) (71.8) (74.3) (73.6) (65.7) (55.6) (43.5) (36.0) (54.6)

Daily mean −2.0 −1.0 2.7 7.6 13.3 16.7 18.0 17.4 13.4 8.8 3.8 −0.1 8.2
°C (°F) (28.4) (30.2) (36.9) (45.7) (55.9) (62.1) (64.4) (63.3) (56.1) (47.8) (38.8) (31.8) (46.8)

Average low −4.8 −3.9 −0.8 2.8 7.7 11.2 12.5 12.2 9.0 5.3 1.2 −2.6 4.1
°C (°F) (23.4) (25.0) (30.6) (37.0) (45.9) (52.2) (54.5) (54.0) (48.2) (41.5) (34.2) (27.3) (39.5)

Record low −28.5 −26.7 −21.4 −8.6 −3.0 0.5 4.7 3.2 −1.7 −8.3 −15.2 −24.9 −28.5
°C (°F) (−19.3) (−16.1) (−6.5) (16.5) (26.6) (32.9) (40.5) (37.8) (28.9) (17.1) (4.6) (−12.8) (−19.3)

Average
30 24 27 36 53 60 69 57 43 39 39 38 515
precipitation
(1.2) (0.9) (1.1) (1.4) (2.1) (2.4) (2.7) (2.2) (1.7) (1.5) (1.5) (1.5) (20.2)
mm (inches)

Average
precipitation
8.1 6.7 6.9 7.3 8.4 8.7 9.2 9.0 7.2 7.1 8.8 9.5 96.9
days
(≥ 1.0 mm)

Mean
monthly
40.0 61.0 109.0 152.0 219.0 215.0 218.0 206.0 138.0 102.0 40.0 32.0 1,532
sunshine
hours

Source: NOAA[21]

Administrative division
Poznań is divided into 42 neighbourhoods (see osiedle), each of which has its own
elected council with certain decision-making and spending powers. The first uniform
elections for these councils covering the whole area of the city were held on 20 March
2011.

For certain administrative purposes, the old division into five districts (dzielnicas) is
used – although these ceased to be governmental units in 1990. These were:

Stare Miasto ("Old Town"), population 161,200, area 47.1 km2 (18.2 sq mi),
covering the central and northern parts of the city
Nowe Miasto ("New Town"), population 141,424, area 105.1 km2
(40.6 sq mi), including all parts of the city on the right (east) bank of
the Warta
Grunwald, population 125,500, area 36.2 km2 (14.0 sq mi), covering
the south-western parts of the city
Jeżyce, population 81,300, area 57.9 km2 (22.4 sq mi), covering the
north-western parts of the city
Wilda, population 62,290, area 15.0 km2 (5.8 sq mi), in the southern
part of the city
Notable highrises in central Poznań
Many citizens of Poznań thanks to the strong economy of the city and high
salaries started moving to suburbs of the Poznań County (powiat) in the 1990s.
Although the number of inhabitants in Poznań itself was decreasing for the past two decades, the suburbs gained almost
twice as many inhabitants. Thus, Poznań urban area has been growing steadily over past years and has already reached
1.0 million inhabitants when student population is included, whereas the entire metropolitan zone may have reached 1.5–
1.7 million inhabitants when satellite cities and towns (so-called second Poznań ring counties such as Września, Gniezno
and Kościan) are included. The complex infrastructure, population density, number of companies and gross product per
capita of Poznań suburbs may be only compared to Warsaw suburbs. Many parts of closer suburbs (for example Tarnowo
Podgorne, Komorniki, Suchy Las, Dopiewo) produce more in terms of GDP per capita than the city itself.

Economy
Poznań has been an important trade centre since the
Middle Ages. Starting in the 19th century, local
heavy industry began to grow. Several major
factories were built, including the Hipolit Cegielski
steel mill and railway factory (see H. Cegielski -
Poznań S.A.).

Nowadays Poznań is one of the major trade centres

Stary Browar (Old Brewery)
in Poznań
in Poland. Poznań is regarded as the second most
prosperous city in Poland after Warsaw. The city of Pixel building – headquarters of
Poznań produced PLN 31.8 billion of Poland's gross Allegro company
domestic product in 2006. It boasts a GDP per
capita of 200.4% (2008) of Poland's average.
Furthermore, Poznań had very low unemployment rate of 2.3% as of May 2009. For
comparison, Poland's national unemployment rate was over 10%.

Many Western European companies have established their Polish headquarters in Poznań or in the nearby towns of
Tarnowo Podgórne and Swarzędz. Most foreign investors are German and Dutch companies, with a few others. The best
known examples of corporation who have their headquarters in Poznań and the surrounding areas are that of
GlaxoSmithKline, Raben Group (near Kórnik) and Kuehne + Nagel (near Gądki).

Investors are mostly from the food processing, furniture, automotive and transport and logistics industries. Foreign
companies are primarily attracted by low labour costs and by the relatively good road and railway network, good vocational
skills of workers and relatively liberal employment laws.
The recently built Stary Browar shopping centre contains many high-end shops and
is considered one of the best in Europe. It has won an award for the best shopping
centre in the world in the medium-sized commercial buildings category. Other
notable shopping centres in the city include Galeria Malta, one of the largest in
Central Europe, and the shops at the Hotel Bazar, a historical hotel and commercial
centre in the Old Town.

Some of the best-known major corporations founded and still based in Poznań and
the city's metropolitan area include Allegro, Poland's biggest online auction site, H.
Cegielski-Poznań SA, a historic manufacturer, Solaris Bus & Coach, a modern bus
Andersia Tower (left) and Poznań
and coach maker based in Bolechowo and Enea S.A., one of the country's biggest
Financial Centre (right)
energy firms. Poznań is also where the software development leader Netguru was
founded, one of the fastest growing companies in Europe. Kompania Piwowarska
based in Poznań produces some of Poland's best known beers, and includes not only
the local Lech Brewery but also Tyskie from Tychy and Dojlidy Brewery from Białystok among many others.

Transport
Poznań has an extensive public transport system, mostly consisting of trams, such as the Poznań Fast Tram, and both urban
and suburban buses. The main railway station is Poznań Central Station to the southwest of the city centre; there is also the
smaller Poznań Wschód and Poznań Garbary station northeast of the centre and a number of other stations on the outskirts
of the city. The main east-west A2 motorway runs south of the city connecting it with Berlin in the west and Łódż and
Warsaw in the east; other main roads run in the direction of Warsaw, Bydgoszcz, Wągrowiec, Oborniki, Katowice,
Wrocław, Buk and Berlin. Poznań has one of the biggest airports in the west of Poland called Poznań-Ławica Airport. In
2016 it handled approximately 1.71 million passengers.

A2 Motorway in Poznań Solaris Tramino Tram Solaris Urbino Bus

Poznań Central Station Greater Poland Railways

Culture and sights

Poznań has many historic buildings and sights, mostly concentrated around the Old Town and other parts of the city centre.
Many of these lie on the Royal-Imperial Route in Poznań – a tourist walk leading through the most important parts of the
city showing its history, culture and identity. Portions of the city centre are listed as one of Poland's official national
Historic Monuments (Pomnik historii), as designated 28 November 2008, along with other portions of the city's historic
core. Its listing is maintained by the National Heritage Board of Poland.
 Results of new extensive archaeological research
performed on Poznań's Ostrów Tumski by Prof. dr
hab. Hanna Kocka-Krec from Instytut Prahistorii
UAM indicate that Poznań indeed was a central site
of the early Polish State (recent discovery of first
Polish ruler, Mieszko I's Palatium). Thus, the
Tumski Island is more important than it was thought
Poznań's new city logo previously, and may have been as important as
Gniezno in the Poland of first Piasts. Though it is
currently under construction, Ostrów Tumski of
Poznań should soon have a very rich historical exposition and be a very interesting place for
visitors. It promises to include many attractions, such as the above-mentioned Cathedral,
Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Lubranski Academy and they opened in 2012 Genius Loci
Archeological Park as well as planned to be opened in 2013 Interactive Center of Ostrów
Tumski History (ICHOT) that presents a multimedia museum of the Polish State through The former Imperial Castle
many different periods. The Palatium in Poznań will be also transformed into a museum, is now one of Poznań's
although more funds are needed. When all the expositions are ready, in a couple of years, premier cultural-theatrical
Ostrów Tumski may be as worth visiting as the Wawel Castle of Kraków. There is a very institutions.
famous sentence illustrating the importance of Ostrów Tumski in Poznań by the Pope John
Paul II: "Poland began here".

A popular venue is Malta, a park with an artificial lake in its centre. On one bank of the lake
there are ski and sleigh slopes (Malta Ski), on the opposite bank a huge complex of
swimming pools including an Olympic-size one (Termy Maltanskie).

An important cultural event in Poznań is the annual Malta Festival, which takes place at
many city venues, usually in late June and early July. It hosts mainly modern experimental
off-theatre performances, often taking place on squares and other public spaces. It also
includes cinema, visual, music and dancing events. Malta Theatre Festival gave birth to
many off-theater groups, expressing new ideas in an already rich theatrical background of
the city. Thus, Poznań with a great deal of off-theaters and their performances has recently
become a new Polish off-theater performance centre.

Classical music events include the Henryk

Wieniawski Violin Competition (held every 5
years), and classical music concerts by the city's
Poznań City Hall, located on
Philharmonic Orchestra held each month in the
the Old Market Square,
University Aula. Especially popular are concerts by
used to serve as the Seat of
the Poznań Nightingales.
local government until 1939,
and now houses a museum
Poznań is also home to new forms of music such as
rap and hip-hop made by a great deal of bands and
Poznań Old Town, filled with many
performers ("Peja", "Mezo" and others). Poznań is
picturesque townhouses, is a major
also known for its rock music performers (Muchy, Malgorzata Ostrowska).
tourist attraction
Poznań apart from many traditional theatres with a long history ("Teatr Nowy",
"Teatr Wielki", "Teatr Polski", "Teatr
Muzyczny" and several others) is also
home to a growing number of
alternative theatre groups, some of
them stemming from International
Malta Festival: "Teatr Strefa Ciszy",
"Teatr Porywcze Cial", "Teatr Usta
Usta", "Teatr u Przyjaciol", "Teatr
Biuro Podrozy", "Teatr Osmego Dnia"
and many others – it is believed that
The mechanized goats, which butt heads daily at noon, are the official symbol of Poznań
even up to 30 more or less known
groups may work in the city.
Every year on 11 November, Poznanians celebrate The Day of St. Martin. A
procession of horses, with St. Martin at the head, parades along St Martin Street, in
front of The Imperial Castle. Everybody can eat delicious croissants, the regional
product of Poznań.

Poznań hosted the 2009 European Young Adults Meeting of the ecumenical
Christian Taizé Community.

Poznań also stages the Ale Kino! International Young Audience Film Festival in
December and "Off Cinema" festival of independent films. Other festivals: St. Martin's croissant
"Transatlantyk (film music festival by Jan A.P. Kaczmarek started in 2011), Maski
Theater Festival, Dance International Workshops by Polish Dance Theater, Made in
Chicago (Jazz Festival), Ethno Port, Festival of Ice Sculpture, animator, Science and Art Festival, Tzadik (Jewish music
festival), Meditations Biennale (Modern Art).

Poznań has several cinemas, including multiplexes and smaller cinemas, an opera house, several other theatres, and
museums. The Rozbrat social centre, a squatted former factory in Jeżyce, serves as a home for independent and open-
minded culture. It hosts frequent gigs, an anarchistic library, vernissages, exhibitions, annual birthday festival (each
October), poetry evenings and graffiti festivals. The city centre has many clubs, pubs and coffee houses, mainly in the area
of the Old Town.

The city is also home to one of the oldest zoological gardens in Poland, the Old Zoo in Poznań, which was established in
1874.[22]

Grażyna Kulczyk's effort to build the Museum of Contemporary and Performance Arts in Poznań was rejected.[23][24]

A Chip Shop in Poznan: My Unlikely Year in Poland is a travel book published in 2019, which details British author Ben
Aitken's experience of being an immigrant in the city. Aitken worked in a fish and chip shop, travelling the country between
shifts.

Education
Poznań is one of the four largest academic centres in Poland. The number of students in the city of Poznań is about 140,000
(fourth/third after Warsaw, Kraków and close to Wrocław student population). Every one of four inhabitants in Poznań is a
student.

Since Poznań is smaller than Warsaw or Kraków still having a very large number of students it makes the city even more
vibrant and dense academic hub than both former and current capitals of Poland. Poznań, with its almost 30 colleges and
universities, has the second richest educational offering in Poland after Warsaw.

Public universities

The city has many state-owned universities. Adam Mickiewicz University (abbreviated UAM in Polish, AMU in English) is
one of the most influential and biggest universities in Poland:

Adam Mickiewicz University (UAM)

University of Fine Arts in Poznań
Academy of Music in Poznań
Poznań University of Economics
Poznań University of Medical Sciences
Poznań University of Technology
Poznań University School of Physical Education
University of Life Sciences in Poznań The Raczyński Library, 1822–1828

Adam Mickiewicz University is one of the three best universities in Poland after
University of Warsaw and University of Kraków. They all have a very high number of international student and scientist
exchange, research grants and top publications. In northern suburbs of Poznań a very large "Morasko Campus" has been
built (Faculty of Biology, Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry, Political Sciences, Geography). The majority of faculties are
already open, although a few more facilities will be constructed. The campus
infrastructure belongs to the most impressive among Polish universities. Also, there
are plans for "Uniwersytecki Park Historii Ziemii" (Earth History Park), one of the
reason for the park construction is a "Morasko meteorite nature reserve" situated
close by, it is one of the rare sites of Europe where a number of meteorites fell and
some traces may be still seen.

Private higher education

There is also a great number of smaller, mostly private-run colleges and institutions
of higher education ("Uczelnie"):
The Collegium Minus – Adam
University of Social Sciences and Humanities
Mickiewicz University
Collegium Da Vinci
Poznańska Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu i Języków Obcych
Schola Posnaniensis – Wyższa Szkoła Sztuki Stosowanej
Wielkopolska Wyższa Szkoła Turystyki i Zarządzania
Wyższa Szkoła Bankowa w Poznaniu[25]
Branch in Chorzów
Wyższa Szkoła Handlu i Usług
Wyższa Szkoła Umiejętności Społecznych
Branch in Katowice Grand Theatre

Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania i Bankowości

Wrocław branch
École Franco-Polonaise – closed in 1997
Arcybiskupie Seminarium Duchowne w Poznaniu
Wielkopolska Wyższa Szkoła Turystyki i Zarządzania w Poznaniu
Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu
Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa w Poznaniu
Wyższa Szkoła Edukacji i Terapii w Poznaniu
Wyższa Szkoła Edukacji Integracyjnej i Interkulturowej w Poznaniu Polish Theatre
Wyższa Szkoła Handlu i Rachunkowości
Branch in Września
Wyższa Szkoła Hotelarstwa i Gastronomii
Wyższa Szkoła Języków Obcych im. Samuela Bogumiła Lindego
Wyższa Szkoła Komunikacji i Zarządzania w Poznaniu
Wyższa Szkoła Logistyki
Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiki i Administracji im. Mieszka I w Poznaniu
Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa "Kadry dla Europy" w Poznaniu
Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa Pielęgnacji Zdrowia i Urody
Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Towarzystwa Chrystusowego Collegium Da Vinci

High schools

Poznań has numerous high schools, each with a different programme focusing on different subjects. Some of the most
notable are:

Adam Mickiewicz High School

Dąbrówka High School
Luisenschule (Posen)
St. John Cantius High School
 Saint Mary Magdalene High School

Scientific and regional organisations

Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences
Poznań Supercomputing and Networking Center
Western Institute

Sports
Poznań is famous for its football teams, Warta Poznań, which was one of the most
successful clubs in pre-war history, and Lech Poznań, who are currently one of the
biggest clubs in the country, frequently playing in European cups and have many
fans from all over the region. Lech plays at the Municipal Stadium, which hosted
the 2012 European Championship group stages as well as the opening game and the
final of the U-19 Euro Championship in June 2006. Warta plays at the small
Dębińska Road Stadium; a former training ground for Edmund Szyc Stadium
however since the latter fell into disrepair in 1998 and was sold in 2001 it became
the team's main ground; the club does have aims to restore and return to the
historical 60 000 capacity stadium.[26] Stadion Miejski interior

The city's third professional football team Olimpia Poznań ceased activity in 2004,
focusing on other sports, and remains one of the best judo and tennis clubs in the country, the latter hosting the Poznań
Open tournament at the Tennis Park. The club is a large sports complex surrounded by Lake Rusałka, and apart from the
tennis facilities boasts a large city recreation area: mountain biking facilities including a four-cross track; an athletics
stadium (capacity 3000); and a football-speedway stadium (capacity 20 000), which fell into vast disrepair until it was
acquired by the city council from the police in 2013 and was renovated. The football-speedway stadium hosts speedway
club PSŻ Poznań, rugby union side NKR Chaos, American football team the Poznań Patriots, and football team Poznaniak
Poznań.

The city has the largest circuit in Poland, Tor Poznań, located in the suburbs in
Przeźmierowo. Lake Malta hosted the World Rowing Championships in 2009 and
has previously hosted some regattas in the Rowing World Cup. It also hosted the
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships (sprint canoe) in 1990 and 2001, and again
in 2010. Also near the lake the "Malta Ski" year-long skiing complex hosts minor
sport competitions, and is also equipped with a toboggan run and a minigolf course.
There is also a roller rink with a roller skating club nearby.

Poznań has experience as a host for international sporting events such as the official
KKS Lech Poznań before match
2009 EuroBasket.[27]
against Legia Warszawa
The city is also considered to be the hotbed of Polish field hockey, with several top
teams: Warta Poznań; Grunwald Poznań; which also has shooting, wrestling,
handball and tennis sections; Pocztowiec Poznań; and AZS AWF Poznań, the student club which also fields professional
teams in women's volleyball and basketball (AZS Poznań).

Other clubs include: Posnania Poznań, one of the best rugby union clubs in the country; Polonia Poznań, formerly a multi-
sports club with many successes in rugby, however today only a football section remains; KKS Wiara Lecha, football club
formed by the supporters of Lech Poznań; and Odlew Poznań, arguably the most famous amateur club in the country due to
their extensive media coverage and humorous exploits. There are also numerous rhythmic gymnastics and synchronised
swimming clubs, as well as numerous less notable amateur football teams.

Poznań bid for the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics but lost to Nanjing, with the Chinese city receiving 47 votes over
Poznań's 42.

Infrastructure
Since the end of the communist era in 1989, Poznań municipality and
suburban area have invested heavily in infrastructure, especially public
transport and administration. There is massive investment from foreign
companies in Poznań as well as in communities west and south of Poznań
(namely, Kórnik and Tarnowo Podgórne).

City investments into transportation were mostly into public transport.

While the number of cars since 1989 has at least doubled, municipal
policy concentrated on improving public transport. Limiting car access to
the city centre, building new tram lines (including Poznański Szybki Old Town and city hall
Tramwaj) and investing in new rolling stock (such as modern Combino
trams by Siemens and Solaris low-floor buses) actually increased the level
of ridership.

Future investments into transportation include the construction of a third bypass of Poznań, and the completion of A2 (E30)
motorway towards Berlin. New cycle lanes are being built, linking to existing ones, and an attempt is currently being made
to develop a Karlsruhe-style light rail system for commuters. All this is made more complicated (and more expensive) by
the heavy neglect of transport infrastructure throughout the Communist era.

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities

Poznań is twinned with:[28][29]

Assen, Drenthe, Netherlands, since 1992[28]

Brno, South Moravia, Czech Republic, since 1966[28][30][31]
Kharkiv, Sloboda Ukraine, Ukraine, since 1998[28][32]
Győr, Western Transdanubia, Hungary, since 2008[28]
Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany, since 1979[28][33]
Nottinghamshire, England, United Kingdom, since 1994[28]
Jyväskylä, Finnish Lakeland, Central Finland, Finland, since 1979[28]
Kutaisi, Imereti, Georgia, since 2009[28]
Nablus, West Bank, Palestine, since 1997[28]
Pozuelo de Alarcón, Community of Madrid, Spain, since 1992[28]
Ra'anana, Central District, Sharon Plain, Israel, since 2010[28][34]
Rennes, Brittany, France, since 1998[28]
Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, since 1993[28][35][36][37]
Toledo, Ohio, United States, since 1991[28]
Bay City, Michigan, United States, since 1977[38][39]

São José dos Pinhais, Paraná[40], Brazil,[41][42][43]

Gallery
Bamberka Fountain Proserpine Fountain Poznań Cathedral Poznań Fara

The apse of St. Poznań Poznań University Liberty Square

Florian's Church Philharmonic Library Fountain

Spring of Nations Collegium Maius Hygieia Statue Bałtyk office building

Square

Okrąglak Saint Francis Academy of Music Collegium

Department Store Church Chemicum Novum
 Bank headquarters Termy Maltańskie Western Institute Underground tram
station
Piaśnicka/Kurlandzk
a

Wilson's Park

Notable people
Anna Anderson (c. 1900–1984), pretender of Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia
Ryszard "Peja" Andrzejewski (born 1976), rapper
Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière (1886–1941), German U-boat commander
Isidor Ascheim (1891–1968), painter and printmaker
Stanisław Barańczak (1946–2014), poet
Hanna Banaszak (born 1957), singer, poet
Herbert Baum (1912–1942) resistance fighter
Zygmunt Bauman (1925–2017), sociologist
Heinrich Caro (1834–1910), chemist
Hipolit Cegielski (1815–1868), businessman
Dezydery Chłapowski (1788–1848), general
August Cieszkowski (1814–1894), philosopher
Antoni Czubiński (1928–2003), historian
Leopold Damrosch (1832–1885), conductor
Ludwig Dessoir, (1810–1874), actor
Franciszek Dobrowolski (1830–1896), theater director
Tytus Działyński (1796–1861), political activist
Małgorzata Dydek (1974–2011), basketball player
Akiva Eiger (1761–1837), Rabbi of Poznań (1815–1837)
Ewaryst Estkowski (1820–1856), teacher
Gerard Ettinger (1909–2002), designer and manufacturer of leather goods[44]
Krystyna Feldman (1916–2007), actress
Wojciech Fibak (born 1952), tennis player
Gerhard Flesch (1909–1948), German Nazi Gestapo and SS officer executed for war crimes
Fredrak Fraske (1872–1973), the last surviving United States veteran of the Indian Wars
Johannes Gad (1842–1926), neurophysiologist
Jean Gebser (1905–1973), human consciousness scientist
Eduard Gerhard (1795–1867), archaeologist
Arkadiusz Głowacki (born 1979), footballer
Friedrich Goltz (1834–1902), physiologist
Konstanty Gorski (1859–1924), composer and violinist
Joanna Hoffmann-Dietrich (born 1968), artist and academic
Paul von Hindenburg (1847–1934), Field Marshal and President of the Weimar Republic
Maksymilian Jackowski (1815–1905), activist
Anna Jantar (1950–1980), a popular Polish singer, who perished in a plane crash.
Alfred Jodl (1890–1946), German WW2 military commander executed for war crimes
John Jonston (1603–1675), naturalist and physician
Jan A.P. Kaczmarek (born 1954), composer
Maria and Bogdan Kalinowski, filmgoing couple
Richard Kandt (1867–1918), doctor and explorer
Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz (1895–1963), historian
Marek Karpinski, computer scientist
Günther von Kluge (1882–1944), Field Marshal
Krzysztof Komeda (1931–1969), jazz musician
Leo Königsberger (1837–1921), mathematician
Antoni Kraszewski (1797–1870), politician
Germaine Krull (1897–1985), photographer
Jakub Kucner (born 1988), male model
Gerard Labuda (born 1916), historian
Arthur Liebehenschel (1901–1948), Nazi commandant of Auschwitz and Majdanek executed for war crimes
Jarosław Leitgeber (1848–1933), purveyor of Polish books under partitions
Paul Leonhardt (1877–1934), chess master
Karol Libelt (1807–1875), philosopher
Karol Marcinkowski (1800–1848), physician and social activist
Władysław Markiewicz (born 1920), sociologist
Teofil Matecki (1810–1886), philosopher
Heinrich Mendelssohn (1881–1959), building tycoon
Karl-Friedrich Merten (1905–1993), U-boat commander
Małgorzata Musierowicz (born 1945), novelist
Andrzej Niegolewski (1787–1857), colonel
Władysław Niegolewski (1814–1880), politician
Władysław Oleszczyński (1809–1866), sculptor
Catherine Opalińska (1680–1747), Queen consort of Poland, Grand Duchess consort of Lithuania
Lilli Palmer (1914–1986), actress
Janusz Pałubicki (born 1948), politician
Kazimierz Piwarski, (1903–1968), historian
Gustaw Potworowski, (1800–1860), activist
Edward Raczyński (1786–1845), politician
Cyryl Ratajski (1875–1942), mayor of Poznań
Antoni Radziwiłł (1775–1833), aristocrat
Marian Rejewski (1905–1980), cryptoanalist, Enigma codemachine codebreaker
Richard Rothe (1799–1867), Lutheran theologian
Jerzy Różycki (1909–1942), cryptoanalist, Enigma codemachine codebreaker
Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf (1915–2006), operatic and concert lyric soprano, born in Jarocin
Michał Sczaniecki (1910–1977), historian
Urszula Sipinska (born 1947), singer-songwriter, pianist and architect
Bohdan Smoleń (born 9 June 1947), comedian and actor
 Józef Struś (1510–1568), scientist and mayor of Poznań
Sir Paweł Edmund Strzelecki (20 July 1797 – 6 October 1873), Polish explorer and geologist
Rafał Szukała (born 1971), butterfly swimmer
Roman Szymański (1840–1908), political activist
Mirosław Szymkowiak (born 1976) football player
Jerzy Topolski (1928–1998), historian
Lech Trzeciakowski (1931–2017), historian
Jorge Veytia (born 1981), jurist
Hubert Wagner (1941–2002), volleyball player and head coach of Poland men's national volleyball team
Jan Węglarz (born 1947), computer scientist
Leon Wegner (1824–1873), economist
Roman Wilhelmi (1936–1991), actor
Ray Wilson (born 1968), former vocalist of Genesis
Tommy Wiseau (born 1955), director, script writer, movie maker, and actor, speculated to be born here
Zygmunt Wojciechowski, (1900–1955), historian and founder of the Western Institute
Anna Wolff-Powęska, historian
Henryk Zygalski (1906–1978), cryptoanalist, Enigma codemachine codebreaker
Judah Loew ben Bezalel (1512 or 1526–1609), important Talmudic scholar, Jewish mystic, and philosopher

See also
Tourism in Poland
History of Poland
Royal coronations in Poland including in Poznań cathedral
Poznań Fortress
The Poznań
15th Poznań Uhlans Regiment

References
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2020. Data for territorial unit 3064000.
2. "Poznan" (http://www.dictionary.com/browse/poznan). Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
3. "Liczba ludności aglomeracji poznańskiej wzrasta :: Aktualności :: Portal Metropolii Poznań" (http://www.aglo
meracja.poznan.pl/aglomeracja/public/aglomeracja/news.html?co=print&id=45688&instance=1141&lang=pl).
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Bibliography
Frieder Monzer: Posen, Thorn, Bromberg (mit Großpolen, Kujawien und Südostpommern), Trescher
Reiseführer, Berlin 2011
Gotthold Rhode: Geschichte der Stadt Posen, Neuendettelsau 1953
Collective work, Poznań. Dzieje, ludzie kultura, Poznań 1953
Robert Alvis, Religion and the Rise of Nationalism: A Profile of an East-Central European City, Syracuse
University Press, Syracuse 2005
K. Malinowski (red.), Dziesięć wieków Poznania (in three volumes), Poznań 1956
Collective work, Poznań, Poznań 1958
Collective work, Poznań. Zarys historii, Poznań 1963
Cz. Łuczak, Życie społeczno-gospodarcze w Poznaniu 1815–1918, Poznań 1965
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Zygmunt Boras, Książęta Piastowscy Wielkopolski, Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, Poznań 1983
Jerzy Topolski (red.), Dzieje Poznania, Wydawnictwo PWN, Warszawa, Poznań 1988
Alfred Kaniecki, Dzieje miasta wodą pisane, Wydawnictwo Aquarius, Poznań 1993
Witold Maisel (red.), Przywileje miasta Poznania XIII-XVIII wieku. Privilegia civitatis Posnaniensis
saeculorum XIII-XVIII. Władze Miasta Poznania, Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk, Wydawnictwa
Żródłowe Komisji Historycznej, Tom XXIV, Wydawnictwo PTPN, Poznań 1994
Wojciech Stankowski, Wielkopolska, Wydawnictwo WSiP, Warszawa 1999

External links
Official website of the City (http://www.poznan.pl)
 Poznań (https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/Poland/Voivodeships/Wielkopolskie/Poznan) at Curlie

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