BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING:

NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY

COURSE MODULE COURSE UNIT WEEK
2 7 8

CU7 NUTRITION FOR HEALTH AND FITNESS

Read course and unit objectives

Read study guide prior to class attendance
Read required learning resources; refer to unit
terminologies for jargons
Proactively participate in classroom discussions
Participate in weekly discussion board (Canvas)
Answer and submit course unit tasks

At the end of this unit, the students are expected to:

1. Discuss the causes and dangers of overweight and underweight.
2. Discuss the difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia.
3. Discuss the importance of physical activity and sports.
4. Discuss the importance of nutrition and bone health.
5. Discuss the importance of nutrition for oral and bone health.
There are huge number of factors which contribute towards weight. however, regardless of the factors it
should ideally be within a healthy range. Being either underweight or overweight can affect your
physical and psychological well being .

Obesity is one of the fastest growing health concerns in the world today and is determine by a person
carrying too much body fat for their height and sex. Growth in obesity can be partly attributed to
lifestyle being less physically active than it used to be body weight is determined by the amount energy
obtained from food in relation to the amount of energy uses. Any excess energy is then taken and stored
in the body as fat

Being obese increases the risks of certain serious diseases such as

1. Heart disease

2. Diabetes

3. Cancers

Being underweight also poses serious health risks:

1. Irregular periods
2. Fertility issues

3. osteoporosis

4. Anemia

5. depleted energy levels

Body weight is determined by the amount of energy obtained from food in relation to the amount of
energy your body uses. Any excess energy is then taken and stored in the body as fat. With these basic
formula in mind it may seem like losing weight is a simple case of eating less so your body stores less
fat and gaining weight may seem as easy as increasing your food intake so the body is able to store
more.

Eating disorders describes illnessess that are characterized by irregular eating habits and severe distress
or concern about body weight and shape.
eating disturbances, may include inadequate or excessive food intake which can ultimately damage an
individual well being.

Disordered eating issues can develop during any stage of life but typically appear during the teen years
or young adulthood and they are much more common in
women.
CAUSE OF EATING DISORDER

1. FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

2. DIETING

3. DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, ANGER

4. HISTORY OF BEING TEASED OR RIDICULED BASED ON SIZED OR WEIGHT

TYPES OF EATING DISORDERS

1. ANOREXIA NERVOSA - This is characterized by weight loss often due to excessive dieting and
exercise , sometimes to the point of starvation . People with anorexia feel they can never be thin enough
and continue to see themselves as fat despite extreme weight loss..

SYMPTOMS COMMON IN PEOPLE WITH ANOREXIA

1. Weight loss

2, Wearing loose, bulky clothes to hide weight loss

3. Preoccupation with food, dieting, counting calories,etc.

4. Refusal to eat certain foods, such as carbs or fats.

5. Avoiding mealtimes or eating infront of others

6. Exercising excessively

7. stopping menstruationn.

2. BULIMIA NERVOSA - Have episodes of eating large amounts of food (called bingeing) followed
by purging (vomitting or using laxatives), fasting, or exercising excessively to compensate for
overeating.
1. Binge eating

2. Evidence of purging

TREATMENT

1. Cognitive - behavioral theraphy

2. Anticonvulsant medicines

3. Antidepressants

C. NUTRITION EXERCISE AND SPORT

Eating well for physical activity and sport can have many benefits including:

1. Allowing you to perform well in your chosen sport or activity.

2. Reducing the risk of injury and illness.

3. Ensuring the best recovery after excercise or a training programme.

A healthy diet for exercise should contain plenty of starchy foods, plenty of fruit and vegetables,
some protein foods and some dairy foods, It is also important to stay hydrated.

FOODS FOR FUEL AND EXERCISE

1. CARBOHYDRATES - The main role of carbohydrates is to provide energy. The most important
form of fuel for exercise and sports activities. It is stored in the muscle and liver as glycogen, and use
thes stores as source of fuel for the brain and muscles during physical activity.

2. PROTEIN

3. FAT

Sufficient fluid intake is essential for exercise and optimum recovery. Exercising causes the body tries
to cool down by sweating. This causes the loss of water and salts through the skin.

Eating well for physical activity

D. Nutrition and Bone Health

Bone health: Tips to keep your bones healthy

Protecting your bone health is easier than you think. Understand how diet, physical activity and other
lifestyle factors can affect your bone mass.

Bones play many roles in the body — providing structure, protecting organs, anchoring muscles and
storing calcium. While it's important to build strong and healthy bones during childhood and
adolescence, you can take steps during adulthood to protect bone health, too.

A number of factors can affect bone health.

The amount of calcium in your diet. A diet low in calcium contributes to diminished bone
density, early bone loss and an increased risk of fractures.
Physical activity. People who are physically inactive have a higher risk of osteoporosis than do
their more-active counterparts.
Tobacco and alcohol use. Research suggests that tobacco use contributes to weak bones.
Similarly, regularly having more than one alcoholic drink a day for women or two alcoholic
drinks a day for men may increase the risk of osteoporosis.
Gender. You're at greater risk of osteoporosis if you're a woman, because women have less bone
tissue than do men.
Size. You're at risk if you are extremely thin (with a body mass index of 19 or less) or have a
small body frame because you might have less bone mass to draw from as you age.
Age. Your bones become thinner and weaker as you age.
Race and family history. You're at greatest risk of osteoporosis if you're white or of Asian
descent. In addition, having a parent or sibling who has osteoporosis puts you at greater risk —
especially if you also have a family history of fractures.
Hormone levels. Too much thyroid hormone can cause bone loss. In women, bone loss increases
dramatically at menopause due to dropping estrogen levels. Prolonged absence of menstruation
(amenorrhea) before menopause also increases the risk of osteoporosis. In men, low testosterone
levels can cause a loss of bone mass.
Eating disorders and other conditions. People who have anorexia or bulimia are at risk of bone
loss. In addition, stomach surgery (gastrectomy), weight-loss surgery, and conditions such as
Crohn's disease, celiac disease and Cushing's disease can affect your body's ability to absorb
calcium.
Certain medications. Long-term use of corticosteroid medications, such as prednisone,
cortisone, prednisolone and dexamethasone, is damaging to bone. Other drugs that might
increase the risk of osteoporosis include aromatase inhibitors to treat breast cancer, selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitors, methotrexate, some anti-seizure medications, such as phenytoin
(Dilantin) and phenobarbital, and proton pump inhibitor.
STEPS TO PREVENT OR SLOW BONE LOSS

INCLUDE PLENTY OF CALCIUM IN YOUR DIET

Good sources of calcium include dairy products, almonds, broccoli, kale, canned salmon with
bones, sardines and soy products, such as tofu. If you find it difficult to get enough calcium from
your diet, ask your doctor about supplements.
 PAY ATTENTION TO VITAMIN D
Good sources of vitamin D include oily fish, such as salmon, trout, whitefish and tuna.
Additionally, mushrooms, eggs and fortified foods, such as milk and cereals, are good sources of
vitamin D. Sunlight also contributes to the body's production of vitamin D. If you're worried
about getting enough vitamin D, ask your doctor about supplements.
INCLUDE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN YOUR DAILY ROUTINE
Weight-bearing exercises, such as walking, jogging, and climbing stairs, can help you build
strong bones and slow bone loss.
AVOID SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Don't smoke. If you are a woman, avoid drinking more than one alcoholic drink each day. If you
are a man, avoid drinking more than two alcoholic drinks a day.

Daily brushing with fluoride toothpaste and flossing are essential to a healthy smile, but did you know
nutrition has an effect on your dental health, too?
Eating a variety of nutrient-rich foods from all the food groups promotes healthy teeth and gums. A
balanced diet of fruits, vegetables, protein foods, calcium-rich foods and whole grains provides essential
nutrients for optimum oral health as well as overall health.

Foods for Optimum Oral Health

Calcium-rich foods, such as low-fat or fat-free milk, yogurt and cheese, fortified soy drinks and
tofu, canned salmon, almonds and dark green leafy vegetables help promote strong teeth and
bones.
Phosphorus, found in eggs, fish, lean meat, dairy, nuts and beans is good for strong teeth.
Vitamin C promotes gum health, so eat plenty of citrus fruits, tomatoes, peppers,
broccoli, potatoes and spinach.

Smart snacking also can keep your mouth in good shape. Resist the urge to snack frequently — the more
often you eat, especially between meals, the more likely you are to introduce acid attacks on your teeth.
If you do snack, choose wisely. Forgo sugary treats such as hard or sticky candy and opt for nutritious
choices such as raw vegetables, fruits, plain yogurt and popcorn. Remember to brush after snacking to
keep cavities at bay. If you can't brush, rinse your mouth with water to get rid of food particles.

Caring for a baby? Avoid pacifying your infant, toddler or young child with a bottle of juice, formula or
milk. Sucking on the bottle bathes the teeth and gums in liquid which can contribute to tooth decay.

In addition to healthful eating, oral health problems can be prevented by practicing good oral hygiene,
such as brushing teeth with fluoridated toothpaste twice a day, flossing once a day, drinking fluoridated
water and seeking regular oral health care.

Weight management – is the process of adopting long term lifestyle modification to maintain a healthy
body weight on the basis of a person’s age,sex, and height. Methods of weight management include
eating a healthy diet and increasing physical activity
NNC – National Nutrition Council as mandated by law, is the country’s highest policy-making and
coordinating body on nutrition
Darren E.R.Warburton, Crytal Whitney Nicol, Shannon S.D. Bredin. 2006 March14; Health benefits of
physical activity: the evidence, PMCI1402378, 10.1503/cmaj.051351
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1402378

SITUATION: A client seeks assistance for weight control because she is tired of being fat”. Upon
assessstment, objective findings include 46 year old female, 5’5” , and 240 pounds. She also
reports feeling out of control with her eating behavior and being disgusted with her physical
appearance. The following questions relate to client:
1. What are two of her major nursing diagnoses?
2. In counselling this client, what are at least three characteristics of dietary principles that should
be followed?
3. What diseases might she be at risk for developing as a result of her obesity?

Caudal, Maria Lourdes C. (2019). Basic nutrition and diet therapy : textbook for nursing
students 2nd Edition. QC: C&E. F 613.2 C31 2019
Caudal, Maria Lourdes C. (2019). Basic nutrition and diet therapy : laboratory manual for
nursing students. QC: C&E. F 613.2078 C31 2019
https://www.eatright.org/food/vitamins-and-supplements/nutrient-rich-foods/healthy-nutrition-for
healthy-teeth
https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/bone-health/art-20045060
https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/information/eating-disorder
https://www.nature.com/subjects/weight-mangement
https://www.nnc.gov.ph/about-us
Reference Textbooks:
Grodner, Michelle (2020). Nutrition Foundations and Clinical Applications: A Nursing
Approach.
Pullman, Dan (2019). Essentials of Nutrition and Dietetics for Nursing.
Dudek, Susan G. (2018). Nutrition Essentials for Nursing Practice, 8 th edition. Wolters Kluwer.
Lean, Mike. (2017). Barasi's human nutrition: a health perspective, 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC
Press. 613.2 L47 2017
Sizer, Frances (2017). Nutrition concepts and controversies 14 th edition. Cengage.
Stephenson, Tammy J. (2016). Human nutrition: science for health living. New York: McGraw-
Hill Education. 613.2 S4 2016,c1
Davies, Lorna. (2014). Nutrition in pregnancy and childbirth: food for thought. London:
Routledge. Q. 618.242 N95 2014