Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Regenerative Medicine
Martin Gallagher, MD, DC, MS, ABOIM
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Disclosures
• No disclosures
• The content is free of product or
intellectual bias
2
• The human steroid hormones are
divided into the following 5 major
classes: estrogens, progestogens,
androgens, mineralocorticoids, and
glucocorticoids.
Types of
• The most common prescribed for the
Human treatment of menopausal symptoms are
the estrogens and progestogens
Steroid
• Estrogens and progestogens are
Hormones available in a wide variety of FDA‐
approved and non–FDA‐approved
formulations for the treatment of
perimenopausal and menopausal
symptoms.
3
What is a Bioidentical Hormone?
• Women who request bioidentical HT (BHT) from their
physicians may have differing expectations
• Depending on the circumstances, it can mean natural (not
artificial), compounded, plant derived, or chemically
identical to the human hormone structure.
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• The Endocrine Society has defined
bioidentical hormones as
“compounds that have exactly
the same chemical and molecular
structure as hormones that are
Endocrine produced in the human body.”
Society • This broad definition does not
address the manufacturing,
Definition source, or delivery methods of
the products and thus can include
non–FDA‐approved custom‐
compounded products as well as
FDA‐approved formulations.
5
• The term CBHT refers to
hormone preparations that (1)
have exactly the same chemical
and molecular structure as the
estrogens and progesterone
produced within the human
body, (2) are plant derived, and
(3) are specifically compounded
CBHT: Non– for an individual patient.
FDA‐ • Custom CBHT is not FDA‐
Approved HT approved for treatment of
menopausal symptoms.
• The FDA defines compounding
as: “the combining or altering of
ingredients by a pharmacist, in
response to a licensed
practitioner's prescription, to
produce a drug tailored to an
individual patient's special
medical needs”.
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Most Common Compounded
Hormones
• The most common compounded
hormones include combinations of
the endogenous estrogens (17β‐
estradiol, estrone, estriol) and
progesterone.
• Although testosterone, DHEA, and
pregnenolone are sometimes
added to CBHT preparations, the
main components are usually
estrogen and progesterone.
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Custom CBHT
Custom CBHT is available only at Proponents of custom CBHT preparations
select pharmacies claim that they offer improved safety,
efficacy, and tolerability because of the
individualization of the formulas, the
source of the hormones, and the routes of
delivery.
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• The compounded estrogen formulations
most frequently prescribed contain 2 or
3 forms of estrogen that are “identical”
to those found in humans: estradiol,
estrone, and estriol in varying
percentages.
• Although the compounded drug bi‐
estrogen (bi‐est) is composed primarily
(80%) of estriol, 17β‐estradiol accounts
Bi‐Est and for most of its estrogenic activity.
• E2 (estradiol) is the predominant
Tri‐Est circulating estrogen before menopause,
with 80 times the activity of estriol but
making up only 10% to 20% of the
formulation.
• In addition to 17β‐estradiol and estriol,
the compounded drug tri‐estrogen (tri‐
est) contains estrone (at a ratio of 8:1:1)
and is the predominant circulating,
active form of estrogen in
postmenopausal women.
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Understanding the Bi‐Est and Tri‐Est dose?
• These 2 formulations (bi‐est and tri‐est) are generally
available in oral, transdermal, and vaginal
preparations.
• They must be compounded and usually are labeled
with doses in milligrams, which can be misleading to
physicians with little experience in this arena.
• For example, a typical formulation of bi‐est will be
labeled as a 2.5‐mg dose. This does not reflect a
single component but rather the total of the doses in
milligrams of estradiol and estriol combined.
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Bi‐Est dosing
IF A PARTICULAR FORMULATION OF BI‐EST ESTIMATING A DOSE THAT IS
IS COMPOSED OF 80% ESTRIOL, THEN BIOEQUIVALENT TO CONVENTIONAL HT IS
THAT FORMULATION WOULD CONTAIN 2.0 DIFFICULT BUT IS CURRENTLY UNDER
MG OF ESTRIOL AND 0.5 MG OF INVESTIGATION IN A PHASE 1 CLINICAL
ESTRADIOL TRIAL.
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• No evidence currently suggests that
custom CBHT formulations offer
clinically relevant benefit over the
FDA‐approved products available to
treat the symptoms of menopause.
Evidence
• Because of their wide array of
for CBHT? formulations, dosages, and delivery
systems, FDA‐approved HT products
can be used to individualize therapy
and tailor it to meet the needs and
expectations of patients desiring relief
of menopausal symptoms.
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Advantages of CBHT?
Custom CBHT formulations provide Practitioners should discuss risks and
practitioners the option to prescribe HT for benefits of the proposed therapy with
women who cannot tolerate FDA‐ each patient and should prescribe only the
approved products or the nonhormonal products with which they are familiar and
ingredients contained in them experienced.
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Females & BHRT
DON’T GET LOCKED INTO
THE DEFINITION
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Menopause Signs and symptoms
• “I started as a grape and now I’m a raisin”
• Hot flashes, depression, anxiety, panic, crying spells
low or loss of libido, hair thinning
• Bone, joint and tendon problems
• Osteopenia/Osteoporosis
• Insomnia, panic attacks, CAS
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Menopause Signs and Symptoms
Loss of muscle mass
Breast drooping,
especially triceps/biceps,
shrinkage, increased butt
skin hangs, skin “crinkles
and belly fat
and wrinkles”
Decreased and later loss Vaginal dryness, skin,
of libido eyes, wrinkling
“Don’t touch me”
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Menopause signs and symptoms
• Sleep disturbance, panic, anxiety and CAS
• Clitoral shrinkage, painful intercourse, decreased
genital sensitivity, inability to achieve orgasm
• Urge incontinence, reoccurring UTI’s
• Painful intercourse (“feels like shattered glass inside
me”)
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BHRT Labs
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Estrogen
does
matter!
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Contraindications
• Relative vs. absolute
• Relative: women who have fears of
developing cancer, clots, heart attack, weight
gain, reaction from health care provider(s),
media
• Absolute: none based on current research
• Must read “Estrogen Matters”
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BHRT delivery
PO, topical (creams, gels, Most women prefer
patches), pellet implants topicals
Dermal exhaustion so
Can apply directly on the
change sites (upper
clitoris, labia, intra‐
inner thigh very
vaginal
common)
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• Primary menopausal hormone to
replace
E2 • Bone Protection:
Osteopenia/Osteoporosis
(Estradiol) • CV: reduced risk of MI and stroke
• Usually combined with E3, P, T, DHEA
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E3 (Estriol) as topical
• Good topical for chronic UTI, vaginal
dryness, clitoris shrinkage, atrophy, urge
incontinence
• Use as part of your Rx but also use locally
for above 1‐3x per night until dryness
reduced then 1x weekly
• Apply 1 small green pea size to labia,
clitoris, intravaginal
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BHRT dosages
Goal: Eliminate signs and symptoms but “no
breast tenderness or vaginal bleeding”
• May have transient symptoms that are normal but not ongoing
• Typical starting dosages: Topical or PO: E2 (0.25), E3 (0.25), P (50‐
150), T (0.25) per ½ cc qd
• Pellets: E2 (6‐12 mg), P (200), T (25‐100)
• Monitor signs and symptoms q 1‐3 months
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BHRT, the public and providers
• You are swimming vs the current in this arena
• Read “Estrogen Matters” and encourage patients to do
the same
• Read the WHI study
• PCP and Gynecologists recommend SSRI for
menopause and will recommend stopping your Rx
• If a woman has post menopausal bleeding or breast
cancer you may be blamed
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BHRT patients and providers
• Estrogen is synonymous with cancer
• Gyne will recommend endometrial Bx and D/C
any form of Estrogen except vaginal
• Mamography vs thermography
• You have to be aware of the lack of support of
what you are Rx
• Medical‐legal issues
• Know and educate your patients
• Document!!!!!!
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• Indications: loss of muscle
mass, skin slack, wrinkling,
osteopenia/osteoporosis,
heart disease, loss of strength,
increased body fat, loss or low
libido, body aches,
T (women) ligament/tendon/muscle
issues
• Topical, oral (low dose), pellets
• Doses vary from 0.25‐6 mg qd
***Key along with E2 to reverse
Osteoporosis
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• Calming, relaxing, sleep
promoting hormone
• Reduces estrogen dominance,
irregular bleeding, insomnia,
CAS
• Good for PMS (25mg),
Progesterone Perimenopause (50‐100mg),
Menopause (50‐800mg) qd
(women)
Clinical Pearl: BHRT patient with
excessive or continuous bleeding
require > dose, especially pellet
patients
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Pellets (Females)
REINSERT Q 2‐6
MONTHS
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• Some women get the
opposite symptoms
regardless of the form of E,
P or T that you Rx
• Hypersensitive patients
should start with separate
Clinical Pearls syringes breaking out E2,
E3, P, and T
• Following these patients
slowly will be productive
but requires patience on the
provider and patients part
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• Once dose is established
over time you can combine
into one syringe, capsule
• Eliminate from your Rx what
the patient reacts to
• Don’t start hypersensitive
Clinical Pearls patients on pellets
• Pellet replacement varies
from 2‐6 months with most
3‐4 months
• Rotate hips with pellet
implantation
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• Adrenal Hormone
• Always safe at 10mg qd
• Dose: 10‐25 mg qd
DHEA • Some will go down the T pathway
and sometimes not
(women) • If goes down the T pathway
women report increased
strength, libido, muscle mass
• Monitor signs/symptoms, serum,
24 hr. urine or salivary levels
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Pregnenolone (women)
• Pregnenolone is a hormone naturally produced in the body by the
adrenal gland.
• Pregnenolone is also made from cholesterol, and is the starting
material in the production of testosterone, progesterone,
cortisol, estrogen and other hormones
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Pregnenolone Deficiency Signs
• Pregnenolone is used for fatigue and
increasing energy; Alzheimer's disease and
enhancing memory; trauma and injuries; as
well as stress and improving immunity.
• It is also is used for skin disorders including
psoriasis and scleroderma.
• Doses: 25‐100mg qd
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• Oxytocin has been best known for its
roles in female reproduction.
Oxytocin • It is released in large amounts during
labor, and after stimulation of the
Historical nipples.
• It is a facilitator for childbirth and
Uses breastfeeding.
• Therapeutic agent during labor and
delivery.
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Oxytocin, “Love Hormone”
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“The Love Hormone”
• Recent studies have begun to investigate oxytocin's role in various
behaviors, including orgasm, social recognition, bonding, and
maternal behavior.
• For this reason, it is now sometimes referred to as the “love
hormone”
• Dose: 20‐40 IU intranasal
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Oxytocin and ED
One of the main and now
well‐characterized Though it appears to be an
peripheral oxytocin targets indirect effect, oxytocin
is the erectile tissues, i.e., injected in the rats induces
corpus spongiosum and penile erection
corpus cavernosum.
Oxytocin is thought to be
associated with ejaculation
by increasing sperm
May have a role to play in
number and contracting
management of male
ejaculatory tissues
infertility.
especially prostatic urethra,
bladder neck, and
ejaculatory duct
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Testosterone (Men)
• Key Initial Labs: fT, TT, E2, FSH, LH, DHEA,
CBC, LFT’s, 24 hr. urinary T and metabolites
• Male genital exam
• Hair loss especially lower extremity
• Decrease muscle mass, early or late signs of
sarcopenia, fatigue, ED, insomnia, joint and
muscle aches, nocturia
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T deficiency (Signs and Symptoms)
• Decreased or loss of libido, ED, testicular
and/or penile shrinkage, loss of hair (LE),
“man boobs”, weight gain and belly fat, loss of
interest, decreased ejaculate, decreased
penile sensitivity, poor recovery from exercise,
fear, anxiety, depression, agitation
• Fatigue especially after work
• Sleep disturbance especially CAS (cortisol
awakening syndrome)
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“Treat the patient not the lab”
• Important functional medicine concept
• Consider signs and symptoms, age,
medications, trauma (genital, TBI, back,
endocrine and labs), alcohol, hypothyroid
• Age important for fertile men and women
interested in conceiving
• Clomid (25 mg qd), HcG injections
• All men and women are either in menopause
or will be
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Testosterone Routes
• Hepatic metabolism impaired at higher doses
when taken orally
• Clinically: SL<Topicals<SC<Injectibles<Pellets
• SL: short acting, limited value but good
booster used prn
• Topicals: Dermal exhaustion & daily use
• IM: weekly injection
• Pellets: q 2‐6 months
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T Clinical “Pearls”
Start most naïve
patients with 50‐200
Multiple cases of this
mg/cc topical qd.
within my population of
Observe response and
patients
adjust accordingly.
Absorption is 10%
Unresponsive or Non responders:
minimally go to sc, IM or “manage the
pellets expectations”
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T (topical, sc or IM injections)
Option 1: 25‐100
Peak will be mid
Peak and trough of mg topical daily;
week, trough near
T over 7 days or sc or IM, 2x
day 7
weekly
Dermal absorption
Option 2: 50‐200
is 10% of total dose Dermal exhaustion
mg IM q weekly
used daily
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Sites of T
PELLETS: R OR L
UPPER, OUTER HIP
QUADRANT
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Testosterone mechanics
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Testosterone Side Effects
• “Red man syndrome”
• Erythrocytosis
• Breast, nipple sensitivity
• Losing effect of T
• Hyper‐vigilant, “roid rage”
• Sleep disturbance
• Testicular shrinkage, ED
• Exhaust the partner syndrome
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Testosterone side effect Rx
• Erythrocytosis (give blood or pump and dump every quarter;
500ml)
• Red man syndrome: Rx anastrazole (0.25‐1 mg q weekly)
• Elevated E2 with or without symptoms (anastrazole)
• Sleep disturbance, edema, overly aggressive (decrease dose)
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Anastrazole
E2 blocker commonly Common Rx for men
used in breast cancer using T
Lower dose reduces Dose varies from 0.25
conversion of T to E2 to 1 mg q weekly
No known herbal or
Maybe given orally or
nutritional supplement
implanted with pellets
to replace it that works
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Clinical Pearls
• Not all men or women respond to BHRT
• Not all ED problems in men are solved with T
(educate men about the effects of T but ED is
multi‐factorial including vascular, nutritional,
neurological, etc.
• Men should be advised about diet, exercise,
vitamins (arginine, pycnogenol, Vitamin D,
etc.), Viagra and TriMix
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DHEA (males)
RX: 25‐100 MG QD
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The Key Peptides
Sermorelin
CJC + Ipamorelin
BPC‐157
PT‐141
Thymosin Alpha 1
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• Both peptides and proteins are made up of
strings of the body’s basic building blocks –
amino acids – and held together by peptide
bonds.
• In basic terms, the difference is that peptides
are made up of smaller chains of amino
acids than proteins.
Peptides • A peptide contains two or more amino
acids; polypeptides – a chain of 10 or more
vs amino acids.
• Dr Mark Blaskovich from the Institute for
Proteins? Molecular Bioscience (IMB) at The University
of Queensland in Australia says
approximately 50‐100 amino acids is the cut‐
off between a peptide and a protein.
• But most peptides found in the human body
are much shorter than that – chains of
around 20 amino acids.
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Peptide Future?
• “We think peptides are the future of drugs
for reasons of being more selective, more
potent and potentially safer, because when a
peptide eventually breaks down it just breaks
down into amino acids, and amino acids are
food, basically.”
Professor David Craik, who leads IMB’s Clive and Vera Ramaciotti Facility for
Producing Pharmaceuticals in Plants.
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• By the age of 50 we have over a
50 % decline in Growth Hormone
levels compared to our mid 20’s
and this number further declines
as we age
Peptides • GH rises over baseline for about a
HGH 6 hour period at night.
• Purpose of GHRH/GHRPs on a
regular basis is to re‐entrain a
better release going forward
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IGF‐1
• Insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a
polypeptide hormone structurally similar to
insulin.
• It is central to the somatotropic axis, acting
downstream of growth hormone (GH).
• It activates both the mitogen‐activated protein
(MAP) kinase and PI3K signaling pathways, acting
in almost every tissue in the body to promote
tissue growth and maturation through
upregulation of anabolic processes.
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IGF‐1
• Contradictory with some studies reporting
that reduced IGF‐1 signaling is
neuroprotective, while others claim that
reduced IGF1 signaling with age contributes
to brain aging
• IGF1 appears to act in concert with BDNF and
other neurotrophic factors to promote
neurogenesis and remodeling in the brain
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Reduced IGF‐1
Reduced IGF‐1 signaling is linked to Studies in humans found a significant
cognitive dysfunction. correlation between better perceptual
motor performance, information
processing speed and fluid intelligence and
higher circulating IGF‐1 levels
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Effects of Aging
• Decrease Growth Hormone
• Decrease IGF‐1
• Sarcopenia: decrease muscle mass, decrease
amino acid uptake, decrease protein assembly,
decrease nitrogen retention, decrease
potassium
• Decreased Insulin sensitivity– influenced by
mitochondrial Dysfunction
• Decreased uptake amino acids
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What is Sermorelin?
• Sermorelin is the structurally truncated
analog of Growth Hormone Releasing
Hormone (GHRH).
• It consists of the first 29 amino acids of
the naturally occurring neurohormone
that is produced in the hypothalamus.
• It can significantly promote the synthesis
and release of growth hormone (GH)
from cells in the pituitary gland,
improving the serum concentrations of
GH and subsequently insulin‐like growth
factor 1 (IGF‐1) in animals and humans.
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Sermorelin
• Peptide that avoids negative feedback
• Mimics normal physiological pulse of GH
• Stimulates pituitary gene transcription of hGH
messenger RNA
• Increases pituitary reserve and thereby preserving
more of the growth hormone neuroendocrine axis,
which is the first to fail during aging
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Sermorelin Effects on Tissues
It is able to influence the The positive and negative
concert of hormonal signals opposing regulation of
that affect GH secretion growth hormone by GHRH
from the anterior pituitary and somatostatin,
including GHRH, respectively, creates a
somatostatin, and (IGF) and rhythmic‐circadian pattern
others. of GH secretion
After sermorelin stimulates
The pulse amplitude and
the release of GH from the
frequency of GH secretion
pituitary gland, it increases
results from Sermorelin
synthesis of IGF‐1 in the
administration.
liver and peripheral tissues.
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Sermorelin Actions
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Sermorelin and Sleep
• In addition to increasing production and secretion GHRH also
affects sleep patterns by increasing the amount of slow wave
sleep (SWS) while augmenting sleep‐related GH secretion and
reducing cortisol secretion.
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Sermorelin Dose
• Readily degraded after reaching the bloodstream, having a
biological half‐life of approximately 10‐20 min
• However, single daily dosing is sufficient to treat most cases of
adult‐onset GH insufficiency.
• Sermorelin: 3 mcg inj sc used to simulate a naturally occurring
GHRH mediated GH release responses
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CJC + Ipamorelin (sc injection)
• The HGHRH and Ghrelin secretagogue combined provide a
synergistic effect that gives the patient 5 times the benefits of
using one or the other alone because each is working on a
separate receptor on the pituitary.
• The combination promotes deep wave sleep that patients will
notice after the very first injection and provides patients with
increased muscle mass and some weight loss
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The BPC‐157 (sc injection & oral)
• BPC stands for body protection compound
• BPC is a repair peptide that is naturally found in the gut.
• Used for tendon and ligament repair and also works in the GI
tract to combat leaky gut, IBS, and Crohn’s disease.
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Peptide found in wound
beds.
Peptides
and Soft It is the first gene to be
up‐regulated upon injury
Tissue to assist in healing.
Injuries
Indications: Fascial tears,
tendinitis, bursitis,
ligamentosis, tendinosis
(acute and chronic)
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Thymosin Alpha 1 (sc injection)
• Thymosin Alpha is an immune modulator that
enhances T‐cells and antibody responses.
• Many physicians used this peptide in patients with
Lyme disease, cancer, viral infections or general
immune maintenance.
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PT 141 (sc injection)
• PT 141 is a sexual function peptide.
• Used by both men and women to increase
libido and arousal.
• This peptide works on the central nervous
system so the patient does not have to have
any psychological stimulus prior to reaction.
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PT 141 (sc injection)
• It has been shown to be effective in cases
that PDE5 inhibitors have not been.
• Nausea is a side effect often experienced by
patients.
Clinical Pearl: I have not found this to be
effective for ED as purported
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CONTACT INFORMATION
Martin P. Gallagher, MD, DC, MS, ABOIM
Board Certified Family Medicine
Board Certified Integrative Medicine
Chiropractor
Physician Acupuncturist
Medical Director
Medical Wellness Associates
6402 State Route 30
Jeannette, Pa. 15644
724-523-5505
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QUESTIONS
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References
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• Whole‐body Protein Metabolism with Normal and Frail Aging
Dr. José A. Morais, MD, FRCPC, Division of Geriatric Medicine
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• Liu H, Bravata DM, Olkin I, Nayak S, Roberts B, Garber AM,
Hoffman AR. Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of
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