Ch.

16

Domenico Scarlatti -
● Worked for the king of portugal as a musician
● His pupil, the infanta of portugal married prince ferdinand and once she left,
scarlatti followed her to Madrid
● He then began to work for the spanish court
● Published 555 sonatas
● Used rounded binary

Sonata - In the baroque era, a multimovement work for a small group of instruments,
most often in trio texture. In the classical era, an expanded version of binary for which is
found in dances and dance suites.
1. Many Baroque instrumental genres fell out of fashion, including preludes, toccatas,
fugues, chorale settings, and dance suites.
2. The major Classical genres (sonata, symphony, and concerto) had multiple movements.
3. In the Baroque, a sonata was a multi-movement work for several instruments.
4. In the Classical period, the term had multiple meanings.

Sonata Form - First section: One main period (I---- V), Second Section: First Main
Period/Second Main Period (V---mod-- on V then I------I)

Exposition - (1)In a fugue, a set of entries of the subject , (2) in sonata form, the first part
of the movement, in which the main themes are stated, beginning in the tonic and usually
closing in the dominant (or relative major).

Development - ​The development is where the action occurs. In this section, the music
modulates to foreign keys, new themes appear, and the melody often sounds much like an
improvisation. It is exciting and vivid, taking the listener on a whirlwind aural journey that is
loosely based on the themes established in the exposition. When these themes appear, they
are usually fragmented, turned inside out and upside down, and can be difficult to recognize.

Recapitulation - t​he ​recapitulation​ is one of the sections of a movement written in sonata 

form. The r​ ecapitulation​ occurs after the movement's development section, and typically 
presents once more the m ​ usical​ themes from the movement's exposition.​After the
development, the recapitulation brings the melody 'home' to the tonic key. In this section, the
original themes from the exposition are repeated (i.e. recapitulated, or 'recapped'), although
this time, both themes are in the tonic key. The bridge section still serves to connect the
themes. However, this time the bridge does not modulate to a new tonal area, but remains in
the home key, the tonic. This critical difference provides a strong sense of resolution and
completion as the recapitulation ends in the tonic key, thereby ending the piece. 
 
Coda - ​in ​musical​ composition, a concluding section (typically at the end of a sonata 
movement) that is based, as a general rule, on extensions or relaborations of thematic 
material previously heard.

Essercizi - exercises (these were what 30 of Scarlatti’s sonatas were called because they
were used to teach maria piano)

Frederick the Great - Frederick II (1712-1786) wrote a history of Prussia, prose, poems,
plays and opera libretti. He had a keen interest in the Enlightenment in France,
entertaining a friendship with the writer and philosopher Voltaire. The cosmopolitan ruler
- affectionately nicknamed Frederick the Great by his subjects - seldom spoke German.
Instead, he preferred to speak and write in French, but was also versed in English,
Spanish, Italian and Portuguese. Arguably his favorite language of all, though, was
music. Wrote 121 sonatas for flute, 4 flute concertos

Sinfonia - ​The Italian opera overture, or sinfonia, evolved into the autonomous 
orchestral symphony by way of a three-part form (fast-slow-fast) :an Allegro, a short 
lyrical Andante, and a finale in a dance rhythm such as a minuet or gigue  
 

Giovanni Battista Sammartini - Sammartini also spelled San Martini, byname Il Milanese,
(born 1700/01, Milan [Italy]—died Jan. 15, 1775, Milan), Italian composer who was an
important formative influence on the pre-Classical symphony and thus on the Classical
style later developed by Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Born in Milan and
played oboe.

Johann Stamitz - first symphonic composer to consistantly use a standard plan such as
fourth movements with a minuet and trio asthe third movement and a lively finale.
Was the first to introduce contrasting, fll blown theme such as modulation to the
dominant.

Mannheim - From italy the symphony spread word north to Germany, Berlin, Mannheim,
Austria, and France.
Mannheim was one of the principal German centers for symphonic composition.
Mannheim orchestra was world known because of ts discipline and impeccable
technique
As well famous for dramatic range from pianissimo to fortissina

Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach - ​One of the most influential composers of his generation
 1. Trained in music by his father
2. He served the court of Frederick the Great from 1740 to 1768.
3. He later became music director of the five principal churches in Hamburg.
4. His works include oratorios, songs, symphonies, concertos, and chamber music.
5. Bach preferred the clavichord for its delicate dynamic shadings.
6. Later works are for the fortepiano, the ancestor of the modern piano.
7. He published eight sets of six sonatas and five sets of sonatas with other keyboard works.
8. The first two sets, the ​Prussian​ (1742) and ​Würtenberg​ (1744) sonatas, were influential.
9. Example: the fourth sonata of ​Sonaten für Kenner und Liebhaber​ (Sonatas for
Connoisseurs and Amateurs, composed in 1765 and published in 1779), second
movement (NAWM 99, Example 14.5, and Figure 14.13)
a. The movement features an expressive melody in short phrases.
b. Constantly-changing rhythmic patterns create a restless quality.
c. Ornaments serve expressive rather than decorative ends.

Johann Christian Bach -

1. The youngest son of J. S. Bach; he studied in Italy.
2. After two successful operas, he moved to London, where he enjoyed a long and successful
career.
3. He composed around forty keyboard concertos between 1763 and 1777.
4. Young Mozart was impressed by the music of J. C. Bach.

Concerto first-movement form - ​The classical concerto combines the ritornello structure and
textural contrasts of the Baroque concerto with the techniques of sonata form (see Figure
14.15).
The opening ritornello introduces the thematic material but remains in the tonic.

Cadenza- highly embellished passage, often improvised, at an important cadence,

usually occurring just before the end of the piece or section.

Ch.17

Eszterhazy family ​- Austrian aristocratic family, employers of Haydn from 1771 to 1790.

Eszterhaza​ - palace in Hungary built by Prince Nikolaus Esterhazy, Haydn lived and worked
there from 1766-1790

Baryton​ - instrument like a viol with extra resonating strings, played by Prince Paul Anton
Eszterhazy
Count Morzin​ - aristocrat of the Austrian empire, first to employ Haydn as music director

Sturm und Drang​ - “storm and drive/urge/stress” popular style during the Classical period in
which composers convey emotion through use of dramatic dynamics, tempo changes,
unpredictable melodies

Paris Symphonies​ - Six symphonies written by Haydn from 1785-1786

1.​ ​The Concerts de la Loge Olympique commissioned the works.
2.​ ​Orchestra size: flute, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns, and
strings, occasionally augmented by trumpets and timpani
3.​ ​Queen Marie Antoinette particularly liked Symphony No. 85,
subsequently called La Reine (The Queen).

London Symphonies​ - Twelve symphonies written by Haydn from 1791-1795

1. The twelve London Symphonies, commissioned by Salomon, are Haydn's
greatest symphonic achievements.
2. Slow introductions
Harmonic imagination plays an important part.
They project a deliberate and dramatic quality.
They often incorporate the tonic minor.
3. Movements in sonata form tend to revolve around the primary subject.
4. Slow movements
Either theme-and-variations or free adaptations of sonata forms
Both kinds of form feature a contrasting minor section.
5. The minuets, marked Allegro, are scherzos in all but name.
6. Finales are predominantly sonata rondos, although some are in sonata
form.
Leopold Mozart ​- Father of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Violinist and teacher.
- Performer and composer for the archbishop of Salzburg

Salzburg - ​city in Austria where Mozart was born

Johann Schobert -​ keyboardist and influencer of Mozart, who arranged Schobert’s works to
use in his own

“Haydn” Quartets ​- Six string quartets by Mozart published in 1785, dedicated to Haydn
No 14 G Major “Spring” Op 10 No 1
No 15 D Minor Op 10 No 2 K 387
No 16 Bb Major Op 10 No 3 K 421/417b
No 17 Eb Major “Hunt” Op 10 No 4 K 458
No 18 A Major Op 10 No 5 K 464
No 19 C Major “Dissonance” Op 10 No 6 K 465
Serenade​ - A work of multiple movements for a large instrumental ensemble
From wiki: “​A serenade is commonly of a multi-movement structure, ranging anywhere from four to
up to ten movements. They usually are constructed with a fast opening movement, followed by
middle slow movements that alternate with fast ones and close with a fast presto or​ ​allegro
movement. There are strong influences from chamber music, and serenades can be subtly inserted
into a chamber music program. A serenade can be considered somewhere in between a suite and a
symphony, but is usually of a light and romantic nature—casual and without too many overly
dramatic moments”

Lorenzo Da Ponte ​- wrote the librettos Mozart’s operas “The Marriage of Figaro,” “Don
Giovanni,” and “All Women Behave That Way” were set to. Da Ponte was a poet for the imperial
court theatre, then came to America and worked as an Italian professor in New York.
His contributions to The Marriage of Figaro brought character depth and attention to social
issues and moral conflict in the opera buffa.

Freemasonry ​- A fraternal organization, apparently Mozart was a freemason and included

masonic messages in his works, especially The Magic Flute and the Marriage of Figaro
“The music of the Freemasons contained musical phrases and forms that held specific​ ​semiotic
meanings. For example, the Masonic initiation ceremony began with the candidate knocking three
times at the door to ask admittance. This is expressed musically as a dotted figure:
This figure appears in Mozart's opera​ ​The Magic Flute​ in the overture, suggesting the opening of the
Masonic initiation.​[11]​ According to Katherine Thomson,​[11]​ there are many other examples of
specific musical symbols taken from the Masonic rites that appear throughout Mozart's
compositions. These include the use of suspensions to indicate friendship and brotherhood, the use
of three-part harmony to emphasize the special significance of the number three in Freemasonry,
and special rhythms and harmonies to signify fortitude and other attributes.”
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_and_Freemasonry)

Franz Xaver Sussmayr ​- pupil and collaborator of Mozart who completed his Requiem and
added instrumental parts following his death.

Ch. 18
Archduke Rudolph​ - youngest brother of the reigning emperor Francis II, Beethoven’s piano
and composition student, helped in creating an annuity for Beethoven so that he might stay in
Austria (during his first period)

Heiligenstadt Testament -​ Suicide note Beethoven wrote to his brothers while staying in
Heiligenstadt
Eroica Symphony -​ “Heroic Symphony” Beethoven’s third symphony in Eb Major Op 55,
marked the beginning of his middle period.
1. The title suggests that the symphony is a celebration of a hero.
2. It is longer and more complex than any previous symphony.
3. Beethoven originally named the symphony "Bonaparte," but reportedly
tore up the title page when Napoléon declared himself Emperor.
4. The first movement can be seen as a story of challenge, struggle, and
victory.
o​ ​The first theme, a triadic fanfare, ends with a surprising C-sharp
o​ ​The theme is subject to various adventures, but eventually it triumphs.
o​ ​Syncopations, heard near the beginning, reach a terrifying climax in the development
o​ ​An early entrance in the horn prior to the recapitulation creates a dominant-tonic conflict.
5. The slow movement is a funeral march in C minor.
o​ ​The movement has links to Revolutionary music in France.
o​ ​A contrasting section in C major contains fanfares and celebratory lyricism.
o​ ​Thirty-second notes imitate the sound of muffled drums

Johann von Schiller​ - poet who wrote “Ode to Joy” later used by Beethoven in the fourth
movement of his ninth symphony

Op. 18​ - Six string quartets written during Beethoven’s 1st period

Op. 59​ - “The Razumovsky Quartets” three string quartets commissioned by Andreas
Razumovsky in 1806 (middle period)

Op. 131​ - one of three of a trio from String Quartet No 14 c# minor (others are Op 130 and 132)
written in 1826 (late period).

Antonie Brentano​ - thought to be the unnamed woman Beethoven writes to and refers to as
“Immortal Beloved.” Beethoven often visited her home to attend and perform in quartet concerts.
Beethoven played piano improvisations for her to console her during her bouts of depression.

Fidelio ​- only opera written by Beethoven based on a French play. It is a “rescue opera” which
was popular at the time it was written during the French Revolution. The first time it was
performed, it was a three-act singspiel called Leonore. The opera has been performed with
three different overtures since it was written, named Leonora No. 1, 2 and 3.

Missa solemnis ​- Mass in D Major Op 123 composed between 1819 and 1823
1. Beethoven considered this to be his greatest work.
2. Originally intended as a Mass for the elevation of Archduke Rudolph to
archbishop, the work became too long and elaborate for liturgical use.
3. Handel's influence can be seen in the choral writing, but the five
movements are unified by a symphonic structure.

Essays
Essay Question 1: Compare galant and empfindsam styles. Who were some of the main
exponents of each and what one or two specific works typify each style?

Galant style - elegant and courtly, was a catchword for everything which was modern, smart,
chic, smooth, easy and sophisticated. It became the foundation of the classical style. Mozart
and Haydn were composed in this style. Six Paris symphonies and Ah, vous dirais-je maman.
Empfindsam - derives from to feel. Means sentimentality or sensibility. Associated with intimate,
sensitive, and subjective tendencies to 18th century art and literature. C.P.E. Bach and Wilhelm
Friedemann Bach were large composers of this style of music. C.P.E. Bach’s Sonaten fur
Kenner und Liebhaber and his Sonata in A major.
William Friedemann Bach (1710-1784)
1. The oldest son of J. S. Bach's a gifted organist and composer
2. He could not adjust to a successful career in music.
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (see Figure 14.12)
1. One of the most influential composers of his generation
2. Trained in music by his father
3. He served the court of Frederick the Great from 1740 to 1768.
4. He later became music director of the five principal churches in Hamburg.
5. His works include oratorios, songs, symphonies, concertos, and chamber
music.

Essay Question 2: What is the standard structure of a symphony? What other genres
adopt this format?

A standard symphony has 4 movements:

I.Sonata Allegro
1.​ ​Fast sonata form, with often a slow introduction
2.​ ​Most complex, is there to catch the audience's attention.
3.​ ​Has exposition, development, recapitulation.
II.Slow (compound ternary form; sonatina, variation, etc)
1.​ ​Slow movement
2.​ ​Many are in sonata form with no repeats
3.​ ​Hyden used theme and variation form in his later work
III.Dance (Minuet and Trio)
1.​ ​ABA form or minuet trio minuet
2.​ ​Trio is usually in the same key as the minuet
 3.​ ​Dance movement, often a minuet or scherzo in ¾ time signature
IV.Allegro - finale movement (rondo, sonata rondo, variations, etc)
1.Often in sonata or rondo form, few are sonata rondo fast and furious
2.Rondo is ABACABA form
3.Usually faster and shorter than the first movement
*​ ​Early symphonies were written in 3 movements, fast slow fast which was derived from Italian
opera overture or sinfonia. The four movement pattern became standard in classical era. other
genres that adopt this four movement form is the string quartet, which became popular by
Haydn.
Essay Question 3: Why are Haydn’s symphonies, string quartets, and oratorios
considered to be among the greatest in those genres? How did Haydn lift the string
quartet into an art form?

Symphonies- considered father of the symphony, and set the pattern for later composers, high
quality and lasting appeal. Wrote over 100 symphonies. Wrote both Paris and London
symphonies. He had more complex rhythms, contrasts in dynamics, and had symphonies in
minor keys. Emotional in Sturm und drang.

String quartet- first master of the genre because it was usually music for amateurs. He
established the same four moment pattern as the symphony, and had unique strategies. He had
quartets that ended in fugues and one was in minor. Op33 was light and witty, minuet was a in
scherzo which broke the normal form.

Oratorio- Wrote The Creation and The Seasons. Was inspired by Handel's Messiah, and had
pictorial description in the music that told a story.there was a depiction of chaos in the creation
shown by dissonant harmonies.

Hayden lifted the string quartet into an art form because he made it seen as an actual piece of
music. String quartets were usually performed by amateurs in the household and not by
professionals, but Hyden made the string quartets so musical and amazing that they could be
seen as real pieces of music.

Essay Question 4: Why are Mozart’s piano concertos and operas considered to be
among the greatest in those genres? How did Mozart lift the Singspiel into an art form?

Concertos: 17 concertos written in Vienna, has showpieces to dazzle the audiences. Had
balance between orchestral and solo portions. First movement had a blend of ritornello and
sonata rondo like Bach. There was also more individual features.

Operas- fame established in Vienna. Librettos from Lorenzo de Ponte made the operas even
better with greater plots for the music and more emotions. Had greater depths of characters,
introduced moral issues. Made comedic opera with serious characters. The finales combined
realism and dramatic actions.the orchestration, especially winds defined characters and
situations.

Die Zauberflöte was the first singspiel, or opera with spoken text that is seen as the first great
German opera. Even though it had dialogue, it was filled with great profound music and actions
was filled with symbolic meanings. He interwove many 18th century musical styles and
traditions including vocals of Italian operas, folk humor of German singspiel, solo Aria, buffo
ensemble, solemn choral scenes, and contrapuntal accompaniment. All of these musical styles
have glimpses in the magic flute, and made the singspiel be taken more seriously.

Essay Question 5: Explain how the music of Beethoven’s predecessors and

contemporaries influenced his compositions. How did he adapt or change the
conventions and practices of his contemporaries (i.e. the formal designs, melodic and
harmonic idioms, and textures) to suit his own creative and expressive goals?

Beethoven was largely influenced by both Mozart and Haydn. He wanted to learn from Mozart
but by the time he was able to Mozart was dead he learned from Hyden. Hayden's teaching
methods did not mix with Beethoven, but Beethoven learned a great deal from Beethoven's
music. His Op. 1 piano trios were in the style of Hyden, with 4 movements. The longer he wrote
his music, the more his own it became. He used more variations and focused less on a theme.
He also had a very high use of counterpoint and fugue. He also emphasized continuity and
blurred divisions between phrases and movements. His later works included passages that has
improvisational feelings to them. In his 9th symphony he switched the second and third
movement which was never really done before. He also added voice in his final movement
which includes his famous piece Ode to joy. He was more careful with writing his music and it is
seen that he went through much trial and error before completing a piece. He broke a lot of the
“rules” set by Haydn and Mozart, and tried to be more inventive in his pieces.

Essay Question 6: How do Beethoven’s life and career relate to the broader political,
social, and economic events that took place during his lifetime? How did his innovations
involving musical form, content, and style reflect their historical contexts? Discuss a
variety of his works from different stages of his career to support your argument.

Beethoven started his career in a time where he was able to gain support from aristocratic
sponsors. This made it so he was more confident in his works and was able to support himself
much younger. He waited until he was confident and established in Vienna before composing
his first string quartets, knowing he would be compared to Hayden and wanting to be seen as
great. His first 6 string quartets are op.18, and are seen as some of his best early works. During
his second period, he was well known and established and attracted many patrons. He took
longer on his works during this time, because he knew he could make people wait. Sinfonia
Eroica was written in his second period, and used his new approach of creating stories with his
music, this one having a story of a hero. It was thought he wrote this symphony for Napoleon
who was seen as a her, but once Napoleon proclaimed himself as emperor he changed the
name. the Funeral march was written in comparison to France, and was written with pathos and
grandeur. The thirty second note upbeat in the strings imitate the drums used in the
revolutionary processions that accompanist French heroes in their final resting place. During the
third period after the defeat of Napoleon, there was post war depression that made it hard for
Beethoven to publish large scale works. There was also repression instituted by count
Metternich. He stopped writing works that may seem political during this period and only
produced two large works Missa solemnis and his 9th symphony.