Whati

sInt
ell
i
gentSy
stem?

1.Emergingcomputi
ngsy
stem basedoni
ntel
l
igentt
echni
quest
hatsuppor
tand
complexacti
vi
ti
es.

2.Int
elli
gentSystem (I
S)canbedef inedasthesystem t
hatincorpor
atesint
ell
igence
i
ntoappl i
cati
onsbei nghandledbymachines.Int
ell
i
gentsy st
emsper f
orm searchand
opti
mi zati
onalongwi thl
earningcapabi
l
iti
es.Dif
fer
enttypesofmachinelearning
suchassuper vised,unsupervi
sedandreinf
orcementlearni
ngcanbemodel edi n
designingint
ell
igentsystems.

3.Intel
li
gentsystemsalsoperfor
m complexautomatedtaskswhicharenotpossibl
eby
tradit
ional
comput i
ngparadigm.Vari
ousdiagnost
ic,
roboti
csandengi neer
ing
sy st
emsar eresul
tsofint
ell
i
gentprocedur
esimplementedinIntel
l
igentSystem
Design.

4.I
tisaconceptor
ient
edtomakeappli
cat
ionst
hatcansenset
heenv
ironment
,
per
cei
verelev
antinf
ormat
ionandl
earnhowtoact.

5.Anint
ell
i
gentsy
stem i
sasyst
em t
hatcani
mit
ate,
aut
omat
esomei
ntel
l
igent
behav
ior
sofhumanbeing.

6. Expertsyst
ems,int
ell
i
gentagentsandknowledge-
basedsystemsareexamplesof
intel
li
gentsyst
ems.Current
ly,
int
ell
igentsy
stemsisadisci
pli
nethatst
udies
intel
li
gentbehavi
orsandthei
rimplementat
ionsaswellast
heiri
mpactsonhuman
society.

7.Asystem,whi
chisbasedonapproach,
met hodortechniqueoftheArt
if
ici
al
I
ntel
li
gencefi
eldt
operfor
m moreaccurat
eandeffectiv
eoper at
ionsf
orsolvi
ngt
he
r
elat
edprobl
ems.

8.Isasyst
em basedonar
ti
fi
cial
int
ell
i
gence,
iet
hel
evel
ofi
ntel
l
igencet
hatmachi
nes
canachi
eve.

9.Asy
stem t
hathasacoherentsetofcomponent
sandsubsy
stemswor
kingt
oget
her
t
oengageingoal
-dr
ivenor
ient
ed.

10.Asystem t
hatcani
mitat
e,automatesomeint
ell
i
gentbehavi
our
sofhumanbei ngs.
Exper
tsystemsandknowledge-
basedsyst
emsareexamplesofint
ell
i
gentsy
stems.
I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Gar mentmanuf
acturi
ngislabour-
int
ensiv e,whichischaract
eri
zedbyl ow-fi
xedcapital
i
nv est
ment;awiderangeofproductdesi gnsand, hence,i
nputmat er
ial
s;vari
ableproducti
on
volumes;hi
ghcompet i
ti
veness;andof t
enhi ghdemandonpr oductquali
ty.Howev er,duet
o
highdemandongar mentqualit
yandi ncreasedconsumerawar enessisleadingtotheuseof
automatedtool
sandequi pmentinrecenty earsduringgarmentmanuf actur
ing.

Theautomationingarmentpr
oducti
onisbecomingareal
it
yduetothetechnical
devel
opment sandtheuseofmodelingandsimul
ati
on.Duetoi
tsl
abourintensiv
enature,
appar
elindustr
ycanseekgreatbenefi
tsoutoft
heAIint
erv
enti
oninthei
rbusinesses.

Fi
g.1

Inthiseraofi nfor
mat iontechnology,
arti
fici
ali
ntel
ligence(AI
)hasr evolutionizedthefi
eldof
engineering,physics,medi ci
ne,andmanagement .Tr adi
ti
onalmat hemat i
cal modelsareused
tosol veproblemsori nt hedecisi
onmaki ngprocess, whi
chisthekeypr incipleofAI.AIcan
providesuper i
orsol ut
ionst ovari
ousproblemsduet oit
sheuri
sti
candi nt ell
igent
characteristi
cs.Si
gni f
icantresult
ssuchasi mprovingquali
ty,i
ncreasingpr oductiv
ity
,and
l
ower ingpr oducti
oncostcanbeachi evedwi t
hthehel pofAI.

AIisafi
eldofcomputersciencethatcansimulatechar
act
erist
icsofhumanintel
li
genceand
humansensorycapabil
i
ties.AIsy
st emscanprov i
desuper
iorsolut
ionsov
erclassi
cal
systemsduetothei
rheurist
icandintel
li
gentnature.
PROCESS

Itstar
tsfr
om t heconcept ual
i
zationphase,passesthroughdesi
gndevelopment,
manuf act
uring,supplychain,andretai
l
ingti
llitr
eachestotheconsumers.I
nthe
conceptuali
zationstageadesi gnerconceptuali
zesathemebasedont hefor
ecasti
ngof
trendsinthecol or
,fabr
ics,si
lhouett
e,andtrims.

Pr
oduct
ionpr
ocessesi
nvol
vedi
nthecl
othi
ngmanuf
act
uri
ng

Fi
gur
e-2:
Product
ionpr
ocessesi
nvol
vedi
ntheappar
elmanuf
act
uri
ng.

Oncethedesigndevelopmenthasbeenfinal
ized,thegarmentproduct
ionprocessstar
ts.
Thegarmentproducti
onprocessinvol
vesfabricspreadi
ng,cut
ti
ng,bundli
ng,sewing,
pressi
ng,
inspect
ion,andfi
nishi
ng.

Fabr
icist
hemaj orcomponentofagarmentanditist
heinputmateri
alformanygarment
manufact
uri
ngindustr
ies.Oncet
hefabri
cisrecei
ved,
thequali
tyi
sinspected,
stor
edfor
sometime,andthenfabri
cisspr
eadforcutt
ing.

Dependingonthegarmentdesi
gn,
several
component
sar
ecutusi
ngvari
ouscutt
ing
equipment.Thecutcomponent
sarebundl
edandfi
xedwi
thabundl
eti
cket,
whichisthen
passedtothesewingfl
oor.

Pr
ocesssequenceofgar
mentmanuf
act
uri
ng
Fi
gur
e-3:
-Pr
ocesssequenceofgar
mentmanuf
act
uri
ng.

Thegar mentcomponentsaresewnbyski
l
ledoperat
ors,
pressedandthefi
nishedgar
ment
s
areinspect
edforqual
it
y.Thenthegar
mentsarepackedandsenttotheret
ail
ersbyownor
thi
rdpartyl
ogist
icspr
ovider
s.

Theret
ailpointistheplacewheret
heconsumer sbuytheirproduct.Today
’sconsumersare
muchconsci ousongar mentsty
le,
fit
,quali
ty,
andpri
ce.Maj ori
tyoftheseparameter
sare
gover
neddur ingtheproduct
ion.Hence,duri
ngtheseprocesses,vari
oustasksareneededto
becontr
olledbyt hemanagingstaf
fs,whichmaybediffi
cultinseverali
nst
ances.

TheuseofAIcanhel
ptocontr
olt
heseprobl
emsef f
ect
ivel
yfordeci
sionmaki
ng,
cutor
der
planni
ng,mar
kermaki
ng,
product
ionpl
anni
ng,suppl
ychainmanagement(SCM),
and
retai
li
ng.

Apparelmanufactur ershavet oproduceadi versepr oductmi xasconsumer saredif

ficultto
underst
andandpr edict.Theirchoiceisunst ableandunpr edictabl e,andthereisawi de
vari
ati
onintheirdemogr aphicsandphy si
ogr aphic.Thepr oductqual itydependsonsev eral
fact
orsrel
atedt oy arnmanuf acturing,f
abricpr eparati
on( weav i
ngandkni tt
ing),
fabri
c
chemicalpr
ocessi ng, andgar mentmanuf act uri
ng.Hence, al
lthesef actorscanbebet t
er
contr
oll
edbyt heappl i
cati
onofAIi nt hewhol epr ocessofappar el manufacturi
ng.Although
ther
eissomeaut omat i
on,theappar eli
ndust ri
esar estil
lfarbehi ndt heothersector
sand
rel
yonmanual i
nter venti
on.

AIi
sgai
ningimpetusovert
helastt
wodecades, i
ntheappareli
ndust
ryi
ndiff
erentar
eas.
Theaut
omationofvar
iousi
nstrument
sbyt heappli
cat
ionofAIinspr
eadi
ng,cutt
ing,
sewi
ng,
andmater
ial
handli
ngcanreducetheproduct
ioncostandmi ni
mizef
aul
ts.

Thepr oduct i
onoft extil
esandclothinginvolvesal argenumberofv ar
iabl
esrelatingtothe
mat eri
al andpr ocess.Ast hereishighv ari
abili
tyinr awmat eri
alsi
naddi t
iontothemul ti
ple
stagesofoper ation,itishardtopreciselycontrol t
hepr ocessparameterstoachi evea
desiredout put.Unt i
l now,establ
ishi
ngapr operr el
ationshi
pbetweent hesevariablesandthe
proper t
iesofaf abricdependsonhumanexper t
ise.I nmanyinstancestherearechancesof
errorinvolvedwi thhumanwor ki
ngasi tisadi f
ficulttasktoalwaysremembersuchal ar
ge
numberofv ari
ablesandappl yt
heknowl edgef oraccur at
epropertypredicti
on.Thisis
possiblebyt heappl i
cati
onofAIast hedevelopment si ncomput ati
onandsi mulati
onhave
createdv ari
oussy stemstodeal wi
thmul ti
plevari
abl es.Theappl i
cati
onofAIcannowdeal
withal argerangeofdat aset
sdur i
ngtraini
ngt oestablishanef f
ectiverelati
onshipbetween
thev ari
ablesandt heproductproperti
es.Therefor
e, ov erthel
astdecadet heuseofAIi s
rapidlygrowingint ext
il
eandclothi
ngmanuf actur
ingi ndustri
esforvariousapplicati
ons.

APPLI
CATI
ONOFARTI
FICI
ALI
NTELLI
GENCEI
NGARMENTI
NDUSTRY

AIcanbeusedi nv ari
ousprocessesoftexti
l
epr oducti
onsuchasf ibergradi
ng,
pr edi
cti
onof
yarnpr
operti
es,fabricfaul
tanal
ysis,
anddy erecipepredict
ion.Si
milar
ly,
AIcanbeappl iedi
n
all
thestages(pr
epr oducti
on,pr
oduction,
andpost producti
on)ofgarmentmanuf actur
ing.

Gar
mentmanufact
uringinv
olv
espr ocessessuchasconcept
ual
i
zat
ion,
desi
gndev
elopment
,
PPC,spr
eadi
ng,
cutt
ing,bundl
ing,
sewi ng,pr
essi
ng,
andpackagi
ng.

Outofsever
alt
ypesofAIasdiscussedabove,
ANN( ar
ti
fi
cial
neur
alnet
wor
k)i
swi
del
yused
i
ngarmentmanufact
uri
ngmainlyinfol
lowi
ngfi
elds:

1.
Predi
cti
onofmechani
cal
proper
ti
es,

2.
Classi
fi
cat
ionandgr
adi
ng,

3.
Ident
if
icat
ionandanal
ysi
soff
aul
ts,

4.
Processcont
rol
andonl
i
nemoni
tor
ing,

5.
SCM andr
etai
l
ing.
Appl
i
cat
ionofar
ti
fi
cial
int
ell
i
gencei
nappar
elmanuf
act
uri
ng:

Thegar
mentmanufacturi
ngprocessi
sbecomingmoreautomat
edt
ocatert
heincr
easi
ng
demandofconsumer
s, r
educethenumberoff
ault
s,andkeept
hepr
oduct
ioncostl
ow.

AIi
sincreasi
nglyusedt opredictt
heper formanceofasewnseam, designi
ngofclothing,
in
PPC,i
nv ari
oussewi ngoperati
ons, andinquali
tycontr
ol.AIcanbeappli
edforint
ell
igent
manufactur
ingofclothingtopredicttheclothi
ngproper
tiesaft
erapart
icul
arprocess.Soit
canbeusedf orsuit
ablegarmentdesi gningbyfabri
cengineeri
ngandmonitori
ngthe
gar
mentmanuf act
uringprocesses.

Conf
igur
ati
onofat
ypi
cal
aut
omat
ici
nspect
ionsy
stem

Fi
gur
e-4:
Conf
igur
ati
onofat
ypi
cal
aut
omat
ici
nspect
ionsy
stem

Per
for
manceofsewnseam:

Insewngarmentsseamsandst it
chesar eusedtojoi
ntwoormor epiecesoff abri
ctogether.
Theeaseofseam for
mationandt heperformanceoftheseam arethei mpor
t antparameters,
whicharej
udgedbytheterm knownas“ sewabil
ity
.”Fabri
clow-st
ressmechani cal
properti
es
suchastensi
l
e,shear,
bending,andsurfacecanaffectthesewabil
it
y.AIsystem canbeused
tofi
ndthesewabil
i
tyofdiff
erentfabr
icsduringgarmentproducti
on.Fabri
cmechani cal
pr
oper
ti
esaf
fectt
heper
for
mancedur
ingspr
eadi
ng,
cut
ti
ng,
andsewi
ng.

Fi
g:-
5

Agoodqual it
yseam isessent i
alforagoodqualitygar ment.Theper f
ormanceofasewn
seam dependsont het y
peoff abri
csandsewingt hr eadcombination;seam andst
it
chty pe;
andsewi ngcondit
ions,whichincl
udesneedlesize, sti
tchdensity
,andt hesewingmachine
condit
ion.Theperformancepr opert
iesoft
heseam ar eevaluatedbyseam puckeri
ng,seam
sl
ippage,andy ar
nsev erance,
whichcanbepr edictedbyAI .

Comput
er-
aideddesi
gnsy
stems:

Oneoft heimpor tantstepsingar mentmanuf acturi

ngispatter
nmaking, wherepaper
patternsar emadebyt hedesi gnersandsubsequent l
ydigit
izedtoacomput er.Sever
alt
wo
di
mensi onal (
2D)pat t
ernsarepr eparedforagar ment,whicharethebasicblocksofa3D
garment .Var i
ousCADsof twar eareusedinthegar mentindustr
yforpatter
nmaki ng,
di
gitizing,grading,andmar kerplanning.TheCADsof t
warehelpsinachievi
nghi gh
product i
vit
yandi mprovedqual i
ty.Thedesignersinvol
vedinclothi
ngdesigningcreat
e
numer ousdesi gnsbyusi ngt heCADsof t
ware.

Howev er
,theCADsoftwarecannotbeusedt oautomati
cal
lygenerateclothi
ngpatt
ernsor
designsforaspeci
fi
cgarmentstyle.I
nadditi
on,i
nmanygar mentindustri
esthetr
aditi
onal
methodofgarmentpatter
ngenerat i
onissti
ll
donebyexperienceddesignersanddoesnot
i
ncludetheuseofCAD, al
thoughthereisthescopeofusi
ngAIi npatter
ngenerati
on.
Fi
g:-6

Severalresearcheshav ebeendonetoi mpl

ementt heAIthatcanhelptodevelopbasic
clot
hingpat t
ernsaut omati
call
y.Forexample,Inuihaddev elopedanAIint
egratedCAD
system (combi nat
ionapparelCADandGA)t hatcanbeusedt osear
chappareldesi
gnsthat
thesy st
em user sprefer
.Thesearchprocessinvolvestheman–machi neint
eracti
oncycles,
wher etheuserassessest heexamplesproducedbyt hesy stems.

CADsy stemsar eusedingar mentmanufact ur

ingforcreat
ingdesigns,
patt
ernmaki
ng,and
gradi
ngoper at
ions.Severalatt
empt shav
ebeenmadebyr esearcherst
oint
egrat
eAIwith
CADsy stemstogener atedesignsautomatical
ly.Exper
ienceddesigner
sareneededfor
appropri
atepatter
ndesignofdi ff
erentcl
othingstyl
es.Howev er
,theAIsyst
em canbeused
toprovi
det heexpertknowledgeofexperienceddesigners.

Pr
oduct
ionpl
anni
ngandcont
rol
:

PPCcoor di
natesbet weenvari
ousdepar tment sofproductionsot hatdel
iv
erydatesaremet
andcust omers’ordersaredeli
veredont ime.Var iousresearchact i
vit
iesf
ocusedont he
problemsr el
atedt oPPCandav oidthebot tl
enecking.Maj ori
tyofthestudi
eswer ebasedon
thepr obl
emsi nPPCr el
ati
ngtosewi ngf l
oorsuchasf ixingthemachi nel
ayout,l
i
ne
balancinginsewi ng,andmanagi ngoper atorsinthesewi ngf l
oor.AIcanbeusedt osolv
eor
optimizethepr oblem ofmachinel ay
out, operati
onassi gnment ,
andsewinglinebalanci
ng.
Thiscanhel pinachiev i
ngtheobj ect
ivesofPPC.

AIbaseddeci si
onsuppor tsyst
em wasusedindeci
si
onmaki ngtodeterminethemost
appropri
atemanuf actur
ingplantf
oraparti
cul
arcust
omerorder.AGA- basedreal-ti
me
segmentationforrescheduli
ngwasdevelopedbyWongt odealwit
hthePPC- r
elated
probl
emsi nsewi ngfl
oorduring:(
1)markermaki
ng,(2)f
abri
cspreadi
ng, (3)cutti
ng,and(
4)
bundli
ng.

Inanot
herstudyaGA-basedsyst
em wasdesi
gnedbyGuoforproduct
ionschedul
i
ngf
or
eachproduct
ionor
dertoappropr
iat
eassembl
yli
nes.Thi
ssyst
em wasdesignedby
consider
ingv
ari
ousfact
orsforproducti
ondelay
,pr
oducti
onuncer
tai
nti
es(suchas
processi
ngti
me,or
ders,andleadarr
ivalt
imes),
andotherbot
tl
enecki
ng.

Fi
nal
gar
menti
nspect
ion:

Thei nspect i
onoff inishedandsemi f
ini
shedgar mentsduringt heirproductionisessent i
alto
getfewerr ej
ect i
ons.Thef i
nalquali
tyofaf i
nishedgar mentdependsont hesewi ngqualit
y
andot herfaul
tspr esentinit
.Thef i
nalqualit
yinspect i
onoff i
nishedgar mentsismai nl
ydone
byexper i
encedpeopl e,whi
chisv er
ytime-consumi ngandof t
ensubj ectiveinnat ure.The
resultsoft heinspect i
onareinfl
uencedbyt hephy sicalandment alcondi t
ionoft heinspector
.
Theref ore,automat edinspect
iondev i
cesar eessentialtoachievei ncreasedef f
iciencyand
accur ateresults.Althoughli
mitedstudieshav ebeendone, automat edinspect i
oncanbe
performedbyt heuseofAIandi magepr ocessingforinspectionoft hequal it
yoff ini
shed
garment s.

Dur i
ngthegar mentpr oducti
on, eachpr ocess(cutt
ing,sewi ng,andpr essing)playsav i
tal
roleinf
luencingthequal it
yofthef ini
shedgar ment.Thequal i
tyoft hesemi fi
nishedpr oducts
shouldbei nspectedateachoft hesepr ocessesbef or
et hef i
nalinspection.Thef ini
shed
garment sareinspectedaspert heirspecifi
cati
ons,overallappear ance,fault
s,andsi zingand
fi
t.Indetailt
hef i
nishedgar ment sareinspectedforstitchingquality,mismat chedplaidsor
stri
pesalongt heseam, puckeredseam orext ramat eri
al caughtinseams, unev enseam
alonghems, andmanyot herfaultsthatcanar i
sedur i
ngt hegar mentpr oduction.

Theappl i
cationofAIi nfi
nalgar mentinspect
ionincludes: aut
omat icclassi
ficati
onof
generalfault
si nshirtcoll
ars(formonocol or
edmat erials)usingmachi nevision;appli
cati
on
ofAATCC( Amer i
canAssoci ationofTextil
eChemi stsandCol ori
sts)wrinkl
er ati
ngf or
evaluati
onofwr i
nklebyusi ngal asersensor;detect
ionandcl assi
ficat
ionofst i
tching
defectsusingwav el
ett r
ansform andBPNN; seam puckerev aluat
ionbyusi ngsel f
-
organizi
ngmappi ng;anddesi gningofasmar thangerf orgarmenti nspecti
on.In
manuf actur
ingt heseaml essgar ments,AIcanbeusedt odetectfaultsonli
ne.Thei mageof
thefinalgarmentcanbecapt uredandcompar edwitht hestandardandanyv ari
ati
onf r
om
thestandardi sreportedasaf aultt
hatcanbemendedatt hattimeoramar kingisdone
wher ethefaultoccur s.

Appl
i
cat
ioni
nret
ail
i
ng:

Fashionretai
lingest abli
shest helinkbet weent hemanuf acturer
soff ashiongoodswi ththe
consumer s.Ov erthelastt wodecadesorso, fashionr etai
li
nghasbecomeoneoft hemost
compet it
iver
et ai
lsect orsduet otechnol ogical advancement sandbehav ioralchangesof
consumer stowar df astf ashion.Ther earesev eralareasinretai
li
ngsuchassal es
for
ecast i
ng;fashionr etailforecasting;stylesuggest iontoconsumer s; customerr elat
ionshi
p
management ;demandf orecasting;determi ni
ngcust omersat i
sfact
ion; andf ashion
coordinati
on;wher eAIappl icati
oni sev erincreasing.Salesforecasti
ngi nf ashionhas
becomemor echal lengingnowduet ov olati
li
tyofdemandasi tdependonsev eral f
actors.
Hi
stor
ical
dataonsalesi
ncombi
nat
ionwi
tht
hest
yle,
col
or,
andgar
mentsi
zecanbeused
f
orsal
esforecast
ing.

AIsuggest i
onsystemscanbeusedf orselecti
onofappr opri
atest
yleanddesi gn
combinationforconsumer s.Insev eralinst
ancesitisveryhardtoidenti
fythesubtle
di
ffer
encesbet weent wodifferentsty l
es.AIcanbeusedt oident
if
yt hediff
erencesand
si
mi l
ari
ti
esbet weent woormor edifferentsty
les.Today’
sconsumer saremor eawareonthe
comfortfeaturesthanbefore.AIcanal sobeusedf orselecti
onofrighttypeofgarmentfor
provi
dingnecessar ycomfortincludingt heappearance,whichcanbeusedbyt hecustomers.

Concl
usi
on:

I
nt hi
smoder nera,AIi
sbeingusedi nmanyar east osolv evariouspr obl
emswi th
i
ntell
i
gencesi milartohumanbei ng.TheapplicationofAIwasnotwi delyacceptedint he
l
abor-intensi
veclothi
ngproducti
on.Howev er
, t
hegl obal compet it
iveenv i
ronmentanda
t
argett oachievelowcostofproductionar ethemai nr easonsf ortheAI ’
swi derappli
cations
i
nappar el i
ndustr
ystart
ingfrom materialsel
ectionandsour cing,throughmanuf acturingtil
l
r
etail
ing.AIcanbeusedi nvari
ouspr ocessesoft exti
lepr oductionsuchasf i
bergrading,
predict
ionofyarnpr operti
es, det
ecti
onoff abri
cf aul
ts, anddy ereci
pepr edi
ction.Simil
arl
y ,
AIcanbeappl i
edi nallthest agesofgar mentpr oduct ionsuchaspr eproduct i
on,producti
on,
andpost pr
oducti
onoper ati
ons.Dev elopedcount rieshav ealreadyst art
edusi ngAIt o
i
mpr ovequali
tyofgar ment ,enhancedcust omerser vice, andhencei ncreasedsal es.Much
progressisundergoingi nAIr api
dlyandi nnearf utureitwi llbecomeani mportanttoolfor
thegarmentmanuf acturer
sf orenhanci ngqualit
y ,i
ncreasi ngpr oduct i
on, l
ower i
ngoper at
ing
costs,andexerci
singi nhousecont r
ol overproduct i
on, leadingtoqui ckr esponseandj ust-i
n-
ti
meconcept .Theappl icati
onofAIi ngar mentmanuf act uri
nghasabr i
ghtf ut
uresi mi
larto
otherareasofapplication

Ref
erences:

1.Aut
omat
ioni
nGar
mentManuf
act
uri
ngbybyRaj
ki
shor
eNay
akandRaj
i
vPadhy
e

2.Gar
mentManuf
act
uri
ngTechnol
ogybyRaj
ki
shor
eNay
akRaj
i
vPadhy
e

3.Appar
elManuf
act
uri
ngTechnol
ogybyT.Kar
thi
k,P.Ganesan,
D.Gopal
akr
ishnan
4.ht
tp:
//st
it
chdi
ary
.com/
art
if
ici
al-
int
ell
i
gence-
appar
el-
indust
ry/