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the Philippine Archipelago
By H a r l e y E . H u r l b u r t,
Simulated by 1/12° and 1/25° Global HYCOM and EAS NCOM
S h e l l e y N . R i e d l i ng e r ,
E . J os e p h M e t zg e r ,
Tos h i a k i S h i nod a ,
Rob e r t A . A r non e ,
a nd X i a ob i a o X u
J a n e t S p r i n ta l l ,
Pacific Ocean
Banda Sea
Sulawesi
P h i l i pp i n e S t r a i t s D y n a m i c s E x p e r i m e n t
Sea
Luzon Strait
Circulation in
Tablas
Strait
Taiwan
Strait
t i
Stra
sar
kas
Ma
Java Sea
| Vol.24, No.1
anomaly from Figure 3c.
Karimata
Oceanography
Strait
28
Abstr ac t. Three ocean models, 1/25° global HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model
(HYCOM), 1/12° global HYCOM, and East Asian Seas Navy Coastal Ocean Model
(EAS NCOM) nested in global NCOM, were used to provide a global context
for simulation of the circulation within the Philippine Archipelago as part of the
Philippine Straits Dynamics Experiment (PhilEx). The Philippine Archipelago
provides two significant secondary routes for both the Indonesian throughflow and
the western boundary current of the Pacific northern tropical gyre. The deeper route
enters the archipelago from the north through Mindoro Strait, after passing through
Luzon Strait and the South China Sea. The second route enters directly from the
Pacific via the shallow Surigao Strait and passes through Dipolog Strait downstream
of the Bohol Sea. Both pathways exit via Sibutu Passage and the adjacent Sulu
Archipelago along the southern edge of the Sulu Sea, and both are deeper than the
pathway into the Indonesian Archipelago via Karimata Strait in the Java Sea. Within
the Philippine Archipelago, these pathways make the dominant contribution to the
mean circulation and much of its variability, while their outflow contributes to the flow
through Makassar Strait, the primary conduit of the Indonesian throughflow, at all
depths above the Sibutu Passage sill. Because of the narrow straits and small interior
seas, the simulations are very sensitive to model resolution (4.4 km in 1/25° global
HYCOM, 8.7 km in 1/12° global HYCOM, and 9.6 km in EAS NCOM in this latitude
range) and to topographic errors, especially sill depths. The model simulations for
2004 and 2008 (the latter the central year of the PhilEx observational program) show
extreme opposite anomalous years with anomalously strong southward Mindoro
transport in 2004 and mean northward transport in 2008, but with little effect on
the Surigao-Dipolog transport. Satellite altimetry verified the associated HYCOM
sea surface height anomalies in the western tropical Pacific and the South China
Sea during these extreme years. A 15-month (December 2007–March 2009) PhilEx
mooring in Mindoro Strait measured velocity nearly top to bottom at a location close
to the sill. The 1/12° global HYCOM, which showed the strongest flow above 200 m
lay west of the mooring, was used to adjust a Mindoro transport estimate from the
mooring data for cross-sectional distribution of the velocity, giving 0.24 Sv northward
over the anomalous observational period. The results from the observational period
were then used to adjust the 2004–2009 model transport, giving a mean of 0.95 Sv
southward. The 1/25° global HYCOM simulated the observed four-layer flow in
Dipolog Strait and the vigorous and persistent cyclonic gyre in the western Bohol Sea,
observed during all four PhilEx cruises and in ocean color imagery. This gyre was
poorly simulated by the two models with ~ 9 km resolution. Finally, a 1/12° global
HYCOM simulation with tides generated the hydrostatic aspect of the internal tides
within the Philippine Archipelago, including a strong internal tidal beam initiated at
Sibutu Passage and observed crossing the Sulu Sea.
Horizontal
Experiment Resolution Vertical Atmospheric Years Data
Ocean Model Numbera at 10°Na Resolutionb Forcingc Used Tides Assimilation
32 coordinate ECMWF/
1/12° global HYCOM 18.0 8.7 km 5–10 No No
surfaces QuikSCAT
NOGAPS/
32 coordinate
1/12° global HYCOM 18.2 8.7 km ECMWF/ 2003–2010 No No
surfaces
QuikSCAT
32 coordinate ECMWF/
1/25° global HYCOM 4.0 4.4 km 5–10 No No
surfaces QuikSCAT
NOGAPS/
32 coordinate
1/25° global HYCOM 4.1&2d 4.4 km ECMWF/ 2004–2009 No No
surfaces
QuikSCAT
32 coordinate NOGAPS/
1/12° global HYCOM 14.1&2e 8.7 km 2004–2008 Yesf No
surfaces ECMWF
EAS NCOM — 9.6 km 40 levels NOGAPS 2004–2009 Yesf Yes
a
Resolution for each prognostic variable. For HYCOM the nominal resolution in degrees is the equatorial resolution, which is
.08° ≈ 1/12° and .04° = 1/25°. The HYCOM experiments are from the GLBa series and all experiments use topography based on DBDB2
by D.S. Ko (see http://www7320.nrlssc.navy.mil/DBDB2_WWW).
b
HYCOM has a hybrid isopycnal/pressure ≈ depth/terrain-following vertical coordinate. NCOM has depth coordinates
with terrain-following at depths shallower than 137 m.
c
See text.
d
Exp. 4.2 is a 2005–2009 extension of 4.1 with changes in some frictional parameter values in a remote area.
e
Exp. 14.2 is a one-month (May 2004) repeat of 14.1 with global hourly three-dimensional output.
f
Eight tidal constituents.
interannually using archived operational used thus far in a global ocean general layered continuity equation. NCOM is
forcing from the Navy Operational circulation model (OGCM) with ther- a depth coordinate ocean model with a
Global Atmospheric Prediction System mohaline dynamics and more than a few terrain-following coordinate at depths
(NOGAPS) (Rosmond et al., 2002), layers in the vertical. shallower than 137 m.
but with the long-term annual mean HYCOM is a community ocean model
replaced by the long-term mean from (http://www.hycom.org) with a general- Me an Circul ation
ERA-40 (Exp. 1/12°–18.2 initial- ized vertical coordinate because no Simul ated By 1/12° and
ized from 18.0 and Exp. 1/25°–4.1&2 single coordinate is optimal everywhere 1/25° Global HYCOM
from 4.0 [Table 1]). In most of the in the global ocean. Isopycnal (density- and the Impac t of
experiments, wind speed was corrected tracking) layers are best in the deep Topogr aphic Error s
using a monthly climatology from the stratified ocean, pressure levels (nearly Figure 1a,b is a comparison of the
QuikSCAT scatterometer (Kara et al., fixed depths) provide high vertical reso- mean currents at 20-m depth and strait
2009). Model experiment 1/12° global lution in the mixed layer, and σ-levels transports from 1/12° global HYCOM-
HYCOM-14.1&.2 is the world’s first (terrain-following) are often the best 18.2 with those from 1/25° global
eddy-resolving global ocean simulation choice in coastal regions (Chassignet HYCOM-4.1&2, and Figure 1c,d is a
that includes both the atmospheri- et al., 2003). The generalized vertical comparison of their respective topogra-
cally forced ocean circulation and tides coordinate in HYCOM allows a combi- phies and sill depths. Because the 1/12°
(Arbic et al., 2010). The 1/25° global nation of all three types (and others), topography was derived from the 1/25°,
HYCOM began running on January 12, and the optimal distribution is chosen they demonstrate close agreement in
2009, and has the highest resolution dynamically at every time step using the deep water, although numerous hand
. -0.13 -0.33
seas from (a) 1/12° global
HYbrid Coordinate Ocean
Model (HYCOM)-18.2
-0.70 -2.72
and (b) 1/25° global
HYCOM-4.1&2. See Table 1
10N and related discussion in the
“Ocean Model Experiments”
-0.96 -1.15
-0.08 -0.01 section. The 2004–2009
-0.85 Mindanao -1.11 mean transport through
Current Bohol Sea straits labeled on (a,b) (in
Sv = 106 m3 s-1) is given in
-1.71 -4.18 boxes with negative values
for southward and west-
ward, as indicated by the
15N attached arrows. The speed
South 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 m contour is 0.05 m s-1 and the
China reference vector is 0.5 m s-1
San Bernadino: 23 m Verde Island San Bernadino: 35 m (upper right in panel b).
Sea
Every second (fourth) vector
is plotted in panel a (b).
Surigao: 63 m Surigao: 113 m (c,d) Bottom topography
Mindoro: 442 m Mindoro: 446 m for (a) 1/12° global HYCOM
and (b) 1/25° global HYCOM
10N
with sill depths given
for key straits.
Balabac Sulu Sea
Dipolog: 451 m Dipolog: 228 m
300
400
e) 2004-2009 JFM mean -1.68 Sv f ) 2004-2009 AMJ mean 0.81 Sv
121E 121E
100
200
300
400
g) 2004-2009 JAS mean
121E
-0.12 Sv h) 2004-2009 OND mean
121E
-2.70 Sv
120.5E 121E 121.5E 122E 120.5E 121E 121.5E 122E
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 cm/s
“
their simulations used the same monthly
global wind stress climatology, except
that the wind stress was zeroed over the Realistic modeling of the circulation
Philippine Archipelago, the South China within the Philippine Archipelago is an
Sea, and northeast of Luzon Strait in two extreme challenge for a global ocean
of the simulations.
”
model due to the numerous narrow straits
Mindoro Str ait: The and small interior seas.
Deepe st Connec tion to
the Philippine se as
Mindoro Strait is the deepest passage
connecting the interior seas of the (Figure 2g), similar to the seasonal (http://www.cpc.noaa.gov) reported
Philippine Archipelago to the large- cycle reported by Han et al. (2009), who La Niña conditions only from late
scale ocean circulation (Figure 1) and focused on the upper 40 m and found 2007 to May 2008. However, 2004 has
is predominantly an inflow pathway. that, below the Ekman layer, the seasonal been identified as an El Niño Modoki
Figure 2 depicts cross sections of meridi- cycle of the Mindoro-Sibutu pathway is (pseudo-El Niño) year, where the
onal velocity through Mindoro and driven largely by remote forcing. primary warm sea surface temperature
Tablas straits near the location where The central year for PhilEx measure- (SST) anomaly is located in the central
they join (section marked by the dashed ments was 2008, but in 1/12° global equatorial Pacific, flanked by cool anom-
line on Figure 1a). The latitude of the HYCOM-18.2, 2008 is a very anomalous alies at the eastern and western ends of
cross section coincides with that of year (Figure 2d) with flow through the tropical Pacific (Ashok et al., 2007).
a PhilEx mooring near the Mindoro Mindoro Strait that is much like the Figure 3 presents 2004 and 2008
sill, which is depicted by a vertical spring mean (Figure 2f), including comparisons between 1/12° global
line in Figure 2. Strong seasonal and similar mean northward transport HYCOM-18.2 sea surface height (SSH)
interannual variabilities of comparable through Mindoro plus Tablas. In anomalies and those observed by
amplitude are evident in the meridi- contrast, 2004 is an extreme opposite satellite altimetry (on a 1° grid from
onal velocity, with variability seen at all anomalous year (Figure 2b), much like Aviso, 2010). Both the model and the
depths, but with the largest variability the fall mean (Figure 2h), the season altimetry show the opposite anoma-
located in and above the thermocline with the largest southward transport. In lies of 2004 and 2008 spanning the
(Figure 2). The extreme opposite trans- the model, the periods of the anomalies domain depicted in Figure 3, essentially
ports during the seasonal cycle occur are well captured by the two calendar a strengthening (weakening) of the
during the monsoon transition seasons years. Neither year is a traditional northern tropical gyre in the western
with the largest southward transport El Niño or La Niña year based on the Pacific in 2004 (2008), but with the
occurring during the boreal fall onset Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) anomalies extending northward to the
of the northeast monsoon (Figure 2h) index, which has been a particularly entrance of Luzon Strait into the South
10N
EQ
10S
c) 2008 d) 2008
20N
10N
EQ
10S
110E 120E 130E 140E 150E 160E 170E 180W 170W 110E 120E 130E 140E 150E 160E 170E 180W 170W
0 0
a) Figure 4. Mindoro Strait
c) comparisons of daily mean
50 meridional velocity versus
100 depth (negative southward)
over the observational
Depth (m)
-2
-3
-6
-4
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Jan08 Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan09 Mar
Figure 4
above the thermocline (top ~ 140 m) the model mooring. Over the deploy- This results in a combined estimate
with northward flow except from mid- ment time period, the mooring data using observations and the model of
November to mid-March, a longer are dominated by stronger southward Tc = Mo + (H – MH) = 0.24 Sv northward
period of northward flow than in other flows in the intermediate and overflow over the December 22, 2007–March 18,
years, based on the Mindoro transport depths, so the total mooring transport 2009 time span of the observations
time series in Figure 4d. A sharper is M o = 0.055 Sv southward compared (Table 3). As evident in the velocity fields
thermocline is seen in the model. Below to MH = 0.20 Sv northward in the (Figure 4a,b), high variability is found
the thermocline, the flow is largely 1/12° global HYCOM-18.2 simulation on every time scale resolved in the trans-
southward and dominated by the event (Table 3). However, in the models and port time series of both the observed
time scale. The stronger bottom-trapped in repeat acoustic Doppler current and model estimates (Figure 4e). All
southward flow depicts the sill overflow. profiler (ADCP) transects across the estimates give northward transport
In the mean (Figure 4c), both the model strait (Gordon et al., 2011), the strongest from mid March through October 2008
and observations show northward flow occurs west of the mooring loca- (Figure 4e). For the 2004–2009 transport
flow above ~ 140 m, more strongly tion (e.g., Figure 2). Thus, assuming the estimate (Tc = 0.95 Sv southward), it was
northward in the model. The bottom- single mooring velocity is representative assumed that the difference between the
trapped southward flow is stronger in across half the strait width may not be observations and the model (Mo – MH)
the observations than in the model correct. Hence, the observation-based remained the same as found during
simulation, which does not include tides. estimate (Mo) was adjusted using the the observational deployment period,
The vertical means are southward and difference between the HYCOM-18.2 because a linear regression analysis
in close agreement, 4.7 cm s-1 observed full transect estimate (H) with model between H and (Mo – MH) showed no
versus 4.4 cm s-1 in the model simula- cross-passage velocity structure, and the relationship. The resulting interannual
tion. Both the model and observations HYCOM-18.2 mooring estimate (MH), transport time series clearly shows oppo-
demonstrate enhanced variability just both over the observational period. site transport anomalies in 2004 and
above the thermocline.
Estimation of Mindoro
Str ait Tr ansport Table 3. Mindoro Strait mean transport estimates
Table 3 provides Mindoro Strait trans-
Overflowa
port estimates, Figure 4e presents daily
Total Transport Transport
transport time series over the period of Transport Estimate Source Symbol Estimate (Sv) Estimate (Sv)
the observations, and Figure 4d shows
Estimates over the time period of the observations (December 2007–March 2009)
interannual time series. Transport
Mooring alone Mo –0.055 –0.24
estimates based on the vertical profiles
Collocated HYCOM-18.2 mooring MH 0.20 –0.14
of velocity from the observations
(Mo in Table 3) and from 1/12° global 1/12° global HYCOM-18.2 H 0.49 –0.18
HYCOM-18.2 (MH) were obtained by Combined mooring/HYCOM-18.2 Tc 0.24 —b
assuming that the observed velocity Estimates over 2004–2009
at the mooring location is representa- 1/12° global HYCOM-18.2 H –0.70 –0.22
tive of the flow over half the channel
Combined mooring/HYCOM-18.2 Tc –0.95 –0.28
width (centered near the mooring) and
The sign convention is positive northward and negative southward. A linear regression analysis for both
tapers to zero at the side walls, using the total transport and overflow transport showed no relationship between H and M o – MH , so M o – MH
the SRTM30_PLUS topography (Becker was treated as a constant when calculating mean transports.
a
Transport below 350 m.
et al., 2009) with the mooring observa- b
Omitted because the deep channel is so narrow there is no need for a model-based adjustment for
tions and the HYCOM topography with cross-sectional velocity structure and Tc for the overflow was estimated from Mo + (H – H).
9N
approach. The transport was obtained 300
southward transports. Figure 5. Dipolog Strait 2004–2009 mean zonal velocity cross sections at 123°22'E, the longitude
of the PhilEx mooring (marked with a vertical line) that is located near the sill, from (a) 1/25°
global HYCOM-4.2 and (b) EAS NCOM. Velocity has 0.05 m s-1 contour intervals with blue
westward and yellow-red eastward.
“
Strait, even if the model sill depth error
was corrected. Instead, hull-mounted
…the Philippine Archipelago poses ADCP measurements from a PhilEx
cruise (Figure 6a) are compared with
severe tests for the models, tests that are
contemporaneous March 1–8, 2009
”
performed using data from the PhilEx field means from the three model experi-
program and other sources. ments depicted in Figure 6: (b) 1/12°
global HYCOM-18.2, (c) EAS NCOM,
and (d) 1/25° global HYCOM-4.2. In
each case, the current vectors are plotted
at the resolution of the model. All of the
in Figure 5a, although the K-Profile cold deep bias of ~ 6°C in the Bohol Sea, models simulate the westward surface jet
Parameterization (KPP) vertical mixing making it colder than deep tempera- across the northern Bohol Sea with flow
scheme of Large et al. (1994) contains tures in the Sulu Sea and suggesting passing on both sides of Siquijor Island.
a simple parameterization of the effects the possibility of westward bottom flow At 21-m depth, the observed mean speed
of internal wave breaking and vertical through Dipolog. Such flow is not seen of this jet (black vectors in Figure 6a)
shear, and a contribution from tides in Figure 5b because the shallow Dipolog is 0.56 m s-1 between the inflow from
is included in the parameterization of Strait sill in EAS NCOM is shallower Surigao Strait near 125°24'E and the
bottom friction. The vertical mixing than the deep temperature bias. The Dipolog Strait outflow near 123°E. Using
reduces the Bohol Sea density below data assimilation projects surface data the Figure 6 model currents at 20-m
the sill depth and creates a pressure downward via synthetic temperature and depth interpolated to the observation
gradient that drives denser Sulu Sea salinity profiles based on statistics of the locations, a few of which lay outside the
water into the Bohol Sea just above historical hydrographic data base (Fox model jets, the model mean speeds and
the sill, which is compensated by the et al., 2002). Due to a lack of Bohol Sea vector correlations with the observations
westward outflow just above (based on historical data, the Bohol Sea synthetics are 0.32 m s-1 and 0.68 for 1/12° global
an explanation of the four-layer flow by are contaminated by data from the HYCOM-18.2, 0.45 m s-1 and 0.80 for
Gordon et al., 2011). The 1/12° global Pacific and the Sulu Sea. The HYCOM 1/25° global HYCOM-4.2, and 0.46 m s-1
HYCOM-18.2 does not have the shallow simulations (Table 1) did not have data and 0.76 for EAS NCOM. In the ADCP
sill depth bias in Dipolog (Figure 1c), assimilation and were initialized from data, the jet is robustly evident at 81-m
but it does not exhibit the deeper cell GDEM3 hydrographic climatology depth and weakly evident at 101 m,
due to a thick model layer straddling the (Carnes, 2009), which has realistic deep corroborating the sharp gradient in
sill (not shown). temperatures in the Bohol Sea. velocity at the base of the current
The four-layer flow is not present A small gap in the westward surface simulated by 1/25° HYCOM-4.1&2
versus 0.14 m s-1 and a vector correlation a) PhilEx ADCP observations b) 1/12° global HYCOM-18.2
of 0.48 at corresponding locations in the 10N
.
NCOM simulates an anticyclonic gyre in
the Bohol Sea and 1/12° HYCOM-18.2 9N
simulates no gyre, only coastal upwelling
in the two southern bays (current vectors
Dipolog
emanating from a boundary). Coastal Mindanao
Strait
Island Mindanao
upwelling and downwelling (current Island
c) EAS NCOM d) 1/25° global HYCOM-04.2
vectors terminating near a boundary) 8N
are evident in the other two simulations 123E 124E 125E 124E 125E
as well. A cyclonic gyre in the western 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 m/s
Bohol Sea is present at 20-m depth in Figure 6. (a) ADCP velocity vectors at 21-m depth observed in the western Bohol Sea during
the six-year mean from 1/25° global March 1–8, 2009 versus March 1–8, 2009 mean currents at 20 m overlaid on speed from
(b) 1/12° global HYCOM-18.2, (c) EAS NCOM, and (d) 1/25° global HYCOM-4.2. The reference
HYCOM-4.1&2 (Figure 1b), but not at
vector for velocity is 0.5 m s-1 and mean speed is contoured at 0.05 m s-1 intervals. The black line
that depth in the mean from 1/12° global in (d) defines the location of the cross section used in Figure 5, and the black dot denotes the
HYCOM-18.2 (Figure 1a), although it mooring location. The observed mean speed of the westward jet (black vectors in panel a) is
0.56 m s-1, and within the cyclonic gyre (red vectors) it is 0.36 m s-1, both at 21 m depth. See text
is present below ~ 50 m. In the ADCP for model-data comparisons. To avoid a biased comparison, the observational result was chosen
measurements, this gyre extends to a before the contemporaneous model results were extracted, a procedure also used for Figure 7.
10N
8N
6N
Figure 8. (a) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) true color sunglint image of the western Sulu Sea on April 8,
2003. Note the SSH signature of the internal tides that are generated in Sibutu Passage and propagate at speeds of ~ 2½ m s-1. (b) Steric
SSH anomaly (in m) from a 25-hour average centered on May 15, 2004, 12Z from 1/12° global HYCOM-14.2 with tidal forcing for the
area in and around the Philippine seas. The black box outlines the region of the MODIS image. While not contemporaneous, global
HYCOM has a similar SSH signature of the internal tides, but without the soliton packets, because solitons have nonhydrostatic physics
and HYCOM is a hydrostatic model. Also note the strong internal tidal signatures in Mindoro Strait and the Bohol Sea, both focus areas
for the PhilEx Intensive Observational Period cruises.
et al. (2011) by in situ data in several the nonhydrostatic physics required for Summary and Conclusions
areas within the Philippine seas, and, simulation of the soliton packets gener- The circulation within the Philippine
like Apel et al. (1985), internal tidal ated by tidal cycles in the Sulu Sea (Apel Archipelago is an integral component
beams, generated in Sibutu Passage, that et al., 1985) and visible in the sunglint of the large-scale ocean circulation
propagate across the Sulu Sea (depicted imagery. Theoretical work by St. Laurent in a region of interbasin exchange.
in Figure 8a,b). In HYCOM-14.2 the and Garrett (2002) suggests that tidal In that role, it provides two signifi-
maximum peak to peak amplitude of beams are primarily low vertical mode cant secondary routes for both the
this internal tidal beam is 0.18 m in the waves capable of propagating for Indonesian throughflow and the western
steric SSH and ~ 40 m in the pycnocline distances of O(1000 km) with dissipation boundary currents that close the Pacific
after separation from Sibutu Passage. occurring due to critical slope interac- northern tropical gyre in addition to
The propagation speed of the simulated tions and bottom scattering. These the Mindanao Current. The deeper
internal tides (2.5 m s-1) in the Sulu Sea mechanisms cause enhanced mixing, route enters the archipelago from the
is close to the observations of internal especially near the bottom. Tidal beams north through Mindoro Strait, after
tides with similar amplitude (2.4 m s-1; propagating > 1000 km occur in large passing through Luzon Strait and the
Apel et al., 1985). Because HYCOM is a ocean basins in HYCOM-14.1&2. South China Sea. The second route
hydrostatic model, it simulates only the is very shallow and enters directly
hydrostatic physics of internal tides, not from the Pacific via Surigao Strait and
“
the Indonesian throughflow.
The 1/12° and 1/25° global HYCOM
simulations and archived real-time data- …the models are used to help interpret
assimilative nowcasts from EAS NCOM, the data and their ability to measure
nested in global NCOM, were used to
observed phenomena, to place the
study the circulation in the Philippine
Archipelago within the context of global
observations within the context of the
ocean circulation. However, because the larger-scale circulation and Its temporal
”
straits are narrow and shallow and the variability, and to help understand the
interior seas are small, the simulations
dynamics of observed phenomena.
are very sensitive to model resolution
and to the accuracy of the topography
and sill depths within the narrow straits.
In some cases this results in serious
simulation errors, such as the transport tion. The robust Surigao transport and the SSH associated with the anoma-
of the Mindoro to Sibutu route in some the ~ 100-m depth structure of the west- lies at each end of the strait varied in
simulations and the Bohol Sea circula- ward Surigao-Dipolog surface-trapped tandem, so the yearly mean pressure
tion in all but the 1/25° model. jet are supported by the hull-mounted head remained nearly constant. Thus,
Precise topography and sill depths ADCP data collected at multiple loca- the inflow through Mindoro Strait was
are required to accurately simulate the tions along the jet during each of the found to be the primary external source
effects of hydraulic control and parti- four PhilEx cruise periods. of interannual variability in Philippine
tioning of the effects of hydraulic and The global simulations demonstrate Archipelago circulation.
geostrophic control on the flows through that 2004 and 2008, the latter the The December 22, 2007 to March 18,