Evan Sylliaasen | 1
 Materia Aromatica Ebook, written by Evan Sylliaasen
Published by The Northwest School of Aromatic Medicine
PO Box 597, Chimacum, WA 98325
Copyright © 2019 - The Northwest School of Aromatic Medicine
All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced
or modified in any form, including photocopying, recording,
or by any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher.
For permissions contact: evan@aromaticmedicineschool.com

Disclaimer
This book is intended as an educational and informational
reference only. The information given here is not intended as
a substitute for any treatment that may have been prescribed
by your medical professional, and is not intended as medical
advice. The information contained in this book should not be
used to diagnose, treat or prevent any disease or health condi-
tion. The author takes no responsibility for the misinterpre-
tation and deliberate or accidental misuse of the information
presented in this book or on their websites. The author will not
accept responsibility for the actions or consequential results of
any action taken by the reader regarding the information in
this book.

Cover design by Evan Sylliaasen

2 | Evan Sylliaasen

 Introduction

I n this book you will find the magic and mysticism, the enchanting
histories, and the medicinal and spiritual healing wisdom of the
most common aromatic plants used as incense. From the Himalayas
to the Sierra Nevada, from the sands of Egypt to the Amazon
Rainforest, the fragrant plants of the world have been held in the
hearts of mankind since the beginning of time.

Their use among medicine men and
women, shamans, traditional healers,
and ancient physicians in the form of
incense has captured the imagination
of many wisdom seekers, incense
con noisseurs, aromatherapists,
perfumers, and herbalists of our time,
and has contributed to the healing of
millions of people over thousands of
years.
These plants have been used to bring
balance and harmony to minds,
bodies, and spirits throughout
history, while helping strengthen the
foundation of many belief systems
and spiritual traditions. Aromatic
plants have been intrinsically inter-
twined with spirituality, religion,
and prayer since time immemorial.
Every culture on Earth, in one way or
another, has used the precious smoke

Evan Sylliaasen | 3
 Materia Aromatica
of sacred herbs and plants to connect
to the divine; as offering to spirits,
deities, gods, and goddesses; to honor
ancestors and the dead; for spiritual
and energetic protection and purifi-
cation; and to accompany prayer.
Many aromatic plants are believed
to work in magical and metaphysical
ways while also having strong effects
on the nervous system, mind, and
emotions. Working on many differ-
ent levels, these plants have aided
meditation, yoga, divine commu-
nion, ceremony, ritual, and spiritual
practices by helping people connect
more deeply and meaningfully to the
realms of spirit and wisdom, while
clearing the mind, expanding the
heart field, and sharpening aware-
ness and the senses.
In this book of fragrant stories and
histories of plants, you will come
to understand that incense and
medicine were once one and the
same. Countless human illnesses,
imbalances, and disorders were once
treated with aromatic medicinal
herbs in the form of incense. There
are branches of traditional medi-
cine, including the Indian system of
Ayurveda and traditional Chinese
Medicine, where few practitioners
still prescribe incense in their treat-
ment of patients. Even so, this healing
4 | Evan Sylliaasen
art has slowly been disappearing for
decades into the vastness of human
history in the wake of modern and
conventional medicine. These pages
are an effort to help keep this wisdom
intact so people may continue to heal
themselves, their loved ones, and
their patients through the profound
art of incense crafting.
In Western societies, and many parts
of the Old World heavily influenced
by modernism, there is a growing lack
of sacredness surrounding the use of
incense. Over the past few decades
the popularity of incense has grown
substantially in North America,
mostly as a consumer product and
not so much as a sacred and cere-
monial tool or therapeutic modality.
As incense crafters and enthusiasts,
aromatherapists, herbalists, and plant
people, it is very important that we
ourselves understand the beautiful,
precious, and sacred connections
between aromatic plants, incense,
and our sense of smell in the deepest
of ways. Once equipped with greater
knowledge and wisdom around
incense and aromatic plants, we can
be better suited to keep the Spirit of
the timeless, sacred art of incense
intact and nourished for our future
generations.
 Introduction
The magical world of fragrance is a
profound gift with many layers of
depth, endless healing potential, and
extraordinary spiritual transforma-
tions waiting to be unlocked through
the olfactory receptors in the brain.
The healing powers of plants, which
were once an intrinsic part of life in
many cultures, now rely on a special
handful of people to keep their spir-
itual, psychological, and physiolog-
ical medicine alive in the collective
memory of humankind. It is up to
those reading these pages to carry on
the ancient traditions and wisdom of
the plants in an honorable way for the
future of humanity.
This is not by any means meant to be
a complete guide to aromatic incense
plants of the world, but a guide to
help you begin, or continue the life-
long journey of an incense crafter,
herbalist, aromatherapist, or medi-
cine maker. Compiled in the follow-
ing pages are the most historically
common fragrant plants utilized in
many different traditions all around
the world. These are the plants most
popular for their aromatic fragrance
and smoke, and which are most
commonly mentioned throughout
literature and medical works, or
used most often in the sacred incense
recipes of different cultures.
For each herb discussed in this
Materia Aromatica, you’ll find a phys-
ical profile of the plant, its ancient
history and traditional uses, spiritual
and metaphysical uses, medicinal
applications and indications, and its
emotional/mental effects. You will
also find a section on each plant’s
magical and metaphysical uses. By no
means is this a complete documen-
tation of these plants and their uses.
Instead, the goal of this book is to
give you a breakdown of each plant’s
main medicinal benefits, core stories
and folklore, and its most well-known
documented uses and histories.
Evan Sylliaasen | 5
 Ancient Aromatherapy

A romatic plants have been used in the healing arts since the
beginning of history, and incense was the first method of
their application, thousands of years before essential oils were first
extracted. The smoke from aromatic plants has been used by ancient
physicians, medicine people, healers, and shamans for millennia to
bring balance to the emotions, healing to the body and spirit, and
clarity and function to the mind.

In the ancient and renowned tradi- process of personal transformation

tion of Western Alchemy, the soul of
a plant was believed to be housed
in its essential oils which saturate its
physical parts; leaf, resin, bark, stem,
seed, flower, and root. These volatile
oils, referred to by the Alchemists
as “sulfur”, are considered the soul,
or the unique consciousness of a
plant. Therefore, in the eyes of the
Alchemists, to breathe in herbal fumes
and oils is to embark on a fragrant
and healing, in direct communion
with the soul, or “sulfur”, of a plant.
If we take this thought into nature,
we find that the unique soul of a plant
often travels on the breeze in the form
of vaporous oils, reaching out to pass-
ersby. These magical oils also carry
with them their own aromatic signa-
ture in hopes of gaining our attention
with their strong, unique fragrances.

6 | Evan Sylliaasen

 Ancient Aromatherapy
This process affects us on very subtle
and energetic levels. The plant, its
medicine, and its ‘soul’ are taken into
the nasal passages and lungs, travel
throughout the blood stream, and
end up dispersed in the body and the
brain, positively effecting the mind,
mood, emotions, energies and phys-
ical health of a person. In addition
to this, many other ancient cultures
believed aromatic plants and incense
worked on the soul level, healing our
imbalances and aiding us in our spir-
itual evolution.
Essential oils have been extracted from
the plant kingdom for a few thousand
years for their use in healing, beauty,
and enjoyment. There are many
methods for extracting oils from a
plant, the most common employing the
use of heat and steam in the distillation
process. In this process, certain parts of
a plant are placed within the chamber
of a still which is exposed to a heated
element. As essential oils of plants
are volatile (easily evaporated), they
are separated from the physical plant
material using heat and steam, and are
captured for use in fragrance, aroma-
therapy, and other healing practices.
Aroma has a very direct action on
the brain. As aromatic molecules are
inhaled through the nose, they attach
to receptor cells in the cilia connected
to the two olfactory bulbs in the
brain. Through this process, count-
less chemical reactions are set off
inside the human organism, affect-
ing emotions, electrical responses,
thoughts, mental activities, and many
bodily functions. Electrical impulses
are triggered and messages are trans-
mitted and received. The part of the
brain most involved with this process
is the limbic system, which shares
a direct connection to the emotions,
memory, learning, hormone balance,
sexual drive, energy levels, heart rate,
blood pressure, anxiety, depression,
stress levels, fear, anger, and joy.
There are many receptors in this
area of the brain that are specific to
different compounds found in plants.
For instance, research has shown that
benzodiazepine receptors are found in
large quantities on the olfactory bulbs.
Many prescription drugs such as
valium or antidepressants have been
designed to affect these receptors.
Before man-made drugs like this were
synthetically created however, nature
was the original provider of these
plant-derived chemical compounds.
Like keys to keyholes, each aromatic
compound found in nature has its
own unique receptor in our brains.
On every walk through nature, an
aromatic key anticipates opening a
stuck emotional lock that could be
holding us back from healthier mental,
emotional, or spiritual states.
Evan Sylliaasen | 7
 Materia Aromatica
The burning of incense or the inhal-
ing of nature’s aromas outdoors was
the original natural “treatment”,
thousands of years before the discov-
ery and use of essential oils, helping
to keep humans in balance on many
different levels since the beginning
of time. And it just goes to show that
as we continue on the path of tech-
nological advancement and further
disconnection from nature, society
ultimately relies more and more on
man-made drugs and chemicals to
make up for the lack of, or lack of
awareness of, organic “medicines”
that its ancestors received from
nature. If only people knew that
taking deep breaths outdoors is so
much more than just the absorption
and assimilation of oxygen.
The ancients were well aware that
aromatic plants have the power to
8 | Evan Sylliaasen
enhance and heal mind, emotions,
and cognitive functioning. They
used herbs as incense and fumigants
for ailments and disorders based on
different systems of classification,
organization, diagnosis, formula-
tion, and prescription. Without fancy
machines, technological research,
or modern methods of extraction,
they deeply understood the inher-
ent connection between plants and
humans. Like skilled locksmiths,
they knew which aromatic keys
were necessary in order to unlock the
many facets of the human psyche and
the emotional heart. Modern research
is finally proving what thousands of
years of experience has shown all
along; aroma holds an incredibly
important key to our health, well-be-
ing, and joy.
 Wild-harvesting and Purchasing Herbs

Y ou find yourself in nature, walking through the woods and out

into a sunny meadow high in the mountains. The sun is shining
brightly, warming the fresh spring air and the plants around you.
The wild flowers are beginning to bloom and green buds are begin-
ning to form on the shrubs nearby. As you take in a deep refresh-
ing breath of mountain air, your awareness is suddenly drawn to a
beautiful, intoxicating fragrance. One that stands out from all the
rest of nature’s many scents. A very potent aromatic plant is trying
to capture your attention, trying to lure you in to bestow upon you
its wisdom and its many gifts.

Aroma is one of the many ways in
which plants communicate to the
world around them. Since the begin-
ning of time, plants have communi-
cated with humans and animals, by
triggering their sense of smell as they
wander through nature. A plant’s
aroma is its way of letting us know
that it holds potent physiological,
psychological, or emotional medi-
cine, or has a strong connection to
the realm of spirit. In general, most
aromatic plants have traditionally
been used as medicine for thousands

Evan Sylliaasen | 9
 Materia Aromatica
of years, with a few exceptions.
Strong aroma is a good indication of
a plant’s many benefits.
Aromatic plants are found growing
all around the world. Most are
native to specific regions while
others are widespread and natural-
ized on many continents. Chances
are, a host of aromatic plants are
waiting for you to discover right in
your own backyard. A handful of
the herbs mentioned in this book
that have been used as incense and
medicine for ages are most likely
to be found growing in the park
down the road, or in the foothills
a few hours away from your home,
possibly even in your herb garden.
Collecting herbs in the wild to use
in your incense or medicines, and
experiencing them in their natural
state and environment is one of the
most rewarding ways to understand
plants and deepen your relationship
to them and nature.
“Wild-crafting,” or “wild-harvest-
ing”, is the act of sustainably and
respectively collecting herbs from
their natural habitat. It is important
to practice sustainability when taking
advantage of nature’s medicine
10 | Evan Sylliaasen
cabinet by always making sure to
only take as much as is needed at
any given time, and to never harvest
more than 70 percent of what is there.
When out in a plant’s habitat, it is
important to always tread as lightly
as possible, and avoid killing any
plants to ensure the continuation of
growth for future harvests.
Since the beginning of time, peoples
around the world have united in the
belief that plants and animals have
spirits. This universal belief is called
Animism. The belief that nature
and the plant kingdom is alive, and
also animated by a higher power
or spiritual essence is one that has
aided many powerful indigenous
healers and shamans on their healing
path. Ancient alchemists, herbalists,
and philosophers of all kinds have
shared the importance of working
with the spiritual essence of plants
in the teachings they have left behind
for us all. Many traditional peoples
still carry this wisdom with them,
teaching the next generation of plant
people how to see beyond a plant’s
physical healing ability, and into its
wholeness: spiritual, energetic, and
physical.
 Wild-harvesting and Purchasing Herbs
As a plant person, a certain level
of respect for the plant you are
harvesting, its eco-system, and
nature herself is of the upmost
importance when wild-harvesting
plants. It is also a good gesture to
leave an offering before you harvest
a plant. Traditionally, many Native
Americans and other indigenous
cultures around the world ask
permission and leave an offering first
and foremost when taking anything
from nature. This is a gesture of
honor, respect, reciprocity, and
gratitude. A pinch of tobacco is a
traditional Native American offering
for wild-harvesting, and is a way of
showing gratitude for such blessings
of abundance. This act of reciprocity
is a very important aspect of herbal-
ism and wild-crafting, and is crucial
to beginning a personal relationship
with a plant or its spirit.
One of the most important rules of
wild-harvesting is to research and
know your plant species. There are
many poisonous plants in nature
and many of the plants you choose
to wild-harvest may have poison-
ous lookalikes. Also, be sure you
know which part of a plant is the
correct part to harvest, as one part
could be toxic while another could
be completely safe. It is also crucial
that you research the plant species
you are harvesting to ensure it is
not an endangered or threatened
species.
When harvesting any herb for use
as incense or medicine, it is best to
time your harvest before sunrise or at
least within a few hours of the early
morning. In general, this is when a
plant’s medicine is most potent. For
aromatic plants, as the sun warms the
atmosphere during the day, the plant’s
potent, volatile, aromatic essential
oils begin to evaporate and disperse
into the air. Between dusk and dawn,
these potent oils are replenished
and condensed. To ensure the most
potent medicine, plant people must
get outside early before the sun has a
chance to warm the Earth.
Since ancient times throughout differ-
ent traditions, harvesting plants has
been timed under certain astrological
influences, alignments, and events. It
is believed that by timing a harvest
Evan Sylliaasen | 11
 Materia Aromatica
when a particular planet or astrolog-
ical energy is most potent and influ-
ential, those energies are manifested
and stored within the plant when it
is cut or picked, ultimately raising
the potency of its medicine. We can
see the most basic, age-old practice of
this wisdom in the sowing, growing,
and harvesting of farmer’s crops in
correlation with the different phases
of the moon throughout a four-season
cycle.
As a general guideline for the
wild-harvester, the part of the plant
you wish to harvest should determine
the time of year or season in which you
should collect it. The harvest schedule
below is used by many different tradi-
tions and reflects the natural cycles
and rhythms of nature, the Earth, and
subtle forces and energies.
Roots
Harvest in mid to late fall when a
plant’s energy, oils, and life force are
drawn in and downward. Be careful
when digging out roots not to kill a
plant or cut its main roots. It is best to
not harvest a plant’s roots in winter
as this can destroy the life force of the
plant.
12 | Evan Sylliaasen
Bark
Harvest in the spring or fall. Some
bark is easier to peel off after rains.
Never remove bark all the way
around a trunk or branch as it can
cause harm or kill the plant.
Leaves
Harvest before or at the beginning of
flowering when the life force is still
potent in the leaves, before it transi-
tions into the formation of flowers.
This is usually during spring and
summer.
Resins/Gums
Harvest during spring, summer, and
fall, when trees and plants are warm
and sap is flowing.
Flowers
Harvest when they are just starting to
open or just before they have peaked,
before their life force begins to fade.
This is usually during spring and
summer.
Fruit/Seeds
Harvest fruits directly before, or once
they are fully ripe. Harvest seeds
when they are dry and fully ripe;
usually during summer and fall.
 Wild-harvesting and Purchasing Herbs
Herb shops are great places to
purchase bulk herbs for incense
crafting or medicine-making, and are
found in small towns and big cities
alike. If you do not have one nearby,
there are many herb shops that offer
their goods online. A majority of the
most commonly used incense herbs
cannot be found locally and will have
to be purchased. Many herb shops
do their best to supply organic or
wild-harvested herbs and offer great
selections on exotic, or foreign herbs.
Do your best to find organic sources of
herbs, free of pesticides and chemicals,
as you will most likely be burning
these as incense in your home. Using
herbs grown with harmful chemicals
is contradictory to your intentions if
you are burning them as therapeutic
incense or for medicinal purposes,
as the chemicals locked within the
bodies of plants grown in this way are
released by burning, are inhaled, and
can potentially cause harm to one’s
health over time.
Be sure the herbs you intend to
purchase from an herb shop have
retained a strong aroma, a good
vibrant color, and have not been
sitting on the shelf losing potency for
the good part of a year. If your herbs
seem to have a dull look to them, like
cut grass that has been sitting in the
sun for many days, they have most
likely been sitting for too long and
will not hold the strong fragrance
you are searching for. With incense
herbs in particular, it is always good
to ask to smell the herbs before you
purchase them to make sure they are
of good quality and still retain their
potent fragrance and life force.
Evan Sylliaasen | 13
 Incorporating Incense Into Your Practice
T he multi-faceted art of incense is one of the most universal
practices with plants in the world, whether used for healing,
spiritual enhancement, or aesthetics. Not only is the tradition of
incense the roots of modern aromatherapy, and the foundation for
all other aromatic arts, it is also one of the most profound ritual
gateways to spirit.
Incorporating incense into your Traditional Chinese Medicine,
healing or spiritual practice can be massage, or any other healing prac-
a life changing choice, offering an tice. At the same time it can greatly
ancient lens of perception from which enhance any spiritual or religious
to see the greater potential for your practice you may have such as medita-
life and work with plants. tion, yoga, prayer, or spiritual healing
modalities. But where can one not
As an aromatherapist myself, and only learn about many traditions of
after teaching hundreds of other incense, but also how to tie them into
aromatherapists how to facilitate an existing or beginning practice?
greater healing through a more holis-
tic approach with aromatic medicine In-depth training in the field of
and incense, I’ve witnessed first-hand incense is very hard to come by, espe-
the transformative power of incorpo- cially in the western world, take it
rating ancient traditions into modern from me. I searched around for years
practices with plants. The synthesis without finding a teacher to show me
of ancient plant wisdom and modern the ropes of the craft. After nearly a
botanical therapy holds a powerful decade of compiling my findings,
key to greater health, balance, and learning through experience, and
spiritual evolution as plant people. weaving together teachings from
East and West from many different
Incense is an important tool that indigenous, herbal, and aromather-
can offer an entirely new element to apy teachers and programs, I decided
your practice with herbal medicine, it was my duty to share the immense
essential oils, perfume, Ayurveda, bundle of wisdom and teachings I

14 | Evan Sylliaasen

 Incorporating Incense Into Your Practice
had gathered with those who were
journeying down the path of incense.
In 2011, I had created what would
soon become one of the most popular
incense companies in the United
States, Higher Mind Incense. With this
new outlet I began to offer my custom-
ers more knowledge and wisdom
about the art of incense and the many
virtues of aromatic plants through
the Higher Mind Blog, but I knew
there was much more to come on the
horizon for me as a teacher. Years later,
I was eventually led to the creation
of the first aromatic medicine school
in the western world with a focus
on traditional incense crafting and
incense plant wisdom, the Northwest
School of Aromatic Medicine.
In my school I teach both sides of the
incense path: incense as medicine,
and the spiritual side of incense and
aromatic plants. These are two sides
of the same coin, the practical and
spiritual, which go hand-in-hand
with one another. To reach the full
potential within any practice with
plants, you certainly can’t have one
without the other.
If the path of incense calls out to you,
whether you’ve been enjoying incense
for years, are just starting to learn
about aromatic plants, or you treat
patients and are interested in adding
another powerful layer of healing
and spirit to your therapy practice, I
invite you to learn the ancient ways
of incense crafting, incense as a tradi-
tional medicine, and the more sacred
and spiritual teachings of aroma
through The Northwest School of
Aromatic Medicine.
The online programs offered through
my school will help you take the
aromatic plant knowledge you’ll learn
from the pages of this book, and really
put it into action by teaching you how
to actually formulate and make many
types of incense for therapeutic, ritual,
and aesthetic purposes. You will also
be guided through a journey of learn-
ing from the plants themselves on
experiential levels, while increasing
your olfactory sensitivity, deepening
your connection to the plant kingdom,
and learning how to use many differ-
ent incense plants for healing the
mind, emotions, body, and spirit.
I promise you won’t find anything
else out there that compares to these
special courses.
If you’re ready to journey deeper
down the path of the incense crafter
or incense healer, learn more about
the one-of-a-kind offerings from
The Northwest School of Aromatic
Medicine below:
www.aromaticmedicineschool.com/
programs
Evan Sylliaasen | 15
16 | Evan Sylliaasen
 Plant Profiles

E ach plant profile in the following pages is structured using a

simple template to help you find information with ease. These
aromatic herbs are broken down into many sections and placed in
different classifications to further your understanding of the many
dimensions and layers of each plant.

In each plant introduction you will inhalation (smoke/fumes, etc.),

find many different names a plant
has been given over the history of
its relationship to humanity. Many
names hint at the actions or uses of
a plant. For example, another name
for Calamus: ‘Singer’s Root’, hints
at the plant’s strong effect on the
vocal chords and throat. You will
also find the parts of the plant listed
that are most commonly used, as
well as a plant’s particular aromatic
description.
Organ/System Affiliation
All of the plants in this book have
traditionally been used as incense as
well as for medicinal purposes for
thousands of years. You will find a
list of the organs and body systems
a plant has the strongest healing
effect on. These aromatic herbs effect
the organs and systems of the body
through many different applications;
internal consumption (tincture, tea,
powder, etc.), or topical application
(salve, poultice, etc.). Though this is a
book inspired by the therapeutic uses
of incense, I believe it is important to
include additional types of medici-
nal application for each herb so you
may more deeply understand the
entirety of each aromatic plant and
how it works to balance the human
organism. Since medicinal plants
have differing effects on different
people based on someone’s particular
constitution and unique condition,
the organs and systems listed under
each plant are in alphabetical order
rather than the strength of effect the
plant has on them.
Physiological Effects
A plant’s physiological effects help us
to understand how it is best used as
medicine. The different effects that

Evan Sylliaasen | 17
 Materia Aromatica
herbs have on the human organism
are commonly referred to as herbal
‘actions.’ Again, since a particular
plant has different effects on different
people depending on many factors,
these herbal actions are in alpha-
betical order. The list of actions for
each herb are not the complete list of
known actions, but are limited to the
most relevant for simplicities sake. I
find actions to be often overused and
at times they can lead to confusion
for the beginning or even seasoned
herbalists.
Morphology
Before delving into the histories and
uses of a plant, a basic description,
physical profile of the plant itself, its
native ecosystem and habitat, and the
traditional methods of harvesting the
plant are all given.
History
The herbs in this book have all been
used for centuries, even millennia, as
incense, medicine, as well as spiritu-
ality/religiously. Take a journey with
each plant back in time to the begin-
ning of its relationship with humans.
Learn how each plant has been used
in ceremonial and spiritual context,
and learn of its unique impacts on a
country or region’s economic, social,
philosophical, political, religious, and
18 | Evan Sylliaasen
spiritual systems in a plant’s history
section.
Medicinal Uses
Aromatic herbs tend to offer potent
medicinal value. It just so happens
that just about every aromatic plant
that has its roots in spirituality and
religion was also widely used in
traditional medicine systems all
around the world to bring balance
to the mind, body, and emotions.
Whether applied to patients in the
form of incense smoke, as a fumi-
gant, an inhalant, a tea, tincture,
herbal bath, salve, poultice, or cream,
the fragrant herbs of the world have
helped billions of people overcome
their sicknesses, diseases, disorders,
and imbalances.
There are many ancient medical
systems including Tibetan Medicine,
traditional Chinese Medicine, and
Ayurveda, that dedicated entire
branches of study, application,
and diagnoses using incense and
aromatic plants alone. This potent
natural wisdom is becoming diluted
in a sea of modern medicine, chemi-
cal therapies, and misguided knowl-
edge on natural healing practices that
is ever present in today’s world. It is
up to the herbalist, incense crafter,
alternative medicine practitioner, and
modern healer to keep this wisdom
 Plant Profiles
alive in their work and practice, and
to sift through the misinformation,
finding and bringing the truth back
to the light.
Many traditional, indigenous, and
folk medicine remedies are listed
and presented in all forms of medic-
inal application within the following
plant profiles. The uses offered are
the most common applications of
each plant and not the entire list of
its uses.
Magical and Metaphysical Uses
T here a re cou nt less m ag ica l,
shamanic, and spiritual traditions
around the world that are deeply
rooted in nature. Medicine men
and women, shamans, and healers
are passed down from their elders
over many generations the ancient
wisdom that allows them to under-
stand and connect to the spirit world,
the cosmos, and to a higher source, or
higher power.
These sacred connections allow
traditional healers to bring healing,
wisdom, and balance to the world
in which they live. The beings and
spirits of the plant and animal king-
doms act as guides, teachers, allies,
protectors, warriors, friends, and
healers to these powerful men and
women who, over their lifetimes, get
to know them through direct expe-
rience, connection, communication,
and friendship. Whether tradition-
ally used for energetic cleansing, for
healing on the soul or spirit level,
or for gaining insight, wisdom, and
understanding of nature and the
human experience, aromatic plants
have been burned for their sacred
healing smoke and spiritual effects
for ages.
The many ancient magical, esoteric
and metaphysical traditions of
ancient Europe, including Alchemy,
Kabbalah, Wicca, Celtic Druid, and
more, all have a rich tradition of
using sacred aromatic plants in the
form of incense. Whether to connect
to the realm of Spirit, to gain higher
understanding of mystical and
arcane natures, or to heal and balance
subtle energies, incense and aromatic
plants have been used for millennia
to positively effect a person’s life
experiences, bring good fortune
and prosperity, and as initiators into
the deeper mysteries of life and the
higher realms of consciousness and
spiritual evolution.
Many different magical, symbolic,
esoteric, and metaphysical uses are
listed under each herb in order to help
you in your own evolutionary process
of personal transformation through
Evan Sylliaasen | 19
 Materia Aromatica
the ancient wisdom of incense and of these many uses contribute to our
herbs. Many traditions are included further understanding of plants no
here as all traditions have their own matter what differences in belief exist
reasons for working with certain in the world.
plants in different ways. The evidence

20 | Evan Sylliaasen

 Contents

Agarwood 23
Balm of Gilead 28
Benzoin Gum 33
Cedar  36
Cinnamon  40
Clove 43
Copal  46
Dragon’s Blood 50
Eucalyptus 55
Frankincense 59
Jasmine 64
Juniper 68
Lavender 71
Myrrh  74
Palo Santo 78
Patchouli 82
Pine  86
Rose 90
Sandalwood 94
Star Anise 98

Evan Sylliaasen | 21
 Agarwood
Latin name: Aguilaria agallocha, Aquilaria malaccensis
Other Names: Aloeswood, Jinko, Oud, Oodh
Family: Thymelaceace
Parts Used: heartwood, bark, roots, essential oil
Aroma: sweet, woody, balsamic, slightly floral, musky
Organ/System Affiliation: respiratory, nervous, digestive, female reproductive,
heart, kidneys, spleen, liver
Physiological Effects: analgesic, anodyne, anti-asthmatic, antibiotic, antibacte-
rial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, aphrodi-
siac, carminative, digestive, diaphoretic, diuretic, immune booster, insecticidal,
stimulant, stomachic
O

A garwood is a dark, aromatic, resinous heartwood that results

as an immune response to a certain type of parasitic fungus or
mold in the threatened Aquilaria and Gyrinops trees.

The aromatic resin produced by Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia, and

these trees is their form of defense
against the infection. The resin is
deeply imbedded into the heartwood
of the trees over time, resulting in a
very fragrant incense material that is
highly valued in many cultures for its
delicate, calming aroma. These large
evergreen trees are native to many
Southeastern Asian countries, such as
the Philippines, to name a few.
History and Stories of Agarwood
Agarwood is considered to be the
most precious of incense materi-
als in many cultures and religious
practices, including the Japanese
incense tradition, Buddhism, Taoism,
Hinduism, and Islam. Some Chinese
historians estimate its first uses to be

Evan Sylliaasen | 23
 Materia Aromatica
as far back as the 10th century B.C.E.,
around King Solomon’s rule. Imperial
Chinese perfumers used and traded
this fragrant wood, along with many
other fine aromatics, since the Han
Dynasty (206 B.C.E. – 220 C.E.). Their
trading spread its use all across the
Middle East, into Persia and Arabia.
Agarwood has been used as incense
for thousands of years to accom-
pany prayer and meditation due to
its calming and relaxing qualities.
High-grade Agarwood is one of the
most expensive natural materials in
the world today, sometimes selling
for thousands of dollars per gram on
the world market. In ancient times,
only royalty, Samurai families, kings,
queens, and the extremely wealthy
could afford to benefit from its heav-
enly scent and powers.
Perhaps the richest history of
Agarwood is found within the
Japanese incense tradition. It is
said that the first appearance of
Agarwood in Japan in 595 C.E. was
on the shores of a fishing village. A
log drifted ashore and was brought to
the village. When it was placed by a
fire, it gave off a most heavenly scent.
The villagers decided to offer this
fragrant gift to local officials instead
of burning it for its heat. In the years
to come, Agarwood would take the
spotlight in one of the most intricate
24 | Evan Sylliaasen
incense ceremonies in the world, the
Japanese Kōdō ceremony.
With the expansion of Buddhism into
Japan came the burning of incense
powders and mixtures of herbs for
religious purposes. These incense
rites were spread all over Japan and
into the royal houses and courts
where they were cherished by the
upper class and nobility. In the 15th
and 16th centuries, incense became
popular outside of Buddhism, and
different aromatic plants and fragrant
woods were slowly incorporated into
the rituals of incense. Among these
plants was Agarwood. Over time,
the burning of Agarwood became
incredibly popular among samurai,
generals, nobles, royalty, and emper-
ors. During this time, the aesthetic
awareness of this potent fragrance
developed into the delicate Kōdō
incense ceremony.
The complex fragrances of this exotic
wood were taken to new heights
as ceremonial incense games and
contests were developed around the
variations and subtleties found in the
many scents and layers of Agarwood.
These games were based off of
memory, expertise, and the sensi-
tivity of the participants. From here,
the Kōdō grew into what is known
today as one of the most complex and
 Agarwood
beautiful traditions of incense left in
the world.
Due to the varying degrees and
complexities of the different species
and varieties of Agarwood, the
Japanese sought to create an identi-
fication system for the many layers
and subtleties of its gentle aroma.
Many factors contribute to the unique
fragrances of Agarwood; the seven-
teen different species of Aquilaria
and Gyrinops, the quantity of resin
found in the wood, the native region
of Southeast Asia the tree grew in,
what part of the tree the wood was
harvested from, and the age of the
wood all contribute to its unique
aromatic signature. In the sixteenth
century, the Japanese incense masters
and connoisseurs created the follow-
ing system of identification.
The Six Varieties of Agarwood
Fragrance
Kyara: “A gentle and dignified
smell with a touch of bitterness.
The fragrance of an aristocrat in its
elegance and gracefulness.”
Rakaku: “A sharp and pungent smell
similar to sandalwood. Its smell is
generally bitter, and reminds one of
a warrior.”
Manaka: “Smells light and enticing,
changing like the mood of a woman
with bitter feelings. The fragrance
is of good quality if it disappears
quickly.”
Manaban: “Mostly sweet, the pres-
ence of sticky oil on a mica plate
is often present after smoldering
manaban. The smell is coarse and
unrefined, just like that of a peasant.”
Sumotara: “Sour at the beginning
and end. Sometimes easily mistaken
for Kyara, it has something, however,
distasteful and ill-bred about it, like a
servant disguised as a noble person.”
Sasora: “Cool and sour. Good quality
Sasora is mistaken for Kyara, espe-
cially when it first begins to burn.
Sometimes it is so light and faint that
one may think the smell has disap-
peared. It reminds one of a monk.”
(Kiyoko Morita, 1992)
The Five Classifications
of Agarwood Flavor
(To describe the fragrance)
Sweet — Resembles the smell of
honey or sugar
Sour — Resembles the smell of plums
or other acidic foods
Evan Sylliaasen | 25
 Materia Aromatica
Hot — Resembles the smell of peppers
on a fire
Salty — Resembles the smell of ocean
water when seaweed is dried on a fire
Bitter — Resembles the smell of bitter
herbal medicine when it is mixed or
boiled.
Due to Agarwood’s threatened state
in the wild, the price for its high-qual-
ity incense material is extreme.
Lower quality Agarwood can be
found in raw form, or in stick incense
form at more affordable rates. Today
there are many fine Japanese crafted
Agarwood incenses still made in the
traditional ways.
Medicinal Uses
The use of Agarwood is common
in Ayurvedic, Tibetan, Traditional
Chinese, and Greek medicine in
various treatments. In all of these
medical practices, Agarwood is
used for its warming and balancing
effects. In Ayurveda, the burning
of the wood is used to balance and
center the chakras and to promote
a deep meditational state to benefit
certain psychological issues. The
smoke is also applied in the treat-
ment of various skin diseases. The oil
of Agarwood, when mixed with Piper
betel is used to treat bronchial asthma
(Indian Medicinal & Aromatic Plants
26 | Evan Sylliaasen
Facing Genetic Erosion, Lucknow
1978). The energy-purifying, relax-
ant, rejuvenative, transformative,
clair voyant, and t ranscending
actions of Agarwood are described
in the book Ayurveda & Aromatherapy
(Miller and Miller, 1995). It is also
used by Ayurvedic practitioners to
clear many forms of mental illness,
promote alertness, enhance cere-
bral functioning, calm the nervous
system, curb obsessive behavior, and
relieve mental exhaustion.
In traditional Chinese Medicine,
Agarwood is used to move stagnant
energy in various systems such as the
stomach, liver, and kidneys. It is used
for obsessive thinking, nervousness,
and exhaustion. It is also used to
treat different respiratory ailments,
specifically controlling respiring Qi
to relieve asthma. Taken internally,
it is used to warm and balance three
meridians; the kidneys, spleen, and
stomach. Its indications for internal
use are vomiting, hiccups and belch-
ing resulting from a cold stomach,
and rebellious Qi due to deficiency
in the kidneys. It is also used as a
cell regenerative for the skin as it is
highly antioxidant. Common issues
like eczema and rashes are treated
with Agarwood.
 Agarwood
In Tibetan Medicine, the burning
of Agarwood incense is used to
treat certain nervous and emotional
disorders. It is also commonly used
as a minor tranquilizer and for its
aid in meditation practices. In Greek
medicine, it was used as an aphro-
disiac, among several energetic and
warming uses. In terms of the female
reproductive system, Agarwood has
a balancing role. It is sometimes used
to balance and regulate menstruation
while normalizing hormones.
Magical and Metaphysical Uses
In many Asian traditions, Agarwood is
used to drive away malevolent or evil
spirits. Beaded necklaces or figurines
carved from the wood are kept on the
person or in the home to guard against
unwanted “guests.” It is burned as
incense for this same purpose.
Evan Sylliaasen | 27
 Balm of Gilead
Latin Name: Commiphora gileadensis, Populus sp.
Other Names: Arabian Balsam, Balsam, Balsam of Mecca, Balm Poplar, Balsam
Poplar, Black Cottonwood, Judaean Balsam, Tacamahac, Hackmatack
Family: Burseraceae, Salicaceae
Parts Used: leaf bud (Populus), resin (gileadensis), bark (gileadensis), seeds
(gileadensis)
Aroma: sweet, balsamic, woody, vanilla-like, cinnamon
Organ/System Affiliation: Respiratory, skin, muscular, skeletal
Physiological Effects: alterative, analgesic, anodyne, anti-fungal, anti-in-
flammatory, anti-microbial, antiseptic, anti-toxin, bitter, diuretic, expectorant,
stimulant, expectorant, vulnerary
O

B alm of Gilead is a name that has been given to multiple species

of differing genera from different parts of the world. Much
mystery has surrounded the true identity and origin of the renowned
Balm of Gilead. The confusion lies in the distinction between what
ancient sources refer to as Balm of Gilead, and what is commonly
known and used as Balm of Gilead today.

There was a tree resin referred to
since biblical times as Balm of Gilead,
when the trees were known to grow
in abundance upon the slopes of the
mountainous region of Gilead in
the Middle East. Any trees produc-
ing this sacred substance became
extinct in this region long ago. Today
the identity of this tree is agreed
upon in confidence by researchers
to be Commiphora gileadensis, which
has become naturalized in parts of
Oman, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Yemen,
and Israel. The tree can range from

28 | Evan Sylliaasen

 Balm of Gilead
the size of a large shrub, up to a
16-foot tree. The resin of gileadensis,
now thought to be the ‘true’ Balm of
Gilead, exudes from the tree’s trunk
and branches in globules, or tears,
like that of Myrrh and Frankincense
resin, and is used as a holy incense,
and potent medicine.
The ‘false’ Balm of Gilead, from
Poplar and Cottonwood buds, are
produced from deciduous trees that
can be found all over the Northern
Hemisphere. In North America,
the mature trees can reach heights
between 50- and 70-feet tall. The
smaller varieties found in African
and Asian countries reach between
10 and 12 feet in height. The fragrant,
resinous leaf buds are collected in
late winter to early spring after they
have fully formed, but before they are
fully developed. The buds are often
crushed and used in incense, or used
as internal and external medicine.
Poplar salves and topical ointments
are the most common forms of this
medicine.
History and Stories of Balm
of Gilead
Balm is a term that generally refers to
a medicinal oil or resin. In addition to
referring to a sacred tree resin, in the
Old World, Balm of Gilead was a term
that also often referred to healing in
general, whether physical or spiri-
tual. In Judaism, the Holy Spirit, or
God, is considered the highest Balm
of Gilead.
Considered to be among the most
sacred of resins throughout many
ancient cultures, the ‘true’ Balm of
Gilead, thought to be C. gileadensis,
was once used in many forms of holy
incense and anointing oils. It was
widely used in Christian, Islamic,
Egyptian, Judaic, Greek, Hindu and
many other cultures as an ingredient
in incenses that were burned as offer-
ings to God, to connect more deeply
to the divine, and to aid in one’s
spiritual evolution. In ancient times,
this resin, also known as Balsam,
was such a rare, sacred material that
it was included among the precious
gifts of the Queen of Sheba to King
Solomon as a show of reverence. In
ancient Israeli culture, it was counted
as one of the most important resins
used in religious ritual for its blessed,
healing smoke.
Balm of Gilead has been used for
various religious purposes since even
before the time of King Solomon, and
is mentioned several times through-
out the Bible for its many virtues. In
ancient times, the burning of Balm
of Gilead was often employed for
its ability to heal on the soul level,
Evan Sylliaasen | 29
 Materia Aromatica
bringing restoration, nourishment,
and rejuvenation to the wounded
soul. It was also used in ancient
perfumery and sacred anointing
oils. For instance, the Christian rite
of confirmation calls for anointing
with a substance called chrism; a
holy anointing oil blend of fragrant
Balsam and olive oil.
It is written that Mary, mother of
Jesus, washed Jesus’ clothes in the
spring of Ayn Shams on her way to
Palestine from Egypt. From that day,
the spring was known to be blessed
and considered sacred. During the
Middle Ages, it was said that Balsam
trees were only able to produce their
aromatic secretion on lands that were
watered by this holy spring. During
the invasion of Titus, two battles took
place at the two sacred Balsam groves
of Jericho. In the frenzy, the Jews were
fended off from trying to destroy the
precious commiphora trees. From then
on, the groves became public prop-
erty and an imperial guard was set to
protect them and their sacred bounty
day and night for years to come.
The Bible mentions true Balm of
Gilead as a great comforter and friend
to the broken-hearted. Many sources
have stated that the resin brings peace
to the home, ends marital and sexual
problems, and soothes arguments
30 | Evan Sylliaasen
and quarrels between lovers, friends,
and co-workers when placed around
the neck or in the four corners of the
home.
Today, this precious incense is still
used in many of the same ways in
which the ancients used it, though it
is incredibly difficult to find. Among
many religions, it is still common
to use the sweet, holy smoke of the
Biblical Balm of Gilead in ritual,
whether to heal the soul from
trauma or wounds, to strengthen
the channel to the Spirit World, or
to honor thousands of years of rich
tradition through religious ceremo-
nies and rites. In addition to its many
spiritual virtues, Balm of Gilead of
the Old World has also been used for
ages as a medicinal incense for many
different ailments and imbalances
among various traditional medicine
practices.
The fragrant, resinous buds of
Cottonwood and Poplar trees have
also been known for their use in
various spiritual practices and
healing ways for thousands of years
among Native peoples throughout
North America. In Native American
plant lore, Poplar and Cottonwood
trees are considered most sacred
allies in the plant kingdom. They
are believed to be messengers of the
 Balm of Gilead
spirits by certain tribes, conveying
guidance and wisdom from the Spirit
World through the rustling of their
leaves.
Medicinal Uses
Poplar buds are known in the Western
Herbal tradition to clear inflamma-
tion and increase circulation to the
respiratory system when their fumes
or smoke are inhaled. The buds have
traditionally been used internally to
treat coughs, sore throat, bronchitis,
laryngitis, and tonsillitis, as they
soothe, disinfect, and astringe the
mucous membranes. In fact, poplar
buds are considered specifically for
laryngitis that is accompanied by loss
of voice. Topically, and through the
use of its smoke, they have a warming
and moistening effect.
Applied on the skin, their medicine
relieves cold, stiff, and aching joints,
as well as muscle tension and sore-
ness. They are commonly used in
folk medicine in salves, ointments,
or compresses for this purpose.
Topically, Populus buds are also
used to relieve symptoms of pain
and arthritic conditions, and are also
helpful in regenerating damaged
skin, and encourage tissue repair for
cuts, bruises, sores, and other skin
damage. They can also treat sprains
and injuries to the skin. One of their
most noted effects is their ability to
heal scaring of damaged tissues and
wounds.
The medicinal properties of C. gile-
adensis resin are found within many
classical texts. Ancient physicians
claimed that this holy resin was able
to cure nearly all diseases. Galen
(131-200 CE) had it listed amongst
the world’s finest plant medicines.
The resin was known to help cure
early-stage cataract, headaches, and
blurred vision (Largus, 1887; Strabo,
1961). Like the medicine of the Poplars
and Cottonwoods, Balsam resin was
also traditionally used for healing
most skin disorders and injuries. This
healing botanical was used for every-
thing from minor to severe skin and
wound infections, as it has strong
antiseptic properties, to healing bone
injuries like sprains and fractures,
to eczema. In ancient times, Balsam
resin was even used as a snake bite
antidote for its anti-toxin properties.
Magical and Metaphysical Uses
Native Americans rely on the rustling
of the leaves of Populus species as a
form of divination, hearing sacred
messages and wisdom through the
wind and leaves from a place of
meditation and heightened aware-
ness. Wiccan traditions use Balm
of Gilead in mixtures of incense for
Evan Sylliaasen | 31
 Materia Aromatica
spiritual protection. It is used in marital and sexual problems between
spells for mending a broken heart, lovers, and soothes arguments and
and when mixed with wine, it is quarrels between lovers, friends, and
traditionally used to call in new love. co-workers when placed around the
Many sources have stated that the neck or in the four corners of the
resin brings peace to the home, ends home.

32 | Evan Sylliaasen

 Benzoin Gum
Latin Name: Styrax benzoin
Other Names: Storax, Gum Benjamin, Sumatra Benzoin, Loban, Kemenyan
Family: Styracaceae
Parts Used: resin
Aroma: sweet, balsamic, resinous, rich, hints of vanilla
Organ/System Affiliation: respiratory, immune, nervous, circulatory, skin
Physiological Effects: analgesic, anti-depressant, anti-infectious, anti-inflam-
matory, anti-septic, astringent, calmative, carminative, mild diuretic, expectorant,
mild stimulant, vulnerary
O

B enzoin resin is derived from various species of Styrax. These

are large, tropical deciduous shrubs native to Southeast Asia,
primarily sourced from Sumatra and Java.

The trees can grow up to 65 feet tall
and are tapped for resin seven years
after planting. Incisions made on the
trunk cause a fragrant resin to seep
out and gather in large clumps which
solidify over a short period before
they are harvested and brought to the
world market for trade.
History of Benzoin
Benzoin’s early trade from Sumatra
and Java sparked much interest in
the religious and healing practices of
Asia. Prior to its widespread popular-
ity during and after the rise of Islam
and Christianity, Benzoin resin had
been used in incense, perfumery,
and medicine for thousands of years
in Ayurvedic traditions, Chinese,
Tibetan, and Japanese Traditional
medicine, and many esoteric tradi-
tions of Indochina. The aroma,
healing powers, and energetic effects
of Benzoin were completely unique
and sought after by many. It was
burned alone or powdered and used

Evan Sylliaasen | 33
 Materia Aromatica
as a fixative and a base for different
incense blends, with the ability of
extending and enhancing the aroma
of other materials with which it was
combined.
Benzoin has long been used as
incense in Buddhist and Hindu
temples, as it helps bring focus
and sharpened awareness to those
pursuing a spiritual practice where
meditation and prayer are funda-
mental. Benzoin is also considered
to have sedative properties which
help to calm over-thinking and
worried minds, bringing a rooted
sense of presence and mental clarity.
Gabriel Mojay writes, “Rich, sweet,
and comforting, benzoin softens
the mind’s ‘sharp edges’, and gently
‘grounds’ awareness abstracted by
troubled thoughts. It is particularly
good for nervous anxiety and worry
made worse by exhaustion.”
Around 500 B.C.E., Benzoin resin
was spread to ancient Greece, Rome,
and other parts of the Mediterranean
by Phoenician traders, where it was
used as incense, incorporated into
the finest perfumes, and mixed into
pot-pour for its supreme fixative
properties. In early history, Benzoin
was often given as a lavish gift
among royalty to show appreciation,
affection, pay homage and respect, or
34 | Evan Sylliaasen
to secure political ties. In the Middle
Ages, Benzoin spread into Europe
and became a common medicine
for a number of illnesses. In France,
it was called ‘baume pulmonaire’,
pulmonary Balsam, and the resin was
burned near an ill person, the fumes
inhaled as a treatment (Ryman,
Daniele).
This ancient resin is also a common
ingredient in many Christian Church
incenses in the West and some parts
of Russia. Today the resin is used in
many different types of consumer
products, including chewing gum,
cigarettes, cosmetics, perfume,
gelatin, foodstuffs, and many scented
products.
Medicinal Uses
Today there is little clinical or scien-
tific research on storax; however, this
sacred resin has been used in many
medical systems around the world
for thousands of years. It was most
highly regarded in Islamic medicine.
In Traditional Chinese Medicine,
Benzoin has been used for different
respiratory ailments that result from
cold and damp states in the lungs due
to its warming and drying effects. It
was also internally used in TCM for
urinary ailments of the same nature.
French medical practitioners once
prescribed the burning of Benzoin
 Benzoin Gum
resin for bronchitis, coughs, asthma,
hoarseness of the voice, and other
respiratory complaints. Today in
France you can still find ‘pastilles’:
sweet cough drops or lozenges, that
contain Benzoin as their main ingre-
dient. These are commonly taken to
treat colds, flus, and other illnesses.
Benzoin has also been applied exter-
nally to treat psoriasis, eczema, skin
ulcerations, and other skin condi-
tions. As a strong antibacterial, it was
often used in first aid for small inju-
ries and wounds as a disinfectant. It
is also used in veterinary medicine in
different parts of the world.
Magical and Philosophical Uses
In different magical and esoteric
traditions, Benzoin is used during
shamanic journeying for the protec-
tion of the spirit from harmful enti-
ties or energies that could attack or
latch onto the traveler in the spirit
realms. In an esoteric and energetic
sense, Benzoin is used for purify-
ing purposes in many traditions
including Buddhism, Christianity,
and Islam, to name a few. During
long, extended rituals and ceremonies
in Wiccan and other Magical tradi-
tions, it is used to keep mental focus
sharp, while heightening awareness
and connection to the divine.
In ancient times, Benzoin resin was
often burned as a smudge during the
harvesting of frankincense resin. In
ancient days, Frankincense trees were
thought to be guarded by poisonous
flying snakes. The smoke of styrax
was thought to keep the harvesters
safe while driving the snakes away.
Cautions
Benzoin is a known allergenic; inter-
nal usage should always be under
supervision of an expert herbalist.
Heavy usage of any application may
result in minor to severe allergic reac-
tions. Pregnant women and children
should consult their physician before
using topically, internally, or as an
incense/inhalant. If any allergic reac-
tions occur, stop usage.
Evan Sylliaasen | 35
 Cedar
Latin Name: Cedrus sp., Thuja sp., Juniperous sp., Chamaecyparis sp.
Other Names: Incense Cedar, White Cedar, Red Cedar, Yellow Cedar, Deodar,
Timber of the Gods, Atlantic White Cedar, Lebanon Cedar, Western or Pacific
Cedar, Atlas Cedar, Evergreen Life
Family: Pinaceae, Cupressaceae
Parts Used: wood, boughs, leaf
Aroma: woody, sharp, green, fresh, evergreen
Organ/System Affiliation: respiratory, urinary, lymphatic, skin
Physiological Effects: antibacterial, anti-catarrhal, anti-fungal, anti-infectious,
anti-viral, astringent, calmative, decongestant, diuretic, expectorant, lymphatic,
tonic, vermifuge
O

C edar is a large evergreen coniferous tree with many different

species found in many regions around the world. In its native
growing regions of the Himalayas and the Mediterranean, Cedar
trees can grow upwards of 250 feet tall.

There are two groups of Cedars, Northwest of North America. These

those that are ‘true’ Cedars (Cedrus
sp.), and those that are not taxonom-
ically ‘true’ Cedars. But for easier
identification and to avoid confusion
around their common names and
botanical similarities, these trees
are commonly considered Cedars.
These ‘false’ Cedars are some of the
most widespread trees in the Pacific
are mainly of the Thuja, Juniperous,
and Chamaecyparis species. These
trees can reach heights up to 200 to
230 feet tall with a trunk diameter of
9 to 15 feet. The evergreen, needle-like
leaves of Cedars are most commonly
used as incense. Although the wood
of the tree is sometimes used in
incense, it is the part used most for

36 | Evan Sylliaasen

 Cedar
Cedar essential oil production and a
wide variety of other utilitarian uses.
Histories and Stories of Cedar
Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata)
was critical to life among Native
American Northwest Coastal Indians,
who some still refer to themselves
as “People of the Red Cedar”. The
tree was considered sacred and was
honored for its many uses. For thou-
sands of years Northwest Natives
used Cedar wood as a building mate-
rial for homes, canoes, totem poles,
boxes, masks, artwork, ceremonial
objects and much more. It was also
used to make clothing, baskets, ropes,
blankets, and as firewood.
Imagine yourself in older times in the
heart of a Coastal Native village. The
daily use of Cedar in virtually every
object and structure would have
created a fresh, potent atmosphere,
heavy with uplifting aromas of this
ancient scented tree. Among these
many practical uses, First Nations
peoples use Cedar for many spiritual
and medicinal purposes as well. Its
use in ancient civilizations around
the world as an incense for offering
and prayer are well documented and
are in many cases still intact today.
Another species, Lebanese Cedar
(Ce dr u s liba ni), i s ment ioned
repeatedly in the Bible and Talmud.
In biblical times it was used to build
ships, temples (including Solomon’s
Temple), and palaces due to its versa-
tile use as a building material and
its spiritual significance. Cedar’s
reputation around the world as an
unmatched building material is
based on its immense strength, its
weather and decay resistance, and its
anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and insect
repellant properties.
In the ancient story, Cedarwood
and Myrtle were said to have been
offered to God as incense by Noah
after surviving the biblical flood.
Ancient Sumerians thought Cedar
groves to be the dwelling places of
the gods and burned its fragrant
leaves and wood ceremonially. It was
used in ancient Egypt as a sacred
incense and perfume, as well as an
embalming material due to its high
decay-resistant oil content. Egyptian
sarcophaguses were often made of
Cedar wood, some of which are still
in near-perfect condition after 3,000
years. Cedar came to symbolize
abundance, fertility, and spiritual
strength; the name cedrus origi-
nated from the Arabic word kedron,
meaning “power”(Mojay, Gabriel
1997), or “power of spiritual strength”.
Evan Sylliaasen | 37
 Materia Aromatica
Cedar was also used by ancient
Nordic peoples to invoke the spirit
of the God Odin, either as a sacri-
ficial incense or by using a staff or
wand of the wood. It is often used as
incense to fortify personal strength
and for stability in times of challenge,
struggle, or crisis. It is said to help
transform difficult situations into
experiences where wisdom, strength,
and willpower can be discovered. In
Tibetan incense crafting, Himalayan
Cedar is one of the oldest incenses
used and represents spiritual dedi-
cation and constant faith. It is highly
valued in Tibet for aiding meditation
and for its reputation of steering
strayed individuals back onto their
rightful path.
Medicinal Uses
Strengthening and fortifying to the
Qi, Cedar is a tonic used in Traditional
Chinese medicine for tonifying the
kidneys and spleen-pancreas. As
incense, it has also been used to
strengthen concentration and mental
awareness, as an effective deconges-
tant, and for coughs, colds, and other
respiratory infections and ailments.
In Ayurveda, the leaf is used to treat
tuberculosis and various skin issues.
In Western herbalism, Cedar oil is
used for its anti-fungal and antibac-
terial properties to treat athlete’s foot,
ringworm, nail fungus, and other
38 | Evan Sylliaasen
external infections. It is also applied
externally to treat rheumatism, warts,
venereal disease, and many skin
disorders.
In Native American medicine, Cedar
is helpful in the treatment of head-
aches, heart problems, menstrual
regulation, and rheumatism, due
to its high content of the natural
chemical thujone. They have also
used Cedar steam and smoke as
an inhalant to treat catarrh, many
respiratory ailments, colds, flu, and
urinary infections. It has also been
used in Native American medicine in
the treatment of tuberculosis, tooth-
ache, stomach pain, diarrhea, kidney
complaints, and more.
Magical and Metaphysical Uses
Among many Native peoples of
North America, Cedar is consid-
ered one of the most sacred cere-
monial herbs. Some tribes refer to
it as “Evergreen Life”, and use it as
an offering to the Spirit World, to
amplify prayer, as a smudge, as a
blessing, and as an aid for receiving
visions. It is also used in helping the
body and mind in times of spiritual
anxiety and stress. “Furthermore, it is
used by Native Americans for discov-
ering one’s ‘purpose’ in life, and how
to find one’s path in life, to walk in
 Cedar
beauty and help people and the earth
along the way”(McKenna, Hughes).
Cedar is also widely used for spiritual
and energetic protection by people
around the world. The smoke or the
physical parts of the tree, such as the
wood or leaf, are used in this case.
Many Cherokee descendants carry
a piece of Cedar wood around their
necks or in pouches for protection
purposes.
Cedar has a very grounding energy.
In many esoteric traditions, it is
known to help one become stronger
in the face of their personal chal-
lenges in life. It helps one become
more deeply rooted on their personal
path, helping to cultivate spiritual
strength and foundation. For many,
working with Cedar on a spiritual
level has helped build confidence
and courage. In a spiritual sense,
Cedar has been used to help people
overcome deep-seated anxieties, self-
doubt, and insecurities, strengthen-
ing one’s roots and stoking the fire
of confidence within. Many animis-
tic-minded herbalists, healers, and
medicine people call upon the spirit
of Cedar in times where strength,
confidence, and courage, are neces-
sary to prevail or move forward
through life’s challenges.
Evan Sylliaasen | 39
 Cinnamon
Latin Name: Cinnamomum Cassia, C. verum
Other Names: Cassia, Chinese Cassia, Sweet Wood, Chinese Cinnamon
Family: Lauraceae
Parts Used: bark, twig, dried fruits (buds)
Aroma: spicy, warm, woody, sweet, sharp, slightly balsamic
Organ/System: Affiliation: circulatory, digestive, respiratory, brain
Physiological Effects: analgesic, antibacterial, antibiotic, anti-fungal, antimicro-
bial, antioxidant, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antiviral, aphrodisiac, astringent,
cardiac stimulant, carminative, circulatory stimulant, decongestant, diaphoretic,
digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, hemostatic, parasiticide, stimu-
lant, stomachic, vermifuge
O

C innamomum is genus of evergreen trees of which there are two

species that produce the spice Cinnamon. Cinnamon trees are
native to Southern China and Sri Lanka, and cultivated throughout
Eastern and Southern Asia. They can reach heights of 30 to 45 feet.

The dried inner bark of this tree is
what is most commonly used as the
well-known spice. Its buds are also
used in India for culinary purposes.
The main difference between C.
cassia (Chinese Cinnamon), and
C. verum (often referred to as ‘true’
Cinnamon), is that C. cassia bark is
much thicker and usually consists
of one solid layer, whereas C. verum
has many thin layers and is easily
crushed into powder. They have been
used for thousands of years for some-
what similar purposes as culinary,
medicinal, and incense spices.
Histories and Stories of Cinnamon
Besides its rich history in culi-
nary culture in the Eastern World,

40 | Evan Sylliaasen

 Cinnamon
Cinnamon also has a strong presence
in many famous incense blends of
antiquity. The Egyptians were quite
fond of using Cinnamon medic-
inally, culinarily, and spiritually,
as it is found throughout ancient
literature and Egyptian art. It is
counted among the sacred ingredi-
ents of the Egyptian temple incense
Kyphi, and was commonly used in
perfumery. The unique combina-
tion of fragrance notes Cinnamon
releases as it is burned was highly
favored by the Egyptians and many
other Mediterranean cultures, adding
complexity to incense and pleasing
the senses with its intoxicating and
exotic aroma.
Cinnamon is mentioned many times
in the Hebrew Bible, being used as an
incense herb and an important ingre-
dient in holy anointing oils. Perhaps
most intriguing is the presence of
Cassia in the famous Ketoret incense
mixture. This was the consecrated
incense mixture burned in daily cere-
mony at Solomon’s Temple and the
Second Temple. The ingredients of
the Ketoret were considered the most
sacred aromatic herbs in the world. In
Talmudic tradition, it has long been
believed that some ingredients even
originated from the Garden of Eden
itself.
A nc ie nt Rom a n s a nd Gre ek s
i mpor ted la rge qua nt it ie s of
Cinnamon to be used among royalty
in lavish ceremonies, as a privileged
culinary spice, and for its precious
oil produced from distillation. It was
too expensive to be commonly used
on funeral pyres in ancient Rome,
but the Emperor Nero is said to have
burned an entire year’s worth of the
city’s supply at the funeral for his wife
Poppaea Sabina in 65 C.E.(Toussaint-
Samat 2009).
The ancient Cinnamon trade was
very lucrative and was the source
of wealth for many traders, king-
doms, and powers of interest. When
Portuguese traders landed in Ceylon,
what is now Sri Lanka, they restruc-
tured the traditional production and
management of Cinnamon by the
Sinhalese. They established a fort
on the island in 1518 and protected
Ceylon as their Cinnamon monop-
oly for over a hundred years. Dutch
traders later took over the monop-
oly in Ceylon, and the Dutch East
India Company eventually oversaw
the exportation of the abundant
resource (Braudel, Fernand 1984). A
few hundred years later, the British
East India Trading Company’s inter-
est in the Cinnamon trade eventually
resulted in its ownership of Asia’s
largest Cinnamon estate.
Evan Sylliaasen | 41
 Materia Aromatica
Cinnamon was highly prized in
ancient times and was regarded as
a gift fit for kings and gods. Today,
Cinnamon is a common spice that
can be found in almost any kitchen.
Today it is primarily used for season-
ing sweet and savory foods in the
Western world; however, in the
East it is still a common ingredient
in many traditional incenses and is
used as a potent medicine. Tibetan
incense crafters use it for its vibrant
spicy aroma and uplifting quality, as
well as for its spiritual purposes and
unique energetic effects.
Medicinal Uses
Cinnamon bark was found to be used
in many ancient Egyptian medicines
and unguents (a type of fragrant
ointment). It has also been utilized
for thousands of years in Ayurveda,
Traditional Chinese Medicine, and
many other older medical systems for
its warming, drying, and stimulating
properties. In Western Herbalism,
this warming spice is traditionally
used to treat various circulatory
issues, colds and flus, and different
digestive problems. Cinnamon can be
beneficial to those with poor circula-
tion or for those who often feel cold.
It is known to strengthen the heart
and regulate blood circulation and
blood sugar; making it a good choice
for certain cases of diabetes.
42 | Evan Sylliaasen
In Ayurveda, a common remedy
for coughs, colds, and sore throats
is to inhale the vapor of cinnamon
sticks boiling in water. As incense
and as a steam inhalant, Cinnamon
has been used in the treatment of
asthma, bronchitis, sinus congestion,
and many other respiratory illnesses.
Used internally, Cinnamon aids
slow digestion, excess gas, bloating,
abdominal cramping, and a host of
other digestive complaints. In addi-
tion to its favorable flavor in cuisine,
it is also used culinarily as a digestive
aid, providing digestive balance with
heavier meals.
Recent studies have proven that
Cinnamon has a positive effect on
the mind and memory as well. Using
Cinnamon in incense form, cuisine,
internal medicine, or even chewing
gum may improve visual-motor
response speed, strengthen memory,
and stimulate attention and mental
awareness.
Caution
Cinnamon essential oil should never
be directly applied to the skin as it
could result in moderate to severe
burning. Its essential oil is extremely
potent (no essential oil should be
applied to the skin without a proper
carrier oil, regardless of what certain
professionals may claim).
 Clove
Latin Name: Syzygium aromaticum
Other Names: Carnation Clove, Nail Incense
Family: Myrtaceae
Parts Used: flower bud
Aroma: spicy, sharp, warm, slightly sour, fresh
Organ/System Affiliation: respiratory, circulatory, immune, digestive
Physiological Effects: analgesic, anesthetic, anodyne, antibacterial, anti-fungal,
anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiseptic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, astrin-
gent, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant,
rubefacient, stimulant, stomachic
O

C loves are the flower buds of a small evergreen tree native to

Indonesia that grows between 24 and 36 feet tall. Today the trees
are cultivated in India, Madagascar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tanzania,
and Zanzibar. The pale flower buds first turn green, then red. After
they harden, they are ready for harvesting.

Histories and Stories of Clove thousands of years, and is one of the

The culinary history of Clove is
similar to that of Cinnamon. It was a
highly sought-after spice used in the
cuisine of ancient Asia, Africa, and the
Middle East. Today it is used all over
the world in beverages, desserts, and
savory dishes. Clove has been used for
its medicinal properties worldwide for
seven primary ingredients in Buddhist
incense crafting that are known to be
extremely stimulating. Clove helps
create a rich and spicy base that is
often times the signature of many
traditional Buddhist blends of incense.
Clove is also one of the few incense
ingredients used to promote even and

Evan Sylliaasen | 43
 Materia Aromatica
thorough burning, as its fiery ignition
power helps keeps certain incenses lit.
The use of Cloves in perfumery was
once widespread in the Old World
as they have an exotic and captivat-
ing aroma. Today, Clove is a special
scent often used in artisan and
natural perfumery. Using Cloves in
incense brings a deeper, warming
aromatic quality to recipes. They are
often accompanied by Cinnamon in
various Tibetan incenses to create a
psychologically stimulating effect,
beneficial for meditation.
Clove has long been a popular scent
in men’s cosmetics and as a strong air
freshener used in homes, public places,
and palaces. It brings a sharpness to
the atmosphere, adding an exotic spicy
aroma to any space. It was a highly
profitable product of the Spice Islands
in centuries past and was imported
by royalty throughout the Old World
for its unique flavor and fragrance. It
was also sought out by many for its
warming aphrodisiac properties.
In the days of the Samurai, Clove, or
Choji as the Japanese call it, was one
of the sacred spices used ritualisti-
cally by Samurai on the battle field.
Oil of Clove was a hot, sharp smell-
ing concoction which all Samurai
possessed a bottle of. On the eve of
44 | Evan Sylliaasen
battle, they would adorn the edges of
their Samurai swords with Choji oil
in a sacred ritual. This spicy, fierce,
and penetrating aroma was known
all around ancient Japan as the scent
of the Samurai.
Medicinal Uses
In India, Cloves are used to freshen
breath and are as common as
chewing gum in the United States.
The Chinese have also employed the
use of Cloves to treat bad breath. In
fact, in the seventh century C.E., it
was required of those seeking audi-
ence with the Emperor, that their
mouths were spiced with Cloves
beforehand. The Chinese have also
successfully used Clove for ages
to treat toothaches and pain, tooth
decay, inflamed or diseased gums,
and to prevent cavities, due to its
anesthetic and antiseptic properties.
Nowadays it is found as an ingredi-
ent in many toothpaste brands.
In Ayurveda, Clove is most commonly
employed for its warming effects. It is
the most stimulating of all aromatic
herbs, warming the interior of the
body from the inside out. It’s used
to eliminate coldness in the body,
making it helpful in improving and
regulating digestive fire in Ayurveda.
It is one of the most potent carmina-
tive, or gas and bloating reducing
 Clove
aromatic herbs known. Cloves are
also often used in the treatment of
arthritis, rheumatism, and chest and
abdominal pains. Scientists have
confirmed what Traditional Chinese
Medicine has known for centuries;
Clove is quite effective against infec-
tious bacteria, parasites, and other
intruders. In this way, Clove has been
traditionally used in incense form to
sterilize, cleanse, or purify the air,
and has a history of being used as a
fumigant anti-bacterial incense.
Through their smoke or ingestion,
Cloves have been incorporated in
Unani medicine since ancient times
as an aphrodisiac for the treatment of
sexual disorders in both males and
females; increasing libido, raising
testosterone, strengthening potency,
and treating erectile disfunction.
On another note, as incense or taken
internally, Clove has been known to
protect against bacterial colonization
of the lungs, which can cause pneu-
monia and other internal infections.
In fact, their antiseptic, antibacterial,
anti-fungal, and anti-viral properties
have been utilized in the treatment
of malaria, Candida overgrowth, and
other harmful pathogens. In recent
studies conducted in 2014, Clove
was found to inhibit tumor growth
in cancer patients, particularly those
with colorectal tumors.
Magical and Metaphysical Uses
In various magical traditions, Clove
is often used to attract love and pros-
perity. When burned as an incense
in certain rituals, it is used to attract
the opposite sex. When the Throat
chakra is out of balance, Ayurvedic
practitioners traditionally prescribe
the use of Cloves.
Caution
Clove essential oil is extremely
potent. It is highly advised against
ingesting the essential oil whatso-
ever, as small doses can potentially
lead to liver failure (no essential oils
should ever be ingested). It is also
advised to avoid using Clove oil topi-
cally as it can result in moderate to
severe burning of the skin (always use
a carrier oil with any topical essential
oil application). Light to moderate
ingestion of Cloves as well as using
Clove incense are both perfectly safe
applications.
Evan Sylliaasen | 45
 Copal
Latin Name: Bursera sp., Protium sp.
Other Names: Mayan Copal, True Copal, Pom, Black Copal, White Copal, Yellow
Copal, Gold Copal
Family: Burseraceae
Parts Used: resin, sap
Aroma: rich, resinous, earthy, sweet, piney-lemony
Organ/System Affiliation: skin, muscular, respiratory
Physiological Effects: analgesic(topical), anti-fungal, antimicrobial, antiseptic,
anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, antiseptic, antiviral, astringent, diaphoretic,
emmenagogue, expectorant, insect-repellant, vasodilator, vulnerary
O

T rue Copal is a very hard tree resin used as incense and medicine
by tribal healers, and spiritual and religious peoples throughout
Mexico, Central and South America.

It is derived from several different turned into amber (fossilized resin).

species of flowering shrubs and trees
native to Mexico, Central America,
and northern parts of South America.
C op a l-p r o duc i n g t r e e s g r ow
anywhere between 10 and 80 feet
tall. There is much confusion around
the identification of different Copal
varieties since the name Copal is
also broadly used around the world
to generally describe tree resins
that are hardened but have not yet
Therefore, there are many resins
named Copal originating from Asia
and North America as well. Most
of these Copal resins share similar
properties but have distinction in
their own natures and aromas. The
‘true’ Copal resins, however, origi-
nate from Mesoamerica, Columbia,
Peru, Venezuela, and Brazil, to name
a few.

46 | Evan Sylliaasen

 Copal
In indigenous societies from the
regions listed above, sap is collected
for incense and other holy purposes
by making shallow cuts on the trunks
of the trees. A leaf cup is placed at
the bottom of the cut to collect the
precious ‘blood of the tree’. Often
times, tears of the sap dry directly on
the tree and are harvested. The resin
collected in leaf basins is pounded
into a thick paste and traditionally
stored in the holy houses. Mainstream
harvest methods are similar yet less
rich in tradition.
Histories and Stories of Copal
Copal has a rich history in the cele-
brations, ceremonies, medicine, and
incense traditions of the ancient
Maya, Aztecs, and many other
First Peoples of Mexico, Central
America, and South America. Copal
had various uses throughout these
regions, ranging from everything
spiritual, to practical crafting uses
as a binder, glue, and even a build-
ing material. Due to its strength and
durability, many people would use
Copal as a sacred carving medium
for holy figurines, deities, amulets,
talismans, jewelry or other esoteric
items.
To the ancient Maya, the divine God
of the Earth extracted Copal resin
from the Tree of Life and gave it to
the humans as a gift. It is considered
very sacred and is often referred to
as “Food of the Gods”. It has been
widely used in many spiritual tradi-
tions for thousands of years for offer-
ings, divination purposes, connecting
to the divine, spiritual healing, and
much more. Among the many indig-
enous tribes of Mexico and Central
America, Copal is definitely the most
common offering to deities, spirits,
and ancestors. In modern Mexican
culture, Copal resin is still used as a
common offering to the spirit world.
The Apache and Sioux tribes of
North America used to trade their
crafts for Copal from Mexico, which
they used exclusively in their sweat
lodge rituals as a holy incense. Copal
is still heavily used today in the Dia
de los Muertos, or Day of the Dead
celebration in Mexico for its ability
to ‘ferry the dead’ to the afterlife. It
has been traditionally used by medi-
cine people in exorcisms, banishing
malevolent spirits, cleansing, and
smudging. When the Catholic Church
came to the Americas, it eventually
adopted Copal resin into its rites
and rituals, replacing the traditional
Frankincense and Myrrh with the
local holy incense. Exorcisms and
divine uses of Copal were and still
are used to this day in hybridized
Tribal-Christian religions. In addition
Evan Sylliaasen | 47
 Materia Aromatica
to its vast popularity as a spiritual
ally, Copal has been used as medi-
cine for several different ailments
by tribal healers and shamans of
Mesoamerica.
Medicinal Uses
Copal’s strongest medicinal proper-
ties are expressed through its exter-
nal applications for various skin
disorders. It is used to treat eczema,
dermatitis, rashes, itch, burns, insect
bites, fungal and bacterial infections,
and is even an efficient topical anal-
gesic in the treatment of arthritis,
rheumatism, gout, and muscular
aches and pains.
In many different Native tribes,
Copal resin has been used to treat
wounds and sores. It keeps the area
clean while staving off any possi-
ble infections, and is also known to
speed up the healing process. Many
conventional doctors who have been
turned on to the healing properties
of Copal by indigenous patients, have
begun to incorporate the resin into
their practice. Ongoing studies have
been proving its many pain-reduc-
ing and healing abilities as a topical
medicine.
The most common traditional appli-
cations of Copal in folk medicine are
bathing the patient in its thick plumes
48 | Evan Sylliaasen
of smoke (smudging) or applying
an ointment or paste topically. The
smoke is applied over the body to
cure various illnesses, to protect
against sorcery and misfortune, and
to cleanse the body after contact with
the ritually unclean, especially sick
persons and corpses (Wisdom, 1950).
“Huastec Mayan medicine people use
Copal in the treatment of headache,
fever, nosebleed, stomach ache, topi-
cally for burns, and for predicting
rain by its flowering”(Alcorn, 1984).
The Guarani people of the Amazon
use Copal to treat wounds after
battle, indicating its strong protective
and healing qualities.
Copal’s ancient use as a fumigant
hints at it having decongestant prop-
erties. It was often given to patients
suffering from asthma, bronchitis,
colds, and nasal congestion. The
potent aroma of Copal incense is said
to relieve anxiety, stress, and depres-
sion by soothing troubled thoughts
and an over-active mind. At the same
time, its uplifting fragrance leaves
one with feelings of rejuvenation
and invigoration of the spirit. It has
also been used as a type of chewing
gum to treat mouth sores, unhealthy
gums, gingivitis, and cavities.
 Copal
Magical and Metaphysical Uses
Copal is traditionally used in ceremo-
nial settings as a clearer of energies.
It is used to dispel negative or dark
energies and protect participants of
rituals against malevolent spirits. In
different cultures, it is used to stim-
ulate creativity and imagination and
opens one up spiritually to receive
visions and higher wisdom from
spiritual realms. They say that it has
the power to bring light to the dark-
ness of the soul.
There is vast supporting evidence
that suggests Copal has been
employed to induce trance-like states
by shamans and medicine people for
centuries, even millennia. It is used
for personal energetic and physical
protection, and in the protection of
property and food stores. Nodules of
the resin are often placed in the four
corners of store houses and granaries
to protect a farmer’s harvest.
Copal is often used by the Chorti, and
many other tribes, to assure success-
ful hunting. “Before the hunter sets
out, he must have a dream, in which
the deer-god informs him of the price
he must pay for the animal. He is told
that he must pay a certain number of
“pesos” of copal gum. The hunter
prepares his copal pesos and burns
them at midnight before his altar,
offering them to both the saints and
the deer-god” (Wisdom 1940).
Reading the patterns in the smoke
of burning Copal resin is a common
form of divination in some areas
of the southern Huasteca region
(Sandstorm, 1991). Traditional Otomi
healers read the symbols and patterns
in the smoke to diagnose a patient’s
disease. In Mexican Folk traditions,
Copal is also used to treat a broken
heart. In this case, a ceremony takes
place where the use of various spir-
itual tools prepare the patient ener-
getically before the burning of Copal
takes place. As the Copal burns, its
smoke bathes the patient, clearing the
built-up negative energies that lead
to difficult emotions, which dissipate
as the smoke clears, bringing balance
and light to the emotional and ener-
getic heart.
Evan Sylliaasen | 49
 Dragon’s Blood
Latin Name: Daemonorops sp., Calamus rotang, Dracaena sp., Croton sp.,
Pterocarpus sp.
Other Names: Sangre De Drago, Sangre De Grado
Family: Arecaceae, Fabaceae, Asparagaceae, Euphorbiaceae
Parts Used: resin
Aroma: herbaceous, resinous, rich, woody, earthy, sweet, sometimes spicy-floral,
sometimes myrrh-like
Organ/System Affiliation: respiratory, digestive, skin
Physiological Effects: antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-
oxidant, antiseptic, antitoxin, anti-tumor, antiviral, aromatic, astringent, blood
purifier, hemostatic, digestive
O

D ragon’s Blood is a resin obtained from many different species

of palm trees and shrubs native to tropical regions of Indonesia,
Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Morocco, Southwest Asia, South and Central
America, and other parts of Africa.

Some Croton species of Peru have
heart-shaped leaves, eluding to its
blood cleansing and wound healing
properties. This same species’ flowers
resemble the head of a dragon. Some
Dracaena species, native to the
Canary Islands, have what look like
scales on their trunks and branches.
The resin of these trees is exuded
from the wounded trunk or branches
and is collected, usually rolled into
baseball sized balls, and sold on
the market. There are a few species
which produce higher quality resin
which are most commonly available.
In stores today, the authenticity of
‘true’ Dragon’s Blood, however, is
questionable and many other plant

50 | Evan Sylliaasen

 Dragon’s Blood
resins are sold under the name. It is Ancient Romans traded Dragon’s
best to track down legitimate sources Blood throughout Europe, Greece,
on the internet to ensure you are and Arabia for its medicinal proper-
purchasing the highest quality resin. ties and use as incense. In medieval
Other species are mostly used by the times, Dragon’s Blood was used for
local and indigenous people of the more ritual and magical purposes
species’ native region. among the European esoteric tradi-
tions such as Alchemy and Druidism,
Histories and Stories of Dragon’s due to its association with the great
Blood mythical fire-breathing creature.
Some sources say it was even an
There are many ancient stories
ingredient in the sacred Alchemical
about the origins of Dragon’s Blood.
preparation “the Elixir of Life”.
From Greek mythology to age-old
Chinese Legends, this ancient resin
The smoke of this incense resin is
is surrounded by magical tales. In
still used for protection in many
medieval Europe, it was thought to
esoteric and modern traditions. We
have come from actual dragons that
can see the protection signatures
were defeated in battle. Little did
in the tree’s scales, resembling that
people know, this false advertising
of a dragon’s, which create a tough
was the work of Eastern traders
pineapple texture on the tree trunks.
looking to turn a higher profit.
This signature can also be seen in
Dragon’s Blood has been harvested
the resin’s medicinal antibiotic and
and used as incense, medicine, in
defensive actions on internal and
folk magic, and as dye and painting
external wounds, as well as its anti-
pigment for millennia all around the
world. Its signature dark red color is viral, anti-fungal, anti-tumor, and
anti-inflammatory properties.
still used to this day in the making of
different textiles, fabrics, and pottery,
In Mexico, Peru, and Ecuador,
and is unmatched by other natural
Dragon’s Blood, or Sangre De Drago
pigments. The deep crimson color
(of the Croton genus), has been tradi-
was highly prized by the ancients,
tionally used for its wound-healing
especially the Chinese, who used it
properties, to stop bleeding, and to
for dying wool, as a pigment in paint-
treat various digestive and intesti-
ing and art, for adorning the skin as
nal issues for ages. The resin is used
a ceremonial face paint, and even as
all over Mexico, Central and South
lipstick.

Evan Sylliaasen | 51
 Materia Aromatica
American countries for its many
medicinal and spiritual properties,
and is a common household remedy
in many Latino communities.
Medicinal Uses
Dragon’s Blood has been used medic-
inally for various external and inter-
nal ailments in the East including
many respiratory, digestive, and skin
issues. Externally, it has been applied
to treat a wide variety of skin disor-
ders such as eczema and psoriasis,
as well as for treating wounds and
injuries. Being rich in the alkaloid
taspine makes it an incredibly effi-
cient regenerative for skin tissues
and wounds. The resin or sap is often
applied externally to act as a ‘second
skin’, allowing the underlying skin to
regenerate while keeping it protected
from infection. The powerful healing
properties from the resin also act to
speed recovery and regeneration of
cells.
The resin from Draceana was once
commonly used for general wound
healing and as a coagulant. Other
species of Dragon’s Blood are anti-co-
agulants, however, and will not stop
bleeding but will instead increase
blood flow. It’s very important you
know what species you’re working
with and which species are coagu-
lants versus anti-coagulants.
52 | Evan Sylliaasen
Dragon’s Blood was used by the
inhabitants of Socotra island, in what
is now Yemen, as a cure-all. It was
used to treat general wound healing,
as a coagulant, for curing diarrhea,
reducing fever, curing internal ulcers
of the mouth, throat, intestines, and
stomach, as an antiviral for respira-
tory and stomach viruses and for skin
disorders such as eczema (Gupta,
Gupta, Bleakley, 2008).
Medieval European physicians also
called for the use of Dragon’s Blood
to heal open wounds and to regen-
erate damaged tissues. They used it
in the form of elixirs and potions to
treat mild fever, diarrhea (astringent
properties), and many other ailments.
Today it has gained the interest of the
skin care industry as a strong regen-
erative and has been used as an ingre-
dient in topical creams, sunscreens,
and countless other cosmetic and
beauty products.
In traditional Chinese Medicine,
Dragon’s Blood has been used to
stimulate circulation, heal and regen-
erate tissues, heal ulcers, and control
bleeding (Bensky and Gamble, 1993).
In the indigenous medicine traditions
of South America, the sap or resin
is painted on wounds to staunch
bleeding, speed healing, and protect
 Dragon’s Blood
injuries from infection (Taylor, Leslie,
2005).
Many of the healing properties of
Dragon’s Blood are widespread
among different species of resin-pro-
ducing trees. The most common
uses of different Dragon’s Blood
species worldwide are wound
healing, ulcer healing (external and
internal), and for treating diarrhea.
Its antiviral properties have been
employed to treat many lung and
respiratory infections in the form of
incense and ingested medicine. More
recently, many species have been
used in the fight against cancer and
tumors. There is growing evidence
and ongoing research on the effec-
tiveness of Dragon’s Blood used to
successfully treat cancer patients. Its
anti-tumor properties and its partic-
ular constituent makeup have led to
its rapid rise in popularity the world
over for this purpose.
Magical and Metaphysical Uses
In American Hoodoo, African-
American folk magic, and New
Orleans Voodoo, Dragon’s Blood is
used in “mojo hands” for attracting
money and love. In Wiccan traditions,
it is widely used as incense for protec-
tion and to cleanse a space of negative
entities or influences. It is also added
to red ink to make “Dragon’s Blood
Ink”, which is traditionally used to
inscribe magical seals and talismans.
Dragon’s Blood is used to enhance
the power of other incense and herbs
in different magical traditions. In
many cultures, the burning of the
resin is said to drive away negativity
and bring protection to the home,
personal property, or person. If we
look at the symbolism, the tree bark is
rough and almost scaled, resembling
a dragon’s skin. Some species leaves
are sharp and pointy. Each species
has its own features that resemble
the mythical dragon. Therefore, the
ancient use of the resin as an ener-
getic protector makes a lot more
sense as the tree itself is fierce, sharp,
and resembles a mighty beast.
Dragon’s Blood is perhaps one of the
most widely spread incense material
used for magical purposes across
many different traditions and spiri-
tual practices. It has many philosoph-
ical layers to reveal to those interested
in its esoteric connections, which
greatly intrigued ancient Alchemists
and other ancient European spiritual
and ritual practitioners.
Cautions
Many varieties of Dragon’s Blood
are widely used to stop bleeding;
however, there are many species that
Evan Sylliaasen | 53
 Materia Aromatica
are actually anti-coagulants, used to Be sure to research which species are
increase blood flow. It is very import- best for these purposes. It is safest to
ant that the species of Dragon’s Blood not attempt to use this resin in the
and its properties are properly identi- treatment of serious injury, wounds,
fied prior to using it for this purpose. or cuts for this reason.

54 | Evan Sylliaasen

 Eucalyptus
Latin Name: Eucalyptus radiata, E. globulus, E. smithii, E. polybractea
Other Names: Blue Gum, Fever Tree, Gum Tree, Australian Fever Tree, Tasmanian
Blue Gum, Mallee, Stringy Bark tree
Family: Myrtaceae
Parts Used: leaf
Aroma: fresh, camphoraceous, minty, spicy, clear, balsamic, herbaceous, slightly
sweet
Organ/System Affiliation: respirator, immune, circulatory, muscular, skin
Physiological Effect: antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-infectious, anti-inflamma-
tory, anti-rheumatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antiviral, astringent, circulatory
stimulant, decongestant, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, immune tonic
O

T here are 700 species of Eucalyptus trees found all over Australia,
New Guinea, and Indonesia. Eucalyptus radiata, E. globulus, E.
smithii, and E. polybractea are the four primary types used in medi-
cine, though these and a handful of other species are used in incense
and perfumery. These trees are widely cultivated in the Americas,
Europe, the Mediterranean, Middle East, China, and India.

Eucalyptus trees are evergreen, healing after it has been damaged

with an exception of a few species,
and grow in a wide range of sizes:
in the form of a large tree, up to 200
feet, down to a small shrub. This
drought-resistant tree has amazing
regenerative powers that speed up
by winds, animals, humans, or wild
fires. Eucalyptus trees are a very
fast-growing source of wood. The
bark of Eucalyptus trees can be very
loose and tend to shed in long strips.
Some species have an extraordinary

Evan Sylliaasen | 55
 Materia Aromatica
display of long pastel colored stripes
covering their trunks, some of
nature’s beautiful works of art.
The trees absorb large amounts of
water and are often planted to drain
swamps in order to lower risks of
malaria spread by mosquitos. The
high oil content of its leaves are a
signature of this tree. On warm
days, the essential oil is vaporized
into the atmosphere creating a blue
mist that led to the naming of the
Blue Mountains of Australia due to
the thick, fragrant haze. Today, the
leaves are most commonly harvested
for essential oil distillation, yet many
still harvest and use their leaves for
incense and medicine.
Histories and Stories
of Eucalyptus
The leaves and flowers of the
Eucalyptus tree have been long used
in Buddhist, Hindu, and Chinese
incense recipes for their refreshing,
menthol-like aroma. The cooling and
penetrating odor contributes to clear
sinuses, a clear mind, and healthy
breathing function. Eucalyptus
aroma is refreshing and energizing,
clearing away mental fatigue while
bringing stimulation and inspira-
tion to the spirit. Its smoke has also
been used to purify the air and
prevent sickness. As it can be quite
56 | Evan Sylliaasen
overpowering in incense blends, only
small amounts are used. This is also
true for its use in perfumery.
The iconic Eucalyptus tree is an
essential part of Australian culture.
The Aborigines used them to make
tools, shields, canoes, musical instru-
ments, dishes, and more. The tree
was introduced from Australia to the
rest of the world in the 1700s. Due
to its fast growth and regeneration,
these trees have primarily been culti-
vated for their wood. A tree can even
be cut off at its roots and regenerate
over time. Its oil has been tradition-
ally used in medicine, creams, and
vapor rubs, cleaning and deodorizing
products, as an industrial solvent, a
food additive, and an insect repellant.
Eucalyptus is also the wood most
commonly used to make the famous
musical instrument of the Aborigines,
the Didgeridoo. The pieces of wood
selected for this sacred, otherworldly
instrument have been naturally
hollowed out by termites eating
their way through the center of the
trunk or branches. The bark is then
skinned away and the piece of wood
is adorned by various Aboriginal
artwork containing animals, dreams,
plants, or other designs.
 Eucalyptus
Medicinal Uses
Eucalyptus has been used medici-
nally by the Aboriginal peoples of
Australia for millennia. It has strong
antiseptic and astringent properties,
making it ideal in the treatment of
many respiratory ailments. It is a
decongestant and expectorant that
relaxes mucous membranes, “opens
the chest”, clears the sinuses, and
curbs various infections in the lungs.
In Ayurveda, Eucalyptus is used in
cases of excess congestion relating
to the kapha dosha. In Traditional
Chinese Medicine, it is used to clear
lung phlegm and balance many
respiratory ailments such as bron-
chitis, asthma, and sinusitis, and
other issues that relate to congested
airways, from the nostrils to the
lungs.
Aboriginals use the leaf in an infu-
sion to treat aches and pains. Some
physicians have applied it topically
to patients with cold extremities to
bring a balance of heat to the body.
In Northern Australia, the smoke
from the leaves was used to treat
colds, fevers, and flus. Today it is a
common remedy to combat viruses
and other illnesses such as throat
infections, laryngitis, and the afore-
mentioned. In the 1700s, it became
known as “Fever Tree” for its anti-in-
fectious properties. It was also widely
cultivated in swampy marshlands as
the roots of the trees dried up the soil,
reducing the mosquito population
and the spread of malaria. If we take
a look at how the tree dries up the
ecosystem, we can relate this quality
to its action of drying up mucous in
the lungs and tissues as well.
In the 1800s, Eucalyptus was begin-
ning to gain a reputation in hospitals
and medical establishments for its
potent antiseptic properties. It was
often used during surgery and other
operations to sterilize the patient and
surgical tools. Toward the beginning
of the 20th century, European hospi-
tals were catching on and incorpo-
rating the use of Eucalyptus oil for
keeping just about everything clean
and sterile.
Today Eucalyptus is a common ingre-
dient in many throat lozenges and
sprays, cough suppressants, chest and
vapor rubs. It is also known to boost
immunity and is used to prevent
sickness, and strengthen the immune
response during infections. Topically,
Eucalyptus is great for muscular
pain and arthritic and rheumatic
conditions. In a salve or ointment, it
can be helpful to reduce muscle and
body aches and stiff joints. It is also a
popular remedy for many skin issues;
Evan Sylliaasen | 57
 Materia Aromatica
used for wound healing, overall skin
health, and fungal infections.
Magical and Metaphysical Uses
Eucalyptus oil is highly flamma-
ble, making the tree an easy target
during wild fires. Its native home
of Australia is prone to the spread
of wild fires due to droughts in
combination with frequent lightning
storms and the scarcity of rivers,
which act as barriers. These trees are
highly adaptable and have adjusted
to these natural disasters well. They
have evolved to regenerate at a fast
rate. Perhaps Eucalyptus can be seen
as a tree to call upon during times
of grief or aftermath of traumatic
events, helping people work through
extremely difficult times where there
is a need to start fresh or heal physi-
cal, mental, and spiritual wounds.
Eucalyptus is all about the breath and
“opening the chest”. Constraining
energies or stuck emotions can cause
tightness of the chest and ribcage,
leading to shallow breath, imbalances
or blockages in the heart chakra, and
a feeling of overall heaviness in the
chest. Using Eucalyptus incense along
58 | Evan Sylliaasen
with conscious breath work could be
a good practice for someone with
any of these symptoms. Eucalyptus
uplifts energies, clears negativity,
stimulates the mind and positive
thinking, and promotes clarity of
energy and the mind.
We can also see a symbology within
the Aboriginal Didgeridoo. This
musical instrument is basically a
hollowed Eucalyptus branch or small
log between 4-6” long. One end is
rested on the ground while the musi-
cian channels their breath through
the Didgeridoo producing low,
bellowing trance-inducing sounds. It
is necessary that the musician learns
how to circular breathe in order to
play the instrument correctly; breath
is taken into the lungs through the
nose while breath is pushed out of
the mouth through the instrument, in
a constant cycle. This is yet another
example of how Eucalyptus resonates
with the breath and lungs. It also
shows that the long hollow tube, open
and free from obstructions, resembles
how this tree can help to open up the
lungs, throat, sinuses, and channels
of communication.
 Frankincense
Latin Name: Boswellia carterii, B. sacra, B. frereana, B. serrata, B. thurifera, B.
neglecta, B. dalzieli, B. papyrifera
Other Names: Olibanum, Oleo, Oliban, True Frankincense
Family: Burseraceae
Parts Used: resin, gum
Aroma: fresh, resinous, balsamic, sweet, citrusy-pine, woody, slightly campho-
raceous, warm-floral
Organ/System Affiliation: nervous, respiratory, immune, digestive, muscular,
skin
Physiological Effects: analgesic, antibacterial, anti-depressive, anti-infectious,
anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, astringent, calmative, carminative, expectorant,
immune enhancer, nervine, sedative, stomachic, vulnerary
O

F rankincense is the resinous sap of many trees of the Boswellia

genus, in which there are four main species that produce ‘true’
Frankincense. The trees range in height between 6 and 28 feet tall,
and are native to the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa.

Incisions are made on the tree’s to as Frankincense ‘tears’. The name,

trunk or branches which exude
precious gum that is left to harden
before it is harvested for trade. The
resin is sold in grades, from the
highest quality, to a lower quality.
The droplets that are secreted from
the trunk resemble tear drops, which
is why they are commonly referred
Frankincense, refers to its quality;
frank, or ‘true’ incense.
Histories and Stories
of Frankincense
Frankincense has one of the richest
histories and is one of the most

Evan Sylliaasen | 59
 Materia Aromatica
popular and well-known incenses
in the world. It has been used by
many cultures for spiritual, religious,
medicinal, and practical purposes
for over 5,000 years. It is mentioned
many times in the Bible as a sacra-
mental substance, and was even
one of the ingredients in the famous
Ketoret incense, which was burned
ceremonially by authorized priests
at Solomon’s Temple and the Second
Temple. In ancient Judaic texts, it is
said to have been one of the plants to
originate from the Garden of Eden,
along with Myrrh. Frankincense is
also said to have been an original
ingredient in the renowned Egyptian
temple incense, Kyphi.
Frankincense is perhaps most well
known as one of the holy gifts given
to young Jesus by the Wise Men, or
Magi (magician, wisdom keeper) in
the biblical story. Their three gifts of
gold, Frankincense, and Myrrh were
considered gifts fit for a king; and at
that time, Frankincense and Myrrh
were literally worth their weight in
gold. Frankincense has long been
associated with intuition, spiritual
connection, and godly work. Which
is why it is used so widely in many
spiritual rituals and religious ceremo-
nies. It is said to establish a stronger
connection to the divine, to Creator,
and to the inherent wisdom within.
60 | Evan Sylliaasen
The ancient Egyptians were quite
fond of Frankincense resin and
used it as temple incense (by itself
or mixed into Kyphi), medicine, in
the use of cosmetics and perfumery,
and even for burial ceremonies and
embalming. The enormous appetite
for heavenly Frankincense smoke
among royalty, religious institutions,
and wealthy citizens of Europe,
Egypt, North Africa, the Middle East,
and Asia made this prized botanical
treasure one of the most heavily
exported resins in the world. For
thousands of years, caravans carry-
ing tons of Frankincense traveled the
ancient Incense Road reaching tropi-
cal paradises, gloomy fortresses, and
far-off exotic kingdoms near and far.
In Catholicism, Frankincense and
Myrrh have been used in rites since
its formation and are still present
in the church today. In the Old
Testament, God commanded that
the people burn incense as a sacra-
ment to bless, offer, and sanctify.
Burning Frankincense in the church
may also be viewed in the context of
a “burnt offering” given to God. In
the Old Testament, animal offerings
were partially or wholly consumed
by fire. In essence, to burn some-
thing was to give it to God (Herrera,
2005). Like many other religious
and spiritual traditions, the act of
 Frankincense
the smoke rising upward is thought
by Catholics and Christians alike
to carry the prayers to heaven, or to
Creator.
In addition to its rich spiritual tradi-
tions, Frankincense has been used
for ages as medicine to treat a wide
variety of imbalances and ailments
in Traditional Chinese Medicine,
Ayurveda, Tibetan Medicine, its local
Northern African Tribal Medicine,
and many other alternative medical
practices.
Frankincense is even more popular
today than it was in ancient days.
Sadly, its incredibly high demand
has placed heavy strains on its
wild populations. Climate changes,
widespread over-harvesting, and
the massive essential oil produc-
tion of Frankincense resin have all
led to these precious species being
threatened.
In recent years, Frankincense cooper-
atives in Somalia have helped train
local harvesters in proper harvest-
ing methods and plant steward-
ship. These co-operatives supply a
small amount of ‘truly sustainable’
Frankincense tears to international
markets. The entire supply is distilled
into essential oil at alarming rates.
At the time of this writing, there
are currently no sources of raw
Frankincense tears that are ‘truly
sustainable’, regardless of claims.
Hopefully in the following years, a
few sources will be made available
for incense and medicine, Higher
Mind Incense potentially being one
of them. And unfortunately it is very
difficult to navigate through false
advertising to locate truly sustain-
able sources of essential oil. Due to
the uncertainty of knowing what you
are supporting through your sourc-
ing, many professional opinions
suggest giving Frankincense popula-
tions time to regroup and regrow by
abstaining from its purchase, unless
you are buying Frankincense that has
originated from registered co-opera-
tives in North Africa.
Medicinal Uses
Since biblical times, Frankincense
has been most commonly used for its
bacteria-, infection-, and virus-kill-
ing properties. Many cultures would
burn Frankincense around the
dead or in infirmaries during times
of plague to control the spread of
disease. It has been used as incense
and tea in the treatment of various
respiratory conditions such as bron-
chitis, asthma, sinusitis, and laryn-
gitis, helping to fight off infection
and also help the body recover. It is
Evan Sylliaasen | 61
 Materia Aromatica
also an effective expectorant and has
the ability to relieve tightness in the
chest. Local tribes people of North
Africa would use Frankincense as a
tea and incense for fighting respira-
tory infections, soothing sore throat,
and for its ability to boost the immune
system. It has also long been taken in
tea form as a general health tonic and
to promote healthy digestion.
Physicians of Traditional Chinese
Me d ic i n e, Tib e t a n Me d ic i n e,
and Ayurveda have been using
Frankincense to relieve nervous
tension, stress, anxiety, depression,
insomnia, and other nervous disor-
ders for ages. As an infused oil,
Frankincense can be applied to the
chest to relieve severe anxiety and
nervousness. Overall, Frankincense
has a calming and warming effect
energetically. Burning Frankincense
incense helps to promote feelings of
calm and comfort within. It also helps
to promote mental clarity and aware-
ness, and has been used for millennia
to enhance meditation and focus.
Many utilize the resin topically in
salve or ointment form for its ability
to relieve pain associated with arthri-
tis, rheumatism, muscle tension,
joint stiffness, menstruation, carpal
tunnel, and various injuries. Ancient
cultures also applied Frankincense
62 | Evan Sylliaasen
topically to heal wounds and prevent
infection and scarring. It is well
known that Frankincense has potent
anti-aging and skin rejuvenation
properties, which is why it has been
used in skin care and beauty prepa-
rations for thousands of years.
When taken internally, Frankincense
improves circulation of the blood,
relieves certain digestive problems,
and soothes inflamed tissues. It has
even been studied for its effects in
killing cancer cells and preventing
free-radical damage. Recent studies
have proven that Frankincense can
be beneficial in cases of ovarian,
colon, breast, and prostate cancers.
Unfortunately, these studies have yet
to be verified by ‘officials’ and are
still in process of publication. Many
of the ancient medicinal applications
of Frankincense resin are still used
today for the same disorders and
illnesses, and many more are being
discovered each year.
Magical and Metaphysical Uses
Many of the esoteric and magical
uses of Frankincense are based on its
connection to the Sun. In times of old,
it was used as sacrificial incense in the
names of many Sun gods including
the Egyptian Sun God Ra, the Greek
deity Apollo, and the Babylonian Sun
God Bael. This sacred connection
 Frankincense
resembles spiritual insight, spiritual
self-discipline, and the dedication of
finding one’s true spiritual nature.
Frankincense opens up channels to
a higher power and higher wisdom
during meditation and ritual. It is a
sacred key that unlocks the door to
the divine.
It has also been an important
subst a nce i n A lchem ica l a nd
European mystical traditions for
its symbolism and its practical
medicine. In Alchemy, it was used to
make many different philosophical
medicines aimed at physical, spiri-
tual, mental, and emotional healing,
as well as spiritual evolution and
personal transformation. As an herb
associated with the Sun, the intuition,
divine connection, inner strength,
personal power, and the archetype
of the king, many wise men have
pondered its many layers of meaning
and hidden wisdom.
Evan Sylliaasen | 63
 Jasmine
Latin Name: Jasminum officinalis, J. sambac, J. auriculatum, J. grandiflorum
Other Names: Queen of the Night, Poet’s Jasmine, White Jasmine, Queen of
Flowers
Family: Oleaceae
Parts Used: flower
Aroma: intensely floral, warm, sweet, rich, slightly fruity, soft
Organ/System Affiliation: nervous, genitourinary, respiratory, skin
Physiological Effects: alterative, analgesic, anodyne, antibacterial, anti-depres-
sive, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, carminative,
calmative, expectorant, galactagogue, sedative

J asminum is a genus of shrubs and vines containing 300 species

that are mostly native to the Himalayas and Asia, but also grow
in other tropical and warm temperate regions such as Australia, and
southern Europe.

There are four main species that are
commonly used in incense, perfum-
ery, and medicine, though many
other species are used in their local
regions. The plants produce beautiful
fragrant star-shaped, white flowers
that are harvested after dark by
hand when their intoxicating aroma
is most potent.
In addition to the traditional use of
the dried flowers themselves, oil of
Jasmine is quite popular today and
is also widely used in aromatherapy
and perfumery. The oil is considered
an “absolute” and not an essential
oil, as the delicate flowers would be
destroyed during distillation. The oil
is either extracted using chemicals or
by the method of enfleurage.

64 | Evan Sylliaasen

 Jasmine
Histories and Stories of Jasmine
Jasmine has been revered for ages
throughout Asia as tea, medicine,
perfume, and incense. It is sometimes
referred to as “Queen of the Night,”
as its aroma grows stronger after the
sun sets. Jasmine is known to have
a very strong correspondence to the
Moon. Many poets of old have been
inspired by Jasmine, often associating
her with love, romance, and spiritual
longing.
As early as 1000 B.C., Jasmine was
introduced to Egypt from across the
Red Sea, where it was later brought
to many Mediterranean countries to
be embraced as the magical flower
of the night. It travelled far to many
kingdoms over many centuries, and
put down its roots in the gardens
of palaces, castles, and temples of
kings and royalty. To many cultures,
this simple flower was a symbol for
purity, grace, delicacy, romance, and
the sacred feminine.
Today Jasmine is the national flower
of Hawaii, Indonesia, Pakistan,
and the Philippines. It is a tradition
to make Leis and garlands from
Jasmine flowers for honored guests
and visitors in India and among the
Polynesian and Hawaii Islands. The
Persians used Jasmine to perfume
their hair and clothing and often
would employ the delicate fragrance
at banquets, gatherings, and festivals.
Jasmine tea is a common custom in
China and Japan, where it is some-
times accompanied by a base of
green or white tea. Its infusion into
warm water releases the beauty and
aroma of the flower, comforting and
calming the tea drinker.
Jasmine has made a name for herself
over many thousands of years. She
has spread far and wide due to her
alluring scent. She is seen by many
cultures as a pure embodiment of
the feminine, a gentle heart, and an
intoxicating, exotic, yet powerful
plant spirit. Jasmine is a reminder to
many of the gentleness of the human
heart. The aroma of Jasmine incense
is inspirational, helping to spark the
imagination, while also having the
capacity to help people find a healthy
balance in their sexual and romantic
lives. Many fine Japanese incenses
offer this delicate yet strong aromatic
flower.
Today Jasmine’s aroma can be found
in many cosmetics and perfumes
around the world. Her alluring and
intoxicating scent captivates the mind
and senses, taking people on exotic
journeys within their minds and
hearts. In addition to her fragrance,
Evan Sylliaasen | 65
 Materia Aromatica
she has also been documented for
ages as being used in medicine in
Eastern cultures such as China,
Indonesia, India, and ancient Persia.
Medicinal Uses
Jasmine is perhaps most notorious
as being a soother. It is often used to
treat many nervous disorders such as
anxiety, tension, restlessness, depres-
sion, and stress. It’s also widely used
as a sexual tonic, aphrodisiac, and a
women’s herb. It is used in the treat-
ment of impotency, frigidity, and
thoughts of inadequacy surrounding
love and intercourse. Jasmine warms
the heart and calms the nerves
allowing for a sense of openness,
comfortability, and intimacy between
lovers. It is also a sleep herb, calming
and quieting the mind and nervous
system before rest.
Chinese herbalists have long used
Jasmine to treat headaches and
insomnia, as well as for calming
and uplifting the Qi-energy of the
Heart and Mind. Jasmine also has a
strong affinity for the female repro-
ductive and endocrine system. It has
been used during child labor to ease
painful or prolonged deliveries and
has a strong reputation of being a
potent fertility herb with a connec-
tion to intercourse, reproduction,
and birth. As a galactagogue, it is
66 | Evan Sylliaasen
also known in Polynesian societies
to help nursing mothers with breast
milk production. For males and
females, these potent flowers have
been used as an aphrodisiac for ages,
helping soothe and alleviate tension
around intercourse, enhance libido,
and promote romance.
Jasmine is one of the oldest ingre-
dients in Tibetan incense. It is often
used for its relaxing and mind
calming properties, which make it an
efficient aid during meditation and
yoga practices. Tibetan physicians
also use Jasmine as incense in the
treatment of many nervous disor-
ders for its profound calming effect.
Its aroma is used to uplift the heart,
mind, and spirit of a patient, while
soothing nervous tension in the mind
and body.
Jasmine is also used as an effective
skin rejuvenator as it is high in anti-
oxidant and anti-aging properties;
promoting overall skin health and
healing wounds and other skin
conditions. It can also be helpful
in relieving muscle and joint pain,
tension, sore muscles and arthritic
conditions.
Magical and Metaphysical Uses
Jasmine is an herb of love and protec-
tion. Many invoke the spirit of the
 Jasmine
Hindu God Vishnu by using the or sachets. As a flower of the night,
powerful aroma of Jasmine in their Jasmine also has a connection to
offerings. Different magical tradi- the dreamtime and the Moon, and
tions of Europe use Jasmine in love is used to induce prophetic dreams
spells and charms, either as incense when burned.

Evan Sylliaasen | 67
 Juniper
Latin Name: Juniperus communis, J. scopulorum,
Other Names: Common Juniper, Western Juniper, Eastern Juniper, Black Juniper,
Stinking Juniper, Himalayan Juniper
Family: Cupressaceae
Parts Used: berries, leaves, wood
Aroma: piney, fresh, fruity, woody, balsamic, bittersweet
Organ/System Affiliation: immune, respiratory, circulatory, muscular, nervous,
skin
Physiological Effects: anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-infectious, anti-inflamma-
tory, antimicrobial, anti-rheumatic, antiseptic, antiviral, astringent, carminative,
decongestant, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, expectorant, nervine, neurotonic,
sedative, stomachic, urinary antiseptic, vulnerary

J uniper is a genus of small, shrubby evergreen trees made up of

around 60 species. The mature trees can reach a height of up to 40
feet. The dark brown to black berries are harvested for use in medi-
cine, incense, and cuisine. The blue-green needle-like leaves are used
for similar purposes. The species most commonly used are native to
North America, northern Europe, and southwest Asia.

History of Juniper found protecting travelers and hiding

Juniper is one of the oldest plants
used by mankind. In many differ-
ent cultures around the world,
Juniper is known as a protector
tree. Throughout its mythology, it is
people in danger. In the biblical
story, during their escape to Egypt,
Jesus and his family were hidden
by a Juniper tree during the pursuit
by King Herod’s soldiers. In the Old

68 | Evan Sylliaasen

 Juniper
Testament, Juniper sheltered the
prophet Elijah from Queen Jezebel’s
pursuit (Kendall, Paul, 2015).
Native Americans and Tibetans have
used Juniper in ceremonial incense
and medicine for millennia. It has
been widely burned since antiquity
as a fumigant to stave off viruses
and plagues of sickness all over the
Mediterranean and surrounding
regions. Juniper is an ancient symbol
of strength, fertility, and longevity.
Many Native Americans have used
the berries of the Juniper tree in
spiritual, energetic, and physical
medicines for protection purposes.
Its strong wood has also provided a
sturdy building material and a reli-
able source of fuel for many peoples.
It is also popular in many different
cuisines of Mediterranean, Asian,
and Middle Eastern cultures for
its fresh, piney, and slightly bitter
flavoring.
Juniper is the most common aromatic
ingredient found in Tibetan and
Nepalese incense. It is used as a base
in many different incense recipes
and is known for its stimulation and
clearing of the mind, its cleansing
and purification of the atmosphere,
its calming and relaxing effects on
the nerves, and its sharpening of
mental awareness and alertness. For
all of these virtues, it is a common
meditation incense. Juniper is a
sturdy, strong, and resilient tree and
its qualities are mirrored in its effects
on the human mind, body, and spirit.
Medicinal Uses
Juniper is a highly medicinal cleans-
ing and detoxifying plant. It has been
used for thousands of years by many
cultures including the Navajo (Dineh)
peoples of the American Southwest.
They have used it for many ailments
and have successfully treated diabe-
tes with its aid for many generations.
It is also a strong medicine for many
respiratory ailments including bron-
chitis, asthma, and general conges-
tion. In the form of incense, it is
helpful in opening the sinuses and
combating various respiratory infec-
tions such as colds and flu.
In Traditional Chinese Medicine,
Juniper is used to dispel dampness
and cold from the body; warm the
stomach, intestines, and spleen; and
awaken the appetite, clear toxins,
boost immunity, and increase blood
circulation and lymphatic drainage.
It has also been widely used in tradi-
tional and modern herbal medicine
for its healing effects on urinary tract
infections.
Evan Sylliaasen | 69
 Materia Aromatica
In Ayurveda, the berries are a popular
remedy used for many different
ailments and disorders includ-
ing respiratory, digestive, nervous
system, and mental imbalances.
Ayurvedic practitioners successfully
use Juniper to strengthen and fortify
healthy brain function, stimulate
cerebral circulation, support normal
nervous system function, break up
kidney stones, treat arthritis and
rheumatism, increase and balance
menstrual flow, and heal many
different digestive issues. It can help
to alleviate vertigo, reduce stress
and anxiety, and calm an overactive
nervous system.
In Medieval Scotland, Juniper berries
were used to flavor whiskey. In addi-
tion to great flavor, this was also a
way to benefit from the medicinal
properties of the tree as the alcohol
produced in the distillation process
extracted the medicine from the
berry. The berries were also added to
food to help aid digestion, warm the
stomach, and cure various stomach
ailments (Kendall, Paul, 2015).
Modern research has been proving
the effectiveness of Juniper in
70 | Evan Sylliaasen
expelling buildup of uric acid in the
joints and muscles. This research has
strengthened the popularity of this
profound tree in reducing arthri-
tis, rheumatism, gout, and general
muscle soreness and pain. Other
research has given rise to the use of
Juniper in the treatment of eczema,
acne, psoriasis, dandruff, and a
number of other skin disorders.
Magical Uses
Juniper is one of the plants used in
Scottish and Gaelic Polytheist saining
rites, such as those performed at
Hogmanay (New Year), where the
smoke of burning juniper is used to
cleanse, bless, and protect the house-
hold and its inhabitants (McNeill, F.
Marian, Loughlin, Annie).
Cautions
Juniper is unsafe to ingest for those
who are pregnant, becoming preg-
nant, or breastfeeding, as it may
cause issues with fertility and be
harmful to infants. Be cautious of
ingesting Juniper for stomach and
digestive-related issues as higher, or
long-term dosages can potentially
worsen symptoms.
 Lavender
Latin Name: Lavendula sp.
Other Names: Elf Lead, Lavers
Family: Lamiaceae
Parts Used: flower
Aroma: floral, fresh, herbaceous, sweet, soft, bittersweet
Organ/System Affiliation: respiratory, nervous, digestive, skin, muscular
Physiological Effects: analgesic, antibacterial, anti-fungal, antidepressant,
anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-rheumatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic,
carminative, digestive, diuretic, expectorant, nervine, sedative, stimulant

L avendula genus made up of 39 species of perennial and

is a
annual flowering shrubs, of which the flowering tops are used
for their strong aromatic and healing properties. It is native to south-
ern Europe, the Mediterranean, southwest Asia, southeast India, all
the way to northern Africa.

It can grow up to 3 feet in height. Histories and Stories of L avender

There are a few main species that are
used for their medicinal and aromatic
properties in incense, perfumery, and
aromatherapy, such as L. angustifolia,
L. stoechas, and L. viridis. Lavender
is one of the most used aromatic
plants around the world for count-
less purposes, and is cultivated in
gardens and on farms all around the
globe.
Lavender is one of the most well-
known aromatic plants in the world,
and is certainly the most popular
and most recognized. Considered a
very feminine plant and scent, it has
been used for thousands of years in
cosmetics, perfumery, incense, the
culinary arts, medicine, and orna-
mentally by many cultures. Its soft,

Evan Sylliaasen | 71
 Materia Aromatica
captivating fragrance has helped it
gain a reputation with lovers and
romantics the world over, and has
sparked the imaginations of millions
with its fresh, beautiful aroma.
Lavender is mentioned in many
ancient texts as being used in the
preparation of holy fragrances in
biblical times, whether for incense or
anointing oil. In the Bible, Lavender
is mentioned as being used to anoint
Jesus after the crucifixion. The
ancient Egyptians used Lavender in
perfumery as well as in the mummi-
fication process for its strong anti-
bacterial properties. It was a widely
used aromatic plant in Greece where
physicians used it to treat everything
from nervous tension, insomnia,
backache, to stomach problems.
Lavender has been a popular flower
used in herbal-scented baths around
the world, and specifically around
the Mediterranean, for its beautiful
scent and relaxing qualities. Accounts
of this reach back to ancient Roman
bath houses and beyond.
Queen Victoria’s deep passion for
the floral aroma led to its popularity
among upper-class English ladies.
Victorian royalty became particularly
fond of Lavender and were known to
have their maids wash everything in
the estate with Lavender water so the
72 | Evan Sylliaasen
scent could be enjoyed at all times. It
became very popular as a cosmetic
spray throughout Europe and was also
used in many countries as a laundry
freshener. In certain cultures, it has
also been used in smoking mixtures
for its flavor and calmative properties.
Burning Lavender incense, using it as
an herbal spray, or diffusing it into
the atmosphere have long been used
to repel insects and moths.
Lavender is a common ingredient in
many floral Japanese incenses and is
also found in many ancient Tibetan
and Buddhist incense preparations. It
is utilized most as incense for its strong
relaxing and sedative properties. Due
to its calming effects on the mind,
body, and spirit, it has been found to be
very beneficial during meditation and
yoga practices. In European perfum-
ery, Lavender-scented perfume was
not only used to adorn the body with
an aura of floral fragrance, but also
doubled as a cure for anxiety, stress,
insomnia, and headache.
Medicinal Uses
The popularity of Lavender’s medic-
inal benefits has grown immensely
over the past few decades. In addition
to its heavenly, comforting scent, it is
also widely known as a time-tested
folk remedy to treat various ailments.
It is traditionally used for skin issues
 Lavender
of all kinds, burns, menopause and
hormonal imbalances, and many
nervous system disorders.
Today, Lavender is known as a
“Rescue Remedy”, helping to cool and
calm overwhelming emotions. It has
proven to be a powerful treatment
for stress, anxiety, nervous tension,
over-thinking minds, and depres-
sion. It relaxes the nervous system,
relieves hyperactivity and agitation,
calms headache, slows busy thoughts,
uplifts the mood and mind, and has
the power to sedate and even induce
sleep. It is a great children’s herb as
it is virtually nontoxic and very safe.
In Medieval Europe, Lavender was
commonly grown in medicinal
herb gardens and was used to ward
off disease and infection due to its
potent antiseptic properties. It was
even used during the Black Plague
to fight off the deadly disease which
was spread by fleas, also showing its
strong insecticidal properties. It can
also boost immunity while speeding
recovery from certain illnesses.
In Oriental medicine, the cooling,
relaxing, and dispersing properties of
Lavender are used to dispel heat, inflam-
mation, pain, and tension when inhaled
or used topically. It has been utilized
in Tibetan medicine for thousands of
years to treat a number of skin issues
including burns, rashes, infections, and
eczema. It works wonders in the form
of a salve for many of the topical issues
above, and for sore muscles, aching
joints, inflammation, rheumatism,
overall pain relief, and for promoting
healing. It has also been shown to treat
a number of infections such as staph,
strep, and pneumonia, and its essential
oil has proven to be an important emer-
gency remedy for burns.
Lavender has also been known
to balance the circulatory system
and lower blood pressure. It has
been used in the treatment of heart
palpitations, helping to regulate the
heartbeat. As a feminine plant, it has
been widely used for ages to regulate
menstruation and relieve PMS and
hormonal-related mood swings. It
is also useful in reducing menstrual
tension and pain.
Magical and Metaphysical Uses
Lavender is commonly used by
different spiritual and magical tradi-
tions to heal the spirit and to bring
a general balance and harmony to
peoples’ lives. It is commonly used in
love spells and in negative or intense
situations to bring calmness and
peace. Lavender is also often used to
induce lucid dreaming.
Evan Sylliaasen | 73
 Myrrh
Latin Name: Commiphora myrrha, C. molmol
Other Names: Gum Tree, Karan, Harabol Myrrh
Family: Burseraceae
Parts Used: gum, resin
Aroma: balsamic, earthy, rich, resinous, slightly camphoraceous,
Organ/System Affiliation: circulatory system, respiratory system, nervous
system
Physiological Effects: alterative, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-depressive,
anti-fungal, anti-infectious, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-parasitic,
antiseptic, antiviral, astringent, calmative, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic,
expectorant, stimulant, stomachic, vulnerary

M yrrh is the aromatic resin exuded from the trunks and

branches of a few tree species native to North Africa, the
Arabian Peninsula, parts of India, and the Middle East. Myrrh trees
have long thorns on their branches and tend to grow in dry, rocky
regions.

These spiny trees can reach between
9 and 15 feet in height. To harvest
Myrrh, incisions are made with a
blade on the tree’s surface, causing
its sap to exude from the trunk. The
highly aromatic sap is dried and
collected for sale on the world market.
Histories and Stories of Myrrh
Myrrh has a very rich, ancient
history. Its name is rooted in the
Arabic/Hebrew word for bitter. It
has been used as incense and medi-
cine for over 5,000 years in many
ancient cultures. Like Frankincense,
Myrrh was an extremely popular

74 | Evan Sylliaasen

 Myrrh
sacramental incense resin used in
many religious and spiritual prac-
tices. It is mentioned throughout the
Bible (156 times), the Torah, and many
other ancient texts, and was an ingre-
dient in the Ketoret incense. It is even
said to have been one of the original
aromatic herbs that Adam harvested
from the Garden of Eden (along with
Frankincense).
Myrrh is most well-known for its
appearance in the story of the Wise
Men and young Jesus. Frankincense,
Myrrh, and gold were the kingly gifts
given by the Magi for practical, spir-
itual, and symbolic purposes. The
ancient Egyptians revered Myrrh for
its ability to help one connect to the
divine through its smoke, and placed
it in many different temple incense
blends, including the popular Kyphi
mixture. They also widely used it in
perfumery as well as the embalming
process, and burned it to honor their
dead. In the Catholic church, Myrrh
combined with Frankincense is still
burned in different rites and ceremo-
nies all over the world.
The Myrrh and Frankincense trade
contributed to the wealth of many
Arabian traders of antiquity as the
resins were once worth their weight
in gold. Hundreds of tons of these
resins were exported from southern
Arabian regions by camel caravans
every year to supply spiritual and
religious demand throughout the
Mediterranean, North Africa, and
Middle East. Over the centuries, the
popularity and exotic aromas started
drifting north to Europe, and east-
ward to India, China, and other parts
of Asia. The effects from burning
Myrrh during ceremony or prayer
are grounding and centering, and it
is often used to clear and calm the
mind, and create inner stillness and
tranquility of the spirit.
Myrrh has been widely used in
Traditional Ch inese medicine,
Ayurveda, Western herbalism,
Egyptian, Greek, and many other
medical systems for a variety of
illnesses and ailments for ages. It
can also be found in many ancient
esoteric and mystical writings that
attempt to unravel its many symbolic
and spiritual virtues. Myrrh is used
in ancient Alchemical traditions for
many different physiological and
philosophical medicine preparations
aimed at healing the emotions, mind,
and soul, as well as for aiding one’s
spiritual evolution.
Myrrh has long been associated with
the Moon and the astrological sign
of Cancer, and has long been consid-
ered a feminine or Yin tree. It has
Evan Sylliaasen | 75
 Materia Aromatica
an affinity to the Water Element and
has a regulating effect on all of the
waters of the body; from the mouth,
to digestion, and to women’s menses.
In the same way, it also has the ability
to regulate the flow of stagnant or
built-up emotions; particularly Yin
emotions; helping people release
healthy tears.
Myrrh is also known to be the coun-
terpart to Frankincense, which is an
herb of the Sun and considered to
be a masculine plant. In their native
Somalian lands, Myrrh trees can
almost always be found growing
near Frankincense trees. Dan Reigler
states that Myrrh resin is tradi-
tionally collected by the women of
African tribes, while Frankincense is
harvested by the men. Ancient stories
tell of the beautiful partnership of
these two trees. They are even known
to strengthen each other’s medicinal
and aromatic properties when paired
together in an internal formula or
incense.
Medicinal Uses
Myrrh has been used in traditional
medicine for thousands of years for
its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and
anti-fungal properties. In Medieval
times, it was burned around the sick
to fight plagues and other airborne
illnesses. Its smoke has been used to
76 | Evan Sylliaasen
combat various skin disorders and
infections, and it is also used inter-
nally for a wide range of ailments
pertaining to the waters, or fluids, of
the body. It is known to clear stagna-
tion of the blood, increase menstrual
flow, and is often used as a digestive
aid in particular cases.
In ancient times, Myrrh became a
popular ingredient in salves, oint-
ments, and skin cremes throughout
the Mediterranean. It is traditionally
used for arthritic pain, sore joints,
healing wounds, boils, bruises, and
abrasions, and is even known to heal
staph and other infections. As an
incense or chest rub, it is also used to
combat respiratory infections. Myrrh
is also widely used in the treatment
of mouth, gum, and throat infec-
tions, and nearly all complaints of
the mouth. Today it can be found in
many oral care products and tooth-
pastes. It helps to combat cavities,
gingivitis, toothache, mouth and
tooth infections.
In Traditional Chinese medicine,
the warming and drying effects of
Myrrh are used to treat coldness,
stiffness, congestion, and dampness
in the body. It is said to have a posi-
tive healing effect on the heart, liver,
and spleen meridians. Traditional
Chinese physicians and herbalists
 Myrrh
use Myrrh to treat arthritis, rheuma-
tism, circulatory problems, uterine
imbalances, and much more.
In Ayurvedic medicine, Myrrh is
known for its effect on the nervous
system and its regulation of blood
circulation. Burned as incense, it has
a strong effect on the respiratory
system as an expectorant and is indi-
cated for laryngitis, bronchitis, colds,
coughs, asthma, and sore throat.
Ancient Myrrh formulas have been
traditionally used to alleviate loss
and sorrow, work through grief, and
reduce emotional pain. Myrrh also
has a strong effect on the nervous
system. Burning it as incense can
help instill a feeling of inner peace
and calm. It is used for anxiety, over-
thinking, worry, and is considered a
very grounding remedy.
Magical and Metaphysical Uses
Myrrh is a very esoteric and magical
herb said to bridge heaven and Earth.
It is also said to harmonize the crown
and root chakras. It assists in expand-
ing and understanding the greater
mysteries of the Universe and has the
potential to open one up further to
the divine.
Cautions
Myrrh should be used in smaller
doses during pregnancy, though it is
regarded as safe during breastfeed-
ing. Myrrh is a very potent medicine.
It should be diluted in water if taken
internally. Some people experience
allergic reactions to Myrrh. If red
rashes appear after topical applica-
tion, stop use immediately.
Evan Sylliaasen | 77
 Palo Santo
Latin Name: Bursera graveolens
Other Names: Holy Wood, Sacred Wood
Family: Burseraceae
Parts Used: wood, resin
Aroma: citrusy, warm, sweet, fresh, resinous-woody, sharp
Organ/System Affiliation: nervous, respiratory, muscular, skin
Physiological Effects: anti-bacterial, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mi-
crobial, antioxidant, antiseptic, anti-spasmodic, anti-tumor, decongestant,
expectorant, insecticidal, sedative
O

P alo Santo, translated to “Holy Wood”, is a tree native to

Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia. The tree can grow up to 65
feet in height. It is treasured for its rich, fragrant, oil-saturated heart-
wood. Only the dead trees are known to produce abundant quality
oil.

Dead wood is harvested and allowed a highly aromatic ceremonial and

to cure for up to five years to ensure
the most potent incense and medi-
cine. In truth, the oils of the wood
are not present if the live trees are
cut down by human hands. Only by
allowing nature to take its course
through the natural aging and dying
process will oil be produced. The tree
also secretes a resin that is used as
healing incense.
The harvesting of Palo Santo is
now regulated and protected by
the governments of different South
American countries. It is illegal to
harvest live trees, so only dead trees
and fallen branches are allowed to
be harvested. The wood is made
into chips, distilled for essential oil,

78 | Evan Sylliaasen

 Palo Santo
or cut into 3-8” sticks and sold as an the brain, leading to positive, height-
incense. The resin, which is a rare ened mental states. It is also used in
find, is collected after it dries on the Indigenous medicine for many other
trunk or branches. physical illnesses and ailments. Its
smoke is a strong mosquito and
Histories and Stories of Palo insect repellent in its native damp
Santo jungle habitats.
Palo Santo has a rich cultural history
Palo Santo has the ability to clear the
that stretches all the way back to
mind, enhance concentration, reduce
the Incan Empire. Many indigenous
tension, clear the atmosphere, and
cultures of Mexico, Central America,
enhance creativity. There is much folk
and South America have used the
lore suggesting that it is a magical,
bold, sharp Palo Santo resin and
mystical tree with the power to bring
wood for spiritual, shamanic, and
good fortune to those who utilize and
medicinal purposes for millennia.
respect it. When burned, Palo Santo
Its smoke has been used in ceremo-
leaves behind a potent, lasting aroma,
nies, rituals, prayer, and meditation
refreshing the atmosphere and reju-
to cleanse negative energies, clear
venating energies. Traditionally
sacred space, attract good fortune,
used by South American Natives as
and for spiritual and energetic prepa-
a smudge stick, the thick, rich wood
ration and protection; similar to the
smoke clears negative energy around
way Native Americans use White
an individual or their home, leaving
Sage in smudging rituals.
peace and good feelings in its place.
Palo Santo has a very uplifting
effect that is traditionally used to Today, Palo Santo is mainly used as
an incense. Its popularity has grown
treat sadness, grief, and depression.
rapidly over the years in the United
Traditional healers often bathe a
States and among different spiritual
patient in thick plumes of smoke,
communities, bringing economic
or treat them in smoke-filled rooms
stability to many South American
while offering prayer and perform-
villages that produce its products. Its
ing spiritual healing to cure them
wood can be found in almost every
of serious depression, sadness, or
metaphysical store or incense shop
spiritual turmoil. Some of Palo
in America. Unfortunately, with its
Santo’s chemical constituents, such
popularity also comes poaching and
as limonene, are known to oxygenate

Evan Sylliaasen | 79
 Materia Aromatica
over-harvesting of wild plant popu-
lations, regardless of government
protection efforts. Therefore, it is
important to support suppliers who
care for the trees and practice natural,
traditional, and legal harvesting
methods.
Medicinal Uses
Palo Santo is a relaxing sedative that
has a strong soothing effect on the
mind and nervous system, reliev-
ing stress, anxiety, panic attacks,
nervousness, restlessness, insomnia,
migraines, and headaches. Scientific
studies have recently found that Palo
Santo is rich in terpenoids and limo-
nene. Both of these compounds have
strong anti-depressive actions. Being
rich in limonene also gives Palo Santo
its potent antimicrobial properties. It
is traditionally used to fight bacte-
rial infections, viruses, parasites,
yeasts, fungus, and is often used as a
disinfectant.
Different parts of the tree have also
been used topically for anti-inflam-
matory and skin cell regeneration
properties in the treatment of cuts,
wounds, burns, and other physi-
cal injuries. Folk healers will apply
Palo Santo as a compress for muscle
and joint pain, rheumatic pain and
arthritis, and for reducing inflam-
mation and soothing sore muscles.
80 | Evan Sylliaasen
Some indigenous healers have used
Palo Santo in the treatment of cancer
and other serious diseases. It has
high antioxidant properties and has
recently been studied for its potent
anti-tumor actions.
Palo Santo helps to clear and open the
airways and lungs. It is also tradition-
ally used in the treatment of common
respiratory ailments such as colds,
flu, cough, allergies, asthma, and
respiratory infections for its decon-
gestant, expectorant, and anti-micro-
bial properties. The leaves and bark
of the Palo Santo tree are also used
in different preparations. Tea of the
leaves is prescribed as a digestive
aid and for stomach complaints.
Medicine people prepare teas, tinc-
tures, and other plant extracts to
support immune health and reduce
inflammation throughout the body.
Magical and Metaphysical Uses
Many Indigenous cultures believe
that Palo Santo has strong magical
powers. Therefore it’s used by
shamans and medicine people for
many spiritual purposes. The process
of the dying tree giving up its potent
oil in the afterlife symbolizes rebirth
after death and reincarnation. Not
only does the tree produce this
‘living’ oil after it dies, but the oil
itself gives life and hope to the sick
 Palo Santo
and often to those dying of serious
illness.
It is well-known in the native
growing regions of Palo Santo that
the tree has special spiritual powers
that bring people good fortune.
Many reports from medicine people,
sustainable harvesters, caretakers of
Palo Santo forests, patients who have
been healed by it, and others who
have come into contact with or have
used Palo Santo smoke or oil for some
time, say that this tree has blessed
many areas in their lives; whether
bringing them a love partnership,
financial abundance, or optimum
health and wellness. This tree is
known for having a generous spirit.
Palo Santo is also used for protection
when people leave their home or
lands to travel. They ask for protec-
tion from the tree before departure. It
is also called upon for protection by
medicine people and shamans when
performing ceremonies, healing
work, or ‘journeying’ to the Spirit
World.
Evan Sylliaasen | 81
 Patchouli
Latin Name: Pogostemon cablin
Other Names: Pucha Pat, Patchouly
Family: Lamiaceae
Parts Used: leaves, shoots
Aroma: warm, sweet, musky, earthy, spicy
Organ/System Affiliation: nervous, digestive, skin
Physiological Effects: antibacterial, antidepressant, anti-fungal, anti-inflamma-
tory, antimicrobial, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, astringent, carminative, deconges-
tant, digestive stimulant, diuretic, nervine, sedative, stomachic, tonic
O

P atchouli is a small bushy perennial shrub native to Southeast

Asia, specifically Java and Sumatra. It grows up to 3 feet high and
produces soft, fuzzy leaves and small white to light purple flowers. It
is cultivated throughout tropical regions of Asia as well as West Africa.

The leaves and aboveground plant
are harvested, dried, and used for
their strong fragrance in perfume
and incense, and for their healing
qualities in folk medicine. Patchouli
is one of the rare aromatic scents that
increases in quality with age.
Histories and Stories of Patchouli
When most people hear the name
Patchouli, they usually think of its
correlation with the 60s, hippies, and
peace signs. But before Patchouli
ever came to America, it was used by
many Southeast Asian countries, as
well as throughout India and China.
It was a very popular aromatic plant
used in the perfume industry, in
incense, as a fumigant, in traditional
medicine, and in the textile indus-
try. The unique, robust fragrance of
Patchouli was highly sought after in
perfumery for centuries and became

82 | Evan Sylliaasen

 Patchouli
an upscale scent among the European
upper class in the 1800s.
Patchouli was an important aromatic
herb in the clothing and fabric indus-
tries of India and China during the
19th century. Dried leaves were
packed in with shipments of fine silks,
textiles, and other imported goods
to ward off destructive moths from
laying eggs and eating holes in the
fabric. The scenting of the garments
with a pleasant, exotic aroma was an
added bonus. Over time, Patchouli’s
scent became the stamp of authentic-
ity for ‘true’ Oriental fabric through-
out Europe. Many French garment
makers eventually caught on and
began using the sweet aroma to
scent their imitations and knock-offs.
Today Patchouli essential oil is widely
used in the perfume and cosmetics
industry as an exotic fragrance and
fixative.
Patchouli oil and incense became
extremely popular in the United
States during the 60s and 70s as a
result of the counter-culture hippie
movement. I can still hear my father
saying the scent reminds him of
those times, though he’s certainly
not a fan of Patchouli. Patchouli has
so much to offer, but unfortunately
its widespread popularity has been
severely hindered due to its link to
those decades. From my experience,
people either love the sweet scent of
Patchouli, or they hate it, the latter
being more common.
Patchouli has been a very popular
incense ingredient for hundreds of
years among many different cultures.
There are literally thousands of
different incense recipes that call for
this aromatic herb. Hindu, Tibetan,
Ch i nese, Japa nese, a nd ma ny
Southeast Asian incense crafters have
used this plant to help people connect
to the divine and to their higher
selves in their spiritual practices. It
is widely used to aid meditation as it
has a very grounding nature, stabi-
lizing the mind when there is worry,
anxiety, and over-thinking. Many
ancient myths also report Patchouli
helping to bring about altered states
during meditation. It has the ability
to help people get in touch with their
body, senses, movement, creativity,
sensuality, and nature.
Medicinal Uses
Patchouli has most widely been
used in the treatment of various skin
disorders for its anti-inflammatory,
anti-fungal, antiseptic, and antimi-
crobial properties. It has been used in
the treatment of dermatitis, eczema,
dandruff, dry skin, acne, athlete’s
foot, and other skin irritations. It is
Evan Sylliaasen | 83
 Materia Aromatica
also a strong skin revitalizer and
cell rejuvenator with the ability to
beautify and tonify the skin and heal
wounds and scar tissue at an acceler-
ated rate. For these reasons it is found
in many creams, lotions, anti-aging
products, and cosmetics.
In ancient times, the Japanese and
Chinese commonly applied Patchouli
to battle wounds, abrasions, cuts,
and external infections as it calms
irritated tissues, acts as a protectant
against harmful bacteria and infec-
tion, and promotes accelerated
healing. Patchouli leaves and tops
are added to baths to alleviate rheu-
matism while a poultice of the leaves
is used for boils and headaches. A
decoction of the leaves is taken inter-
nally for asthmatic conditions and
coughs (Duke, A., James).
Patchouli is used as a sedative and
nervine in incense and essential oil
form to reduce stress and tension. It
is traditionally used for nervous and
mental disorders and to help those
who are often overpowered by their
own mind and thoughts. It is helpful
in the treatment of insomnia, anxiety,
depression, general nervousness, and
headache.
In ancient times, Patchouli was used
in fumigation to prevent the spread
84 | Evan Sylliaasen
of disease, epidemics, and infection,
as it is highly antiseptic. It is also
used in the actual treatment of colds,
flu, and fever. In Traditional Chinese
Medicine, it is used to stop vomiting
due to dampness, treat abdominal
pain, diarrhea, nausea, and stomach
flu. The herb is also well known in
Asian countries for its anti-toxin
properties in the treatment of snake,
bee, spider, and other insect bites.
Patchouli is a well-known aphrodi-
siac. Essential oil, incense, topical
applications, or internal dosage have
all been prescribed to help with
impotency, loss of libido, erectile
dysfunction, and sexual anxiety by
increasing healthy sexual drive in
both men and women. This lovely
herb has the power to break down
walls deep within the mind that act
as sexual barriers, and helps to stir
up and enliven the more sensual and
positive emotional feelings associated
with intimacy and love making.
Magical and Metaphysical Uses
The energizing aroma of Patchouli
incense or oil has the ability to
connect the heart chakra with the
lower sacral and root chakras. It
is traditionally known to connect
people to the Earth, back to their
roots, and it is especially good during
times of meditation when thoughts
 Patchouli
become overpowering. Many have meditation. It is also associated with
claimed of its powers to bring about divine creativity, which is perhaps
altered states of reality during cere- one aspect which led to its popularity
mony or deep contemplation and during the 60s.

Evan Sylliaasen | 85
 Pine
Latin Name: Pinus species, including P. sylvestris, P. contorta, P. nigra, P. palus-
tris, P. pinaster, P. pinea, P. strobus, P. tabuliformis
Other Names: Scotch Pine, Norway Pine, Dwarf Pine, Ponderosa Pine, Longleaf
Pine
Family: Pinaceae
Parts Used: needles, young buds, inner bark, pitch
Aroma: fresh, strong, sharp, balsamic, woody, coniferous
Organ/System Affiliation: circulatory, respiratory, immune, nervous, genitouri-
nary, skin
Physiological Effects: analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial,
antioxidant, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antiviral, aromatic, decongestant, demul-
cent, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant, tonic
O

P ines are coniferous evergreen trees that grow between 10

and 260 feet tall, from Dwarf Pine to the giant Ponderosa Pine.
There are 175 species and subspecies of Pine trees found growing
all throughout the Northern Hemisphere, though specific species are
traditionally used for their aroma and medicine.

Pine trees are long-living, reaching
ages between 100 and 1,000 years.
Some species have been cultivated
in sub-tropic regions for timber or
for ornamental purposes. The wood
harvested from Pine has been used as
a building material since the dawning
of civilization. Its foliage, needles,
and sap are harvested and used in
incense, perfumery, and household
products.
Histories and Stories of Pine
The Pine tree is known all over the
World and considered sacred by

86 | Evan Sylliaasen

 Pine
many different cultures. It is one of
the most common tree species used
for commercial timber. Due to their
fast-growing nature, Pines are ideal
for cultivation and reforestation.
It is often harvested for use as the
iconic Christmas tree, as it symbol-
izes eternal or long-lasting life, hope,
faithfulness, and reverence. In the
White Mountains of California, one
of the oldest pines was recorded
reaching 4,900 years old.
To many Native Americans and
First Nations peoples, Pine has
been in important tree resembling
wisdom and longevity for ages. It is
used traditionally as the supporting
lodge poles for tipis and has been
used as incense by different Native
American tribes for smudging
during Sweat lodge ceremonies,
uplifting energies and sharpening
and stimulating the mind and
senses. Many tribes have used its
sap and needles for spiritual and
physical protection from illness
and magical attack. There are many
medicinal applications of Pine tradi-
tionally used by Native American
medicine people, for healing a wide
range of illnesses and imbalances
from respiratory problems to
nervous disorders.
Pine trees are deeply revered and
honored in Korean tradition. The
trees are respected as wise entities
and are sometimes worshiped as
divine beings or spirits. It is not
unusual for traditional Koreans to
pray to Pine trees for longevity, pros-
perity, good luck, health and well-
ness. In China, Pine is considered a
symbol of the New Year. In ancient
times, Taoists believed that eating the
cones, resin, young buds, and needles
of Pine would bring about longer life
and would strengthen their bodies,
protecting them from physical harm
and natural aging.
Pine tree forests throughout Europe
were the birthplace of many time-
less fairytales and legends. In many
pagan, magical, and esoteric tradi-
tions, Pine trees were considered
sacred, symbolic, and magical trees
that were often worshiped and
honored. Pine is found in countless
stories of antiquity, from Greek and
Roman tales of gods and goddesses,
to Germanic and Nordic tales of
dwarves, witches, and werewolves. It
was even the tree in which the wizard
Merlin climbed, never to return to the
world of Men.
Pine has long been used as incense
in many cultures to promote courage,
strength, protection, and prosperous
health. Celtic and German peoples
believed the Pine to protect them
from harmful, negative energies and
Evan Sylliaasen | 87
 Materia Aromatica
influences. Its nuts are eaten around
the world to this day for sustenance
and their strong, positive effects
on health. Pine is also the source of
the widely used solvent turpentine,
a versatile fluid distilled from the
wood. Due to its strength and resil-
ience, Pine was once one of the most
popular choices for ship masts and is
used today for many other structural
purposes.
Medicinal Uses
In folk medicine, the needles and
bark of Pine are traditionally used for
many respiratory complaints. Native
Americans valued the sacred tree as
one of their most highly medicinal
and nourishing plants. They used
it as an herbal steam and incense to
relieve asthma and bronchitis, clear
the sinuses, and treat many other
respiratory problems. They also used
the young tops to prevent scurvy.
As a decoction, Pine has been used
to treat stomach ache, fevers, and
was eaten or taken as tea to keep the
immune system strong as the needles
are an abundant source of vitamin C.
Today, many cough drops and syrups
are made using Pine extract for its
ability to “open the lungs”, improve
breathing, kill bacterial infections,
and clear congestion. When applied
topically, Pine can do wonders for
88 | Evan Sylliaasen
external complaints. It is traditionally
used to treat arthritis, rheumatism,
cuts and wounds, acne, eczema,
psoriasis, and many more dermato-
logical disorders. The famous Pine
Sap Salve is a well-known cure-all for
many skin issues.
In Traditional Chinese medicine, Pine
is considered warm and dry and is
mostly used for its expectorant and
antiseptic properties. It is also used
for rheumatic pain and inflamma-
tion. Its effect on the nervous system
makes it an ideal choice for reliev-
ing stress, anxiety, fatigue, nervous
tension, promoting mental clarity,
and much more. It has also been used
in memory loss, loss of concentration,
and to positively affect the emotions
through its uplifting and refreshing
qualities.
Since before the 16th century, Pine
nut oil has been widely used by
Russian physicians internally to treat
ulcers, gastritis, as a digestive aid,
and to help maintain overall physi-
cal health. Pine nut oil and needles
have both been used by the medicine
people of the Russian Taiga forest for
various skin disorders, as an inhalant
and incense for respiratory ailments,
and internally for many digestive
purposes for ages.
 Pine
Magical and Metaphysical Uses
The longevity of these trees is very
symbolic. Some of the oldest Pine
trees live to be over 4,000 years old,
which is why so many cultures
believe them to be very wise beings.
The ancient spirit of Pine and its
energetic medicine have a posi-
tive effect on one’s confidence. It is
commonly used to instill courage
and optimism through the use of its
smoke. As it clears the sinuses and
mind and “opens the chest”, it leaves
one with feelings of rejuvenation,
inner strength, self-confidence, and a
freshened perspective. Pine incense is
used for many spiritual purposes by
medicine people, traditional healers,
shamans, and in different magical
traditions for protection, longevity,
wisdom, and as a symbol for peace.
Evan Sylliaasen | 89
 Rose
Latin Name: Rosa species, including Rosa damascena, R. gallica, R. multiflora,
R. acicularis, R. rubirinova, R. rubiginosa, R. eglanteria, R. rugosa, R. canina, R.
centifolia
Other Names: Wild Rose, Queen of Flowers
Family: Rosaceae
Parts Used: flower, hip, seed
Aroma: floral, rich, soft, smooth, sweet, slightly sour
Organ/System Affiliation: respiratory, heart, cardiovascular, digestive, skin
Physiological Effects: antibacterial, antidepressant, anti-fungal, anti-inflamma-
tory, antioxidant, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antiviral, aphrodisiac, astringent,
cardiotonic, carminative, decongestant, diuretic, expectorant, nervine, sedative

R osa is a genus of woody perennial plants with over 250 species.

Over 10,000 cultivars and hybrids have been created over the
past few thousand years. It is an airy plant with sharp, protective
thorns. Its beautiful aromatic flowers range in color from white to
almost black.

Most species of Rose are native to
Asia with other species native to
North America, Europe, and North
Africa. The size of flowers range from
half an inch to 6 inches in width.
Some plants are bush varieties that
grow between 4 and 8 feet tall, while
other climbing varieties can reach
heights up to 20 feet. Roses are grown
in gardens all over the world. These
symbolic flowers are found in nearly
every flower shop on the planet. Dried
Rose petals are used in incense while
the oil and hydrosols are utilized in
perfumery and fragrance products.

90 | Evan Sylliaasen

 Rose
Histories and Stories of Rose
Rose is perhaps the most well-known
flower of all time. It has been used in
incense and perfume, and has been
employed as a spiritual, emotional,
and physiological medicine for
thousands of years. It has been the
universal symbol for love, romance,
and beauty since time immemorial. It
was referred to as the “Queen of the
Flowers” by many European poets
and was treasured by ancient Greek,
Roman, Indian, Persian, Egyptian,
and Asian civilizations. It has an ever-
lasting reputation as one of the most
widely used scents in the perfume
industry and is still cherished as it
was a thousand years ago.
Rose is found in many legends and
stories throughout history. Cleopatra
had her living quarters filled with
Rose petals when Marc Antony
first arrived in her palace, with the
intention of seducing his heart and
captivating his senses. Aphrodite, the
Greek Goddess of love, is believed to
have created the Rose from her tears
and the blood of her lover Adonis. In
Christian lore, the Rose symbolizes
the blood and suffering of Christ,
the five petals representing his five
wounds.
Roses to this day are given by lovers
to express their deep love, passion,
and devotion to one another. They are
a symbol of sensuality and sexuality,
also having strong aphrodisiac prop-
erties. In fact, the term aphrodisiac
is derived from the name Aphrodite.
Rose’s intoxicating aroma and soft,
heart-opening nature has intrinsi-
cally linked it to human relationship
and love.
Roses were once so highly treasured
that early Greeks, Romans, and
Persians often used them in trade
for other goods. The Romans were
among the first to create large public
Rose gardens, enjoyed by nobility
and royalty. The Chinese were the
first to hybridize different Rose vari-
eties, a delicate art that has led to the
creation of Roses of every type of
color and shape imaginable.
During the 17th century, these noble
flowers were in such high demand
that Roses and Rose water were
considered legal tender in certain
European countries for some time.
In the 1800s, the wife of Napoleon
established an extensive collection of
Roses in her expansive garden near
Paris. Her garden gave further rise
to the popularity of Rose, and many
wealthy French citizens at that time
followed in her pursuits for beauty.
The popularity of the cultivation of
Roses spread all throughout Europe
Evan Sylliaasen | 91
 Materia Aromatica
and can still be seen as the predom-
inant flower in traditional English
gardens.
Rose essential oil is highly prized as it
takes nearly 60,000 Roses to produce
just one ounce of pure essential
oil. One single drop of essential oil
contains the essence of 60 Roses. This
is why most oil of Rose on the market
today is an ‘absolute’, meaning it has
been extracted using solvents instead
of the method of steam distillation.
Most perfume industries use ‘abso-
lutes’ of Rose due to their signifi-
cantly lower cost.
Medicinal Uses
The hips, or fruits, of the Wild Rose
of North America are a rich source of
Vitamin C, carotene, and flavonoids.
These red fruits have been used by
Native Americans as a food source
and medicine to treat various disor-
ders for millennia. Native Americans
also used Wild Rose to restore and
repair vision. “A lotion made of the
liquid of Roses and sugar strength-
ens vision. The regular use thereof
heals far-sightedness” (Maimonides;
Rosner 1989).
All parts of the Rose plant have
been used in traditional medicine;
from its roots to its flowers and
seeds. It is a cooling remedy often
92 | Evan Sylliaasen
used for inflammatory issues of the
respiratory system and skin, and for
reducing and dispelling heat in the
digestive tract and other parts of the
body. It is a helpful aid in breaking
up congestion, drying mucus, and
treating colds, cough, and flu. Rose
hip jam and honey are great folk
remedies and tasty toppings, capable
of healing sore throats, irritated bron-
chial tubes, and rough coughs.
Oil of Rose and Rose hydrosol are
very softening and rejuvenating
to the skin. Rose is one of the most
prized botanicals included in many
modern skin care products. It is used
topically to treat dry skin, arthritis,
bruises, muscle soreness, and sprains.
As a moistening and hydrating agent
with antioxidant and cell regenerative
properties, it is an efficient healer of
scar tissue used to delay the effects of
skin aging, eliminate wrinkles, and
promote healthier skin in general.
Rose is also known for its effects on
the female reproductive system. It
has long been used as a tonic of the
uterus in many different cultures,
and is helpful for balancing hormones
and alleviating painful menstruation;
with an overall regulating effect on
the menstrual cycle. In terms of its
aphrodisiac properties, it helps to
 Rose
enhance libido and overcome impo-
tence, frigidity, and sterility.
In Traditional Chinese medicine,
Rose helps to restore Yin energy. Its
cooling and moistening properties
are used to reduce tension, headache,
nausea, and much more. Certain
properties of Rose hips are known
to protect against cancer and cardio-
vascular disease. As an incense, the
uplifting and calming properties of
Rose are commonly used to uplift
the spirit and alleviate symptoms
of nervousness, anxiety, and insom-
nia, and depression. As an internal
medicine, Rose enhances peripheral
circulation, reduces heart palpita-
tions, heals broken capillaries, and
treats varicose veins. The petals of
certain species grow in the shape of
a heart, which hints at the Doctrine
of Signatures.
Magical and Metaphysical Uses
Rose has long been a symbol of love
and the heart. In a philosophical
sense, Rose has the capacity to teach
us how to love ourselves on deeper
levels so we can learn to love others
more fully and whole-heartedly. Rose
helps one to beautify, heal, and accept
those parts of the self which we have
trouble giving love to or sharing
with others, and helps break down
walls that have been constructed to
protect the emotional heart. This is
symbolized by the image of a wall of
sharp, protective thorns surround-
ing a tender, blossoming Rose bud.
The spirit of Rose nurtures and
uplifts, bringing inner peace and
calmness to the heart, while helping
heal emotional wounds. It helps to
transform anger and fiery emotions
into compassion, gentleness, and
forgiveness.
Evan Sylliaasen | 93
 Sandalwood
Latin Name: Santalum album, S paniculatum, S. spicatum
Other Names: Indian Sandalwood, Australian Sandalwood, Australian
Sandalwood, White Sandalwood, Hawaiian Sandalwood
Family: Santalaceae
Parts Used: heartwood
Aroma: soft, woody, sweet, earthy, slightly musky, rich, nutty
Organ/System Affiliation: respiratory, digestive, nervous, circulatory, skin
Physiological Effects: antibacterial, antidepressant, anti-fungal, anti-inflam-
matory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antiviral, aphrodisiac, astringent, calmative,
carminative, diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant, sedative, nervine, tonic

S andalwood is a small tropical tree indigenous to India, parts

of Asia, Middle Eastern regions, Australia, North Africa, and
Polynesia. The trees grow between 12 and 28 feet tall and can live
up to 100 years. The trees are harvested for their heartwood, which
is most commonly powdered for use in incense, or distilled for its
precious essential oil.

Sandalwood is one of the most widely It is very important to know where

used incense materials in the world
today. Its over-harvesting has let to its
protection by many different govern-
ment agencies. Many illegal poaching
rings continue to devastate the tree’s
shrinking population in India and
other regions.
and how your Sandalwood is sourced
in order to not further promote the
illegal harvesting and ecological
destruction of its natural habitat and
population. Australian Sandalwood
(S. spicatum) and Australian-grown
Indian Sandalwood (S. album) are two

94 | Evan Sylliaasen

 Sandalwood
varieties that are sustainable and safe consciousness and connect worship-
to purchase. Other sources of S. album ers to higher realms of spirit,
from India, or S. paniculatum from wisdom, and inner unity. For ages,
Hawaii, are always questionable in Sandalwood incense has been an
their sustainability and legality. important spiritual tool to aid in
prayer and ritual, and is used as a
Histories and Stories sacred offering. Sandalwood is an
of Sandalwood important medicine in Ayurveda,
Tibetan, and Traditional Chinese
Sandalwood has been used as medi-
medicine. Used for its ability to clear
cine, perfume, and incense for over
the mind and senses and balance out
4,000 years. It is perhaps the most
many nervous system and psycho-
commonly used incense ingredient in
logical disorders, Sandalwood is also
the world. Hindu, Buddhist, Japanese,
used to align the mind, body, and
and many other Asian incense
spirit.
cultures have prized Sandalwood for
millennia. It is often used as a base
Sandalwood is one of the most holy
material for countless incense recipes
plants in Hindu and Vedic culture.
as it creates a warm, sweet base note,
Its precious wood was often used in
keeps incense burning, and helps
the construction of temples, furni-
harmonize other aromatics within a
ture, sacred icons, idols, and tools.
blend.
It is often applied to the skin before
beginning daily prayers to help one
Sandalwood is a sacred tree used in
become closer to the divine. In this
many different religious practices.
act, the powder is mixed with water
It is used by yogis to strengthen
focus during meditation and aid to make a paste which is then mixed
with saffron to make what is called
connection to the divine, and is often
chandan. Other herbs and ingredients
found burning in many Hindu and
are mixed into this base mix to create
Buddhist temples. Buddhist practi-
javadhu, kalabham, or other sacred
tioners use Sandalwood to maintain
traditional Indian fragrances, used
sharper awareness and alertness
on the body for spiritual and ritual
during meditation and religious
purposes, or to cover sacred idols.
study.

Sandalwood is also used as an

Sandalwood is known in the East
herb for honoring the dead. It is
to help achieve higher states of

Evan Sylliaasen | 95
 Materia Aromatica
very commonly burned as incense
at Hindu funerals, used as the
core source of wood for cremation
services, and applied to graves in a
paste form to honor deceased loved
ones. In Sufi tradition, this is done
to mark the graves of disciples and
devotees. Sandalwood was also used
by ancient Egyptians in embalming
formulas. In the Chinese and Japanese
incense traditions, Sandalwood is
as commonly used and revered as
Agarwood by traditional incense
crafters.
Medicinal Uses
As an incense, Sandalwood is used to
calm the mind and enhance mental
clarity, as it has a tonifying, calming,
and cooling effect on the nervous
system. In incense and aromather-
apy, Sandalwood is used to balance
emotions, reduce stress, anxiety, and
nervous tension, and relieve depres-
sion. It is also used to treat headache,
insomnia, and a variety of other
nervous disorders, and cool heated
emotions such as anger, frustration,
and rage.
Sandalwood has been one of the most
popular herbs throughout Asia and
India for its healing, tonifying, and
rejuvenative effects to the skin. In
Ayurveda, it is used to treat eczema,
psoriasis, rashes, infections, itching,
96 | Evan Sylliaasen
and dryness. It can be found in many
skin cremes, ointments, and cosmet-
ics today, as it has an overall revital-
izing effect when applied topically.
It is also used for its anti-fungal and
antiseptic properties to treat wounds,
skin infection, inflammation, and
acne.
Sandalwood’s strong cooling and
calming effects are also used to
treat fevers, burns, excess sweating,
and other physical and emotional
disorders resulting from an excess
of heat or Yang energies. In general,
it is applied to an excess of the Fire
Element and inflammation in all
aspects; mind, body, and spirit. It is
also traditionally used for diarrhea,
vomiting, and abdominal pain. For
its carminative properties, it is also
helpful in treating gas and bloating,
and as a general medicine to promote
healthy digestive function.
Sandalwood is a well-known aphro-
disiac that has been used for centu-
ries to boost libido in both men and
women, and to promote reproductive
health. Its soothing properties help
to relieve many respiratory problems
such as those deriving from inflam-
mation, excess heat, excess mucus, or
dryness.
 Sandalwood
Magical and Metaphysical Uses
Sandalwood is a very sacred herb
in many cultures. It is said to open
the Third Eye chakra center and
increase one’s devotion to a spiritual
path. Meditating and practicing yoga
while burning Sandalwood, or incor-
porating it into other spiritual prac-
tices can open one to higher levels
of wisdom and Spirit. Sandalwood
is also a funeral herb; it is thought
to guide and carry the soul into the
next stage of existence. It is one of a
handful of plants in the world that is
used to help one attain a higher state
of consciousness through its ability
to strengthen one’s awareness in the
here and now.
Evan Sylliaasen | 97
 Star Anise
Latin Name: Illicum verum
Other Names: Chinese Anise, Indian Anise, Badian Anise, Chakra Phool
Family: Illiciaceae
Parts Used: fruit pod
Aroma: strong, licorice-like, pungent, spicy, slightly sweet
Organ/System Affiliation: digestive, nervous, respiratory
Physiological Effects: analgesic, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxi-
dant, aphrodisiac, appetite stimulant, carminative, circulatory stimulant, diuretic,
expectorant, insecticidal, stimulant, stomachic

S tar Anise is the name of a common spice derived from Illicum

verum, an evergreen tree native to Vietnam and Southwest China
that grows up to 50 feet tall and can live upwards of 100 years.

Star Anise is not related to the
common spice Anise, but shares a
similar chemical compound, aroma,
and flavor. The seed pods, or fruit,
are picked before they are ripe while
still green. They are then sun-dried
and sold as a culinary spice, aromatic
medicine, and incense.
Histories and Stories of Star Anise
Star Anise has been cultivated since
around 2,000 BC in Southern China
and Vietnam. It has been traditionally
used as a flavoring ingredient and
spice in cuisine, as a potent herbal
medicine, and as a popular incense
material in many Oriental cultures.
Today it is a very common spice that
is exported all over the world from
various Asian countries. Its strong,
sweet, licorice flavor is used in many
slow-cooked dishes and soups, and
it is one of the herbs found in the
famous Chinese Five Spice mixture.
It is extremely sweet, making it a

98 | Evan Sylliaasen

 Star Anise
favorable flavoring ingredient in
many deserts and sweet dishes and
as an after-dinner breath freshener.
Star Anise is perhaps one of the least
clinically studied aromatic incense
herbs. Nonetheless, its place in sacred
and medicinal incenses throughout
the Himalayas, India, Japan, China,
and many other Asian countries
remains intact to this day. In Tibetan
incense, Star Anise is one of the most
commonly used aromatic spices.
Many of the Tibetan incense recipes
that call for this ingredient are crafted
from thousand-year-old Buddhist
texts and are followed precisely.
Star Anise has long been used in
the ancient art of Chinese medicinal
incense crafting for its warming and
mind-clearing properties, and its
many positive effects on the respi-
ratory and nervous system. It also
has a long history in Hindu incense
traditions for awakening the senses
during prayer, meditation and cere-
mony. Star Anise is one of the orig-
inal spices used in Buddhist rites
and rituals, and became one of the
popular spices prized in the Japanese
incense tradition, the Koh-do.
In many Asian cultures, this pungent
spice is traditionally chewed or drank
as a tea or a decoction after meals to
aid healthy digestion and freshen
the breath. Star Anise continues
to increase in popularity and can
be found as an ingredient in many
cosmetics, spa products, incenses,
creams and ointments all over the
world.
Medicinal Uses
Star Anise is used in traditional
C h i n e s e Me d i c i n e, Jap a n e s e
Medici ne, Ay u r veda, Wester n
Herbalism, and other branches of
natural medicine for many digestive
complaints and stomach disorders,
to fight infection and illness, balance
the nervous system, and to increase
overall vitality. It is used in the treat-
ment of insomnia, memory loss,
stress, and anxiety.
Its place as an aromatic flavoring
spice is fitting as it is also a powerful
digestive aid used to treat flatulence,
stomach cramps, indigestion, and
nausea, while stimulating the appe-
tite. Its antispasmodic properties help
relieve stomach upset and abdom-
inal pain. In traditional Chinese
Medicine, this warming spice is used
to promote healthy circulation of the
blood and to prevent ‘cold stagnation’.
Star Anise has also been traditionally
used for a number of respiratory prob-
lems such as bronchitis, coughs, and
Evan Sylliaasen | 99
 Materia Aromatica
asthma. As incense, its sharp, fresh,
pungent qualities clear passageways
in the sinuses, lungs, and eventu-
ally brain, increasing energy and
blood flow. In Ayurveda, it is used to
expel phlegm and mucous from the
respiratory tract for its strong expec-
torant properties. Star Anise is one
of the primary sources of shikimic
acid, which plays an important role
in many commercial flu remedies.
Though it has only recently received
recognition in modern medicine for
its medicinal properties, Star Anise
has been traditionally used as a folk
remedy for flu and common colds for
thousands of years.
In folk medicine and Western
Herbalism, Star Anise is used
internally to treat rheumatism and
arthritic pain. A tea is tradition-
ally brewed for this purpose. Its
potent anti-fungal, antibacterial,
100 | Evan Sylliaasen
and insecticidal properties make it
an ideal treatment for lice, scabies,
strains of ‘bad’ bacteria, candida,
and athlete’s foot. Star Anise is also
a traditional women’s herb, aiding in
delayed or irregular menses and alle-
viating cramps and menstrual pain.
Magical and Metaphysical Uses
Star Anise is a popular magical herb
used for luck and clairvoyance in
Wiccan and other magical traditions.
In Hoodoo, the seed pods are placed
under a pillow to influence dreams
and keep away nightmares.
Cautions
Star Anise is not recommended for
pregnant or breastfeeding women.
Never confuse Star Anise with
Japanese Star Anise, which is poison-
ous and could cause serious health
issues or fatality.