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Table 1 Formulation of coconut fibre reinforced 2.3 Characterization of Brake Pad Material
aluminium brake pad materials Specific gravity measures density which depends upon
the ingredient of the brake material formulation (Talib,
Percentage (%) 2007; Nirmal et al., 2011). The true density of the
Raw Materials
BP1 BP2 BP3 BP4 specimen was determined by weighing the specimen on a
0 5 10 15 digital weighing machine and measuring their volume by
Aluminium 45 40 35 30 liquid displacement method. The specific gravity formula
Silicon carbide 20 20 20 20 is [as Eq. (1)]:
Coconut fibre 0 5 10 15
Graphite 10 10 10 10 (1)
Alumina oxide 13 13 13 13
Zirconia oxide 2 2 2 2 Porosity test was performed in accordance with Japanese
Phenolic resin 10 10 10 10 Standard JIS D 4418: 1996. The specimen was cut to a
Total 100 100 100 100 dimension of 25 mm x 25 mm x 7 mm, then left in a
desiccator for 24 hours at room temperature and cooled
2.2 Preparation of Material to room temperature in desiccator. The sample was
Four different combinations (such as BP1, BP2, BP3 and weighed to the nearest 1 mg before test sample placed in
BP4) were prepared with varying coconut fibre contents the test oil in the container and keeps at 90±10 °C for 8
from 0, 5, 10 and 15 volume fraction along with binder, hours. The test sample was left in the oil container for 12
friction modifiers, abrasive material and solid lubricant hours until the oil cools to the room temperature and then
using powder metallurgy technique for the development withdrawn from the oil container, finally the sample was
of natural fibre reinforced aluminium automotive brake rolled on a piece of cloth for 4 to 5 times to remove oil
pad materials. The coconut fibre was used as a filler from the test sample. The sample was weighed again to
material in this investigation which is shown in Figure 1. the nearest 1 mg.
Figure 1 Coconut fibre from waste For morphology study scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) with EDX was used in order to observe and
This was collected from waste coconut fruit and cleaned investigate the distribution of microstructural features
thoroughly using ethanol to remove impurities. It was along with elemental constituents of new natural fibre
crushed and ground to a fine powder (with a range of reinforced aluminium automotive brake pad materials.
100-200 µm), and sieved using crusher machine.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Raw materials were blended together in mini mixer to get 3.1 Density and Porosity of Brake Pad Materials
evenly distributed ingredients. The mixing process A density measurement test has been carried out on a
proposes to get the uniform and homogeneous of laboratory scale to examine the density of the material
metallurgy powder. All materials were prepared in after sintering. Density is depends upon the ingredients in
powder form. The method for fabrication of brake pad the pad material. A metallic element will have a higher
material was powder metallurgy technique. Graphite- density than an organic element. Friction elements often
4071 was added to minimize fracture in the mixing exist in combination of various elements. The results
process. Then, the pre-form samples were heated to shown in Figure 2 are the average density of three
170°C and at the same time and compacted using 20 kg readings for each formulation.
load 60 seconds holding time in a hot compaction die.
The compaction was performed using a hydraulic press It is seen from Figure 2 that the density of the 15 %
machine under a predetermined temperature and coconut fibre composite shows lower than 0% coconut
pressure. After removing from compaction, the material fibre which have more coconut fibre. However,
was sintered in an oven at a temperature of 200°C for 5 formulation BP1 has better properties because of having
hours. higher density with the value of 2.176 g/cm³. This
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formulation has no coconut fibre in its constituents, Graph of Hardness Rockwell
hence, shows higher density of this composite material. 63.92 Average Hardness
The formulation, BP2 shows the second highest density 70
52.18
with the value of 2.099 g/cm³. 60
Average Hardness
43.52
50
Value(HRS)
Graph of Density
40 25.91
2.176
Density 30
2.2 2.099
20
2.1 1.974
Density(g/cm³)
10
2
1.821 0
1.9 BP1 BP2 BP3 BP4
1.8 Brake pad materials formulation
1.7
1.6 Figure 4 Hardness-Rockwell (HRS) of materials
BP1 BP2 BP3 BP4
Brake pad materials formulation It can be seen from Figure 4 that the hardness value of 5
% of coconut fibre is higher while S4 (with 15 % coconut
Figure 2 Density of materials fibre) show lower hardness value. This is because of too
ductile nature of the material as more coconut fibre
Figure 3 shows the porosity test results for all
content in the composition. Formulation BP2 has the
formulations of brake pad materials. Porosity plays an
highest hardness value of 63.92 HRS because of having
important role in automotive brake pad materials (Sasaki,
more aluminium content used as a matrix. Too hard
1995). The function of porosity is to absorb energy and
results may indicate brittleness while too soft may
heat. This is a very important for the effectiveness of the
indicate higher wear and porosity with lower density.
brake system. Theoretically, lower porosity will result in
Varying content of aluminium and coconut fibre will
higher friction coefficient and wear rate due to higher
exhibit different hardness value of the material.
contact areas between the mating surfaces. Brake pad
should have a certain amount of porosity to minimize the
3.3 Mechanical Properties of Brake Pad Materials
effect of water and oil on the friction coefficient. Sasaki
Table 2 shows the compressive mechanical properties for
(1995) found that increasing porosity by more than 10%
BP2 and BP3 (with 5 and 10 of coconut fibre)
could reduce the brake noise.
formulations only as other combinations showed very
Graph of Porosity Porosity
low strength during testing. The speed used for this
25 22.26 testing is 0.5 mm/sec.
20.25
20 Table 2 Mechanical strength for BP2 and BP3
Porosity (%)
15.32
13.77
15 BP2 BP3
Properties
10 5% 10%
Compressive strength (MPa) 414.75 393.11
5
Compressive strain (%) 9.11 11.61
0 Compressive load (N) 76742.7 75961.41
BP1 BP2 BP3 BP4
Brake pad materials formulation The compressive strength value in Table 2 for 5 % of
coconut fibre shows higher with the lower compressive
Figure 3 Porosity of materials strain and able to withstand higher compressive load
compared 10% of coconutt fibre composite.The ultimate
Porosity, a gross measure of the pore structure, gives the strength of the formulation BP2 is corresponds to the
fraction of total volume which is void. The pore structure stress of 414.75 MPa. The sample starts to break at stress
should be preserved during specimen grinding and of 408.74 MPa. The breaking strength of the sample is
polishing. Distortion by excess working will smear 0.66 MPa.
material over the pores, giving the appearance of a low
porosity (German, 1997). From the porosity results as 3.4 Surface Morphology
shown in Figure 3 it can be seen that two brake pad The surface morphology of the new pad materials was
formulations such as, 5 and 10 % of coconut fibre analyzed using SEM followed by elemental analysis of
composite shows lower percentage of porosity compared the materials using EDX. Figures 5 to 7 showed the SEM
to other two. micrographs for BP1, BP2 and BP3 specimens while
Table 3 showed the EDX analysis results.
3.2 Hardness of the Brake Pad Materials
Figure 4 shows the hardness values of the four Formulation BP1 (as in Figure 5) showed that the
formulations brake pad materials. aluminium clumps with graphite and zirconium oxide
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and corresponding EDX analysis (in Table 3) showed size and weight of particles or elements are also
that this formulation content more aluminium element. contributed to heterogeneous distribution. Besides, it is
evident that there is no such thing as a typical brake
On the other hand, formulation BP2 (as in Figure 6) friction composition because a composition that can
showed that the resin binder is in dark region together represent the majority of the brake pad in existence will
with alumina oxide and the EDX analysis showed that not be accurate. Morphology of the structure also might
this formulation content less aluminium element change due to sintering of material at different
compared to formulation S1. temperatures.
Resin binder
(dark region)
Figure 5 SEM microstructure for 0% of coconut fibre Figure 7 SEM microstructure for 10% of coconut fibre
(Magnification 500x) (Magnification 500x)
169
the compressive force. From the morphological study of P/M components, International Journal of Powder
the materials, it was found that the coconut fibre well Metallurgy 33 (3): 37– 43.
distributed to the matrix and acts as filler in the friction Leman Z., Sapuan, S.M. Saifol, A.M. Maleque M.A. and
materials. Ahmad, M.M. 2008. Moisture absorption behaviour
of sugar palm fibre reinforced epoxy composites’
It can be concluded that BP2 and BP3 showed almost Short Communication, International Journal
similar properties from the four formulations, hence coir of Materials and Design 29 (8): 1666-1670.
could be a candidate fibre or filler material for the mass- Maleque, M. and Dyuti, S. 2010. Materials selection of a
scale fabrication of asbestos-free brake pad without any bicycle frame using cost per unit property and digital
harmful effect. logic methods. International Journal of Mechanical
and Materials Engineering 5 (1): 95-100.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Malaysian Standard. 2003. Method of Test for
This work was supported by FRGS research grants Automotive Friction Materials (Brake Linings, Disc
scheme No. FRGS10-027-0146 from Ministry of Higher Pads and Bonded Shoe): Specific Gravity (First
Education, Malaysia. Authors are grateful to the Revision), MS 474, Part 1.
International Islamic University (IIUM) and AMREC, Malaysian Standard. 2003. Method of Test for
SIRIM which made this study possible. Automotive Friction Materials (Brake Linings, Disc
Pads and Bonded Shoe): Rockwell Hardness Test
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