‫جامعة االزهـــــــــر‬

‫كليــــة الهندســــــــــــــة‬
‫المشروع البحثي لمواد الترم الثاني‬
‫العام الجامعي ‪2020 – 2019‬‬

‫مادة ‪( :‬ميكانيكا المواد ‪)MMM22 – 704546- 2‬‬

‫القسم‪ :‬ميكانيكا‬
‫الشعبة‪ :‬إنتاج‬
‫الفرقة‪ :‬الرابعة‬
‫اسم الطالب‪ :‬وليد عيد محمد الغباشي‬
‫رقم الجلوس‪704546 :‬‬
‫الرقم القومى‪29711061100736 :‬‬
‫البريد االلكترونى‪waleed.elghobashy@gmail.com:‬‬
‫أستاذ المادة‪:‬أ‪ .‬د‪/‬محمد حمودة‬
Finite Element Stress-Strain-Deformation
Analysis of a Linkage Arm
Abstract
My research is about Finite element stress-strain-deformation analysis of
a linkage arm in which I will discuss many sides. First, introduction in
which I will talk about why I do this research and the importance of this
research. Second, aim of research in which I will talk about the objective
of this research. Third, main concepts of finite element analysis in which
I talk about the main concepts of FEM and how was it done in the past.
Fourth, the methodology in which I will talk about the methodology that I
will follow in this research and the description of the linkage arm. Fifth,
results in which I will talk about the results the solidworks gave after
apply finite element analysis. Sixth, result and discussion in which I will
compare between solidworks results and my results for the stress, strain
and deformation.

Introduction
We were studying as usual at the university, but due to COVID-19
pandemic we had to stay home. Our university had to made a website for
us so, we can learn online until the end of semester and we completed the
curriculum of mechanics of material .we were expected to take exams as
usual .the minster of high education announce that we will make research
or take online exams instead of usual exams. Our faculty chose to give us
research in every subject. Mechanics of material's Doctor asked us to
learn about finite element technique and programs the make it done and
make a research about it, as it's a practical and direct application on
stress, strain and deformation that we have studied in the mechanics of
materials. Doctor asked us to choose an easy mechanical part to learn a
new skill help and to connect between our study and the practical work
and make use of the research. So for all the pervious reasons the topic of
my research is finite element stress-strain-deformation analysis of a
linkage arm.
Aim of research
The aim of this research is to analyses the stress-strain-deformation of a
linkage arm by making use of finite element technique.

Main concepts of finite element analysis

The finite element method (FEM), sometimes referred to as finite element
analysis (FEA), is a computational technique used to obtain approximate
solutions of boundary value problems in engineering. Simply stated, a
boundary value problem is a mathematical problem in which one or more
dependent variables must satisfy a differential equation everywhere
within a known domain of independent variables and satisfy specific
conditions on the boundary of the domain. Boundary value problems are
also sometimes called field problems. The field is the domain of interest
and most often represents a physical structure. The field variables are the
dependent variables of interest governed by the differential equation. The
boundary conditions are the specified values of the field variables (or
related variables such as derivatives) on the boundaries of the field.
Depending on the type of physical problem being analyzed, the field
variables may include physical displacement, temperature, heat flux, and
fluid velocity to name only a few.(1) At past the traditional way was
consist of three steps firstly, making a design secondly, making a
prototype, thirdly testing the prototype and after this three steps making
the product ,but nowadays we can use programs that have finite element
analysis and doing the three steps in the traditional way simply and then
make the product.

(1) Fundamentals of finite element analysis-David V. Hutton

Methodology
A linkage arm is selected for
the present work. The geometry
of the linkage arm shown in
figure 1and its dimensions is
shown in figure 2. The linkage
arm has two circular cross-
sectional area form its sides and
as it shown in figure 1.the
linkage arm is made of AISI
1010 steel, hot rolled bar. It has Figure 1
the following properties
modulus of elasticity is 2*1011
N/m2, possion's ratio is 0.29,
shear modulus is 8*1010 N/m2
and yield strength is1.8*108
N/m2. The linkage arm is fixed
from one side and the other side
is loaded with a tensile
distributed force=250 N in the
Figure 2
direction of x axis. I take this
part to solidworks, drew it 3D dimensionally and applied the previous
conditions and converted it to file in solidworks so the program can
handle the part and apply the finite element analysis in the program and it
gave me results.

Resultant Forces
Reaction forces
Selection Sum Y Sum Z Resultant
Units Sum X
set

Entire Model N 250 0 0 250

Reaction Moments
Selection Sum Y Sum Z Resultant
Units Sum X
set

Entire Model N.m 0 0 0 1e-33

Study Results
Name Type Min Max
Stress1 SX: X Normal Stress -5.360e+06N/m^2 3.015e+06 N/m^2
Node: 830 Node: 38361

Part2-Static 2-Stress-Stress2
Name Type Min Max
Stress2 SY: Y Normal Stress -2.172e+06N/m^2 1.115e+06 N/m^2
Node: 841 Node: 40839

Part2-Static 2-Stress-Stress3
Name Type Min Max
Stress3 SZ: Z Normal Stress 0.000e+00 N/m^2 0.000e+00 N/m^2
Node: 1 Node: 1

Part2-Static 2-Stress-Stress4
Name Type Min Max
Stress4 TXY: Shear in Y Dir. -2.355e+06N/m^2 1.189e+06 N/m^2
on YZ Plane Node: 829 Node: 40629

Part2-Static 2-Stress-Stress5
Name Type Min Max
Stress5 TXZ: Shear in Z Dir. on 0.000e+00 N/m^2 0.000e+00 N/m^2
YZ Plane Node: 1 Node: 1

Part2-Static 2-Stress-Stress6
Name Type Min Max
Stress6 TYZ: Shear in Z Dir. on 0.000e+00 N/m^2 0.000e+00 N/m^2
XZ Plane Node: 1 Node: 1

Part2-Static 2-Stress-Stress7
Name Type Min Max
Stress7 VON: von Mises 1.167e+03 N/m^2 5.551e+06 N/m^2
Stress Node: 53 Node: 830

Part2-Static 2-Stress-Stress1
Name Type Min Max
Stress8 P1: 1st Principal Stress 0.000e+00 N/m^2 3.021e+06 N/m^2
Node: 19 Node: 38361

Part2-Static 2-Stress-Stress8
Name Type Min Max
Stress9 P2: 2nd Principal Stress -1.999e+06N/m^2 5.421e+05 N/m^2
Node: 833 Node: 4439

Part2-Static 2-Stress-Stress9
Name Type Min Max
Stress10 P3: 3rd Principal Stress -6.116e+06N/m^2 0.000e+00 N/m^2
Node: 830 Node: 2

Part2-Static 2-Stress-Stress10
Name Type Min Max
Displacement1 UX: X Displacement 0.000e+00 mm 1.418e-03 mm
Node: 753 Node: 38433

Part2-Static 2-Displacement-Displacement1
Name Type Min Max
Displacement2 UY: Y Displacement -1.381e-04mm 1.381e-04 mm
Node: 13089 Node: 13118

Part2-Static 2-Displacement-Displacement2
Name Type Min Max
Displacement3 UZ: Z Displacement 0.000e+00 mm 0.000e+00 mm
Node: 1 Node: 1

Part2-Static 2-Displacement-Displacement3
Name Type Min Max
Strain1 EPSX: X Normal Strain -2.367e-05 1.502e-05
Node: 830 Node: 38361

Part2-Static 2-Strain-Strain1
Name Type Min Max
Strain2 EPSY: Y Normal Strain -1.143e-05 5.575e-06
Node: 841 Node: 40839

Part2-Static 2-Strain-Strain2
Name Type Min Max
Strain3 EPSZ: Z Normal Strain -4.433e-06 1.090e-05
Node: 38513 Node: 830

Part2-Static 2-Strain-Strain3
Name Type Min Max
Strain4 GMXY: Shear in Y Dir. on -2.944e-05 1.487e-05
YZ Plane Node: 829 Node: 40629

Part2-Static 2-Strain-Strain4
Name Type Min Max
Strain5 GMXZ: Shear in Z Dir. 0.000e+00 0.000e+00
on YZ Plane Node: 1 Node: 1

Part2-Static 2-Strain-Strain5
Name Type Min Max
Strain6 GMYZ: Shear in Z Dir. 0.000e+00 0.000e+00
on XZ Plane Node: 1 Node: 1

Part2-Static 2-Strain-Strain6
Results and discussion
In this part of research I will study stresses-strains-deformation at
specified point in solidworks and compered it to my solution.
Normal stresses
First 𝝈𝒙
The following figure shows 𝜎𝑥 in solidworks

The following figure shows the cross sectional area for yz plane where
A=0.01*0.01m2

𝑃𝑥 250
𝜎𝑥 = = = 2.5 ∗ 106 𝑁/𝑚2
𝐴𝑦𝑧 0.01∗0.01

And it's approximately the same as the result in solid- works.

Second 𝝈𝒚
the following figure shows 𝜎𝑦 in solidworks

The following figure shows the cross-sectional area for xz plane where
A=0.2*0.02m2

𝑃𝑦
𝜎𝑦 =
𝐴𝑥𝑧
I didn't get to know how solidworks calculated 𝜎𝑦 but I will use this
value to calculate some required as they depend on this value.
Third 𝝈𝒛
The next figure is shows 𝜎𝑧 in solidworks

The following figure shows the cross sectional area for xy plane where
A=0.160*0.02+2π(0.022-0.012) m2

𝑃𝑧
𝜎𝑧 =
𝐴𝑥𝑦
𝜎𝑧 = zero due to there is no normal force on xy plane and this the same
result as in solidworks.
Shear stresses
First 𝝉𝒙𝒚
The following figure shows 𝜏𝑥𝑦 in solidworks

I didn't get to know how solidworks calculated 𝜏𝑥𝑦 but I will use this
value to calculate some required as they depend on this value.
Second 𝝉𝒙𝒛
The following figure shows 𝜏𝑥𝑧 in solidworks

𝑄. 𝐴ℎ . ―𝑦
𝜏𝑥𝑧 =
𝐼𝑁𝑁 . 𝑡
𝜏𝑥𝑧 =zero as no shear force in xz plane and this is the same result in
solidworks.
Third 𝝉𝒚𝒛
The following figure shows 𝜏𝑦𝑧 in solidworks

𝑄. 𝐴ℎ . ―𝑦
𝜏𝑦𝑧 =
𝐼𝑁𝑁 . 𝑡
𝜏𝑦𝑧 = zero as no shear force in yz plane and this is the same result as in
solidworks.
Von mises stress
The following figure shows the equivalent von mises stress in
solidworks.

(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )2 + (𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎𝑧 )2 + (𝜎𝑧 − 𝜎𝑥 )2

𝜎𝑣 = √
2

(2.5 ∗ 106 − 8.277 ∗ 104 )2 + (8.277 ∗ 104 )2 + (2.5 ∗ 106 )2

=√
2

= 2.46 ∗ 106 𝑁⁄𝑚2

And this result is approximately equal to the result in solidworks and we
still safe as is lesser than 1.8×108 𝑁⁄𝑚2 (yield strength).
Principle stresses
First principle stress (𝝈𝟏 )
The following figure shows the first principle stress in solidworks.

𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
𝜎1 = √
+ ( ) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2
2 2

2
2.5 ∗ 106 + 8.277 ∗ 104 2.5 ∗ 106 − 8.277 ∗ 104
= + √( ) + (−3.487 ∗ 105 )2
2 2

= 2.549 ∗ 106 𝑁⁄𝑚2

And this result is approximately equal to the result in solidworks.

Second principle stress (𝝈𝟐 )
The following figure shows the second principle stress in solidworks.

𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
𝜎2 = − √( ) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2
2 2

2
2.5 ∗ 106 + 8.277 ∗ 104 2.5 ∗ 106 − 8.277 ∗ 104
= − √( ) + (−3.487 ∗ 105 )2
2 2

= 33.473 ∗ 103 𝑁⁄𝑚2

Third principle stress (𝝈𝟑 )
The following figure shows the third principle stress in solidworks.

I didn't get to know how solidworks calculate the value of 𝝈𝟑 .

The maximum shear stress (𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 )
The following figure shows the max shear stress (𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) in solidworks.

𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 2
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √( ) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2
2

2
2.5 ∗ 106 + 8.277 ∗ 104
= √( ) + (−3.487 ∗ 105 )2
2

= 1.33 ∗ 106 𝑁⁄𝑚2

And this result is approximately equal to the result in solidworks.
The resulting displacement
First displacement in direction of x axis (𝑼𝒙 )
The following figure shows 𝑈𝑥 in solidworks

𝑃. 𝑙 250 ∗ 0.24
𝑈𝑥 = = = 1.5 ∗ 10−3 𝑚
𝐸. 𝐴 0.01 ∗ 0.02 ∗ 2 ∗ 1011
Second displacement in direction of y axis (𝑼𝒚 )
The following figure shows 𝑈𝑦 in solidworks

I didn't get to know how solidworks calculated the value of 𝑈𝑦 .

Third displacement in direction of z axis (𝑼𝒛 )
The following figure shows 𝑈𝑧 in solidworks

𝑼𝒛 = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
As there is no normal force or shear force act on the direct of z axsis.
Normal strains
First strian in direction of x axsis (𝝐𝒙 )
The following figure shows𝜖𝑥 in solidworks

(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜐(𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 ))
𝜖𝑥 =
𝐸
(2.5 ∗ 106 − 0.29(8.277 ∗ 104 + 0))
=
2 ∗ 1011
= 1.237 ∗ 10−5

And this result is approximately equal to the result in solidworks.

Second strian in direction of y axsis (𝝐𝒚 )
The following figure shows 𝜖𝑦 in solidworks

(𝜎𝑦 − 𝜐(𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑧 ))
𝜖𝑦 =
𝐸
(8.277 ∗ 104 − 0.29(2.5 ∗ 106 + 0))
=
2 ∗ 1011
= −3.211 ∗ 10−6
And this result is approximately equal to the result in solidworks.
Third strian in direction of z axsis (𝝐𝒛 )
The following figure shows 𝜖𝑧 in solidworks

(𝜎𝑧 − 𝜐(𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ))
𝜖𝑧 =
𝐸
(0 − 0.29(2.5 × 106 + 8.277 × 104 ))
=
2 × 1011
= −3.745 ∗ 10−6
And this result is approximately equal to the result in solidworks.
Shear strains
First 𝜸𝒙𝒚
The following figure shows 𝛾𝑥𝑦 in solidworks

𝜏𝑥𝑦 −3.487 ∗ 104

𝛾𝑥𝑦 = = 10
= −4.358 ∗ 10−6
𝐺 8 ∗ 10
Second 𝜸𝒚𝒛
The following figure shows 𝛾𝑦𝑧 in solidworks

𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝛾𝑦𝑧 = = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜, As 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = zero
𝐺

And this result is equal to the result in solidworks.

Third 𝜸𝒙𝒛
The following figure shows 𝛾𝑥𝑧 in solidworks

𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝛾𝑥𝑧 =
𝐺
𝛾𝑥𝑧 = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
As 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = zero
And this result is equal to the result in solidworks.

Notes
* all the laws that I used in this report is from mechanics of materials beer
and Johnston.
All figures in this research is from solidworks.*
Conclusion
After I had finished this research I have calculated the stress, strain,
deformation manually and compared my results to solidworks results and
I was able to calculated most of required and gave an approximately the
same results as in solidworks and there is some required I didn't know
how it calculated by solidworks but, I used it to calculate some required
depending on that value and these required that I didn't know how it
could be calculated were (𝜎𝑦 , 𝜏𝑥𝑦 , 𝜎2 , 𝑈𝑦 )and my results wasn't typically
to the results of solid works ,but have a very small error and this was due
to the solidworks use matrices and it's more accurate than the manual
solution. At the end I think I have learned a new skill and I will develop
this skill in the future and have more experience in it.

References
1. Fundamentals of finite element analysis-David V. Hutton
2. Solidworks
3. Mechanics of materials Beer and Johnston