WESTERN MUSIC

MIDTERM REPORT
ROMANTIC PERIOD
HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND OF ROMANTIC PERIOD

 Romanticism (or the Romantic Era or the "'Romantic Period"') was an artistic, literary
and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in
Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.

 it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment
and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature

 It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major
impact on historiography, education and natural history

 The confines of the Industrial Revolution also had their influence on Romanticism, which
was in part an escape from modern realities

 in the second half of the 19th century, “Realism" was offered as a polarized
opposite to Romanticism.

 Romanticism elevated the achievements of what it perceived as heroic individualists and

artists, whose pioneering examples would elevate society.
Program Music

 Program music particularly flourished in the Romantic era

 influence of literature and folklore on composers in the nineteenth century
 The symphonic poem also known an tone poem
TONE POEM

 usually a single-movement orchestral form that develops a poetic idea, tells a story,
suggests a scene or creates a mood, became the most prominent vehicle for program
music in the Romantic era.

 Example of program music

-Rona Xenia Tesalona

Art Music of Romantic Period

 ART SONG - is a vocal music composition one voice with piano or orchestral
accompaniment. By extension, the term "art song" is used to refer to the genre of such
songs.
French Grand Opera

 Giacomo Meyerbeer (1791-1864), who created the mix of spectacle and historical,
political, or religious themes that defined the new genre.
- Robert de diable (Robert the Devil, 1831)
- Les Huguenots (The Huguenots,1836)

 Opera Bouffe - another strain of French light opera appeared around mid-century.
 Louis who proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon III in 1851
 Lyric Opera - the subject matter is usually romantic drama or fantasy.
 Gounod's Faust - first staged in 1859 as an opera comique, with spoken dialogue.
 Berlioz - the dramatic works of "Hector Berlioz" tend to blur the categories discussed
above- one reason, perhaps, that they found little success with the public.
 Opera - is a drama set to music. It includes poetry, scenery, costumes, acting and
dancing on addition to vocal and instrumental music.
 - it is Dramatic Art form, originating in Italy.
Components of an Opera

 Libretto - the text of an opera.

 Score - the book that the composer and librettist put together.
 Aria - an air or solo singing part sung by a principal character.
 Recitative - declamatory singing, used in the prose parts and dialogue of opera.

Opera Composers of the Romantic Period


Franz Peter Schubert (1797-1828)

 Born: January 31,1797

 Died on 1828 in Vienna,
 Austria at Age of 31
 Austrian composer
 “The king of songs”
 Schubert's songs is actually "Lieder" German word means SONGS

 ~ first great composer of arts song
 ~played violin and piano
 ~ became a choir boy in the Royal Chapel

Celebrated works:

 “The Winter Journey” (song-cycle)

 “The Unfinished Symphony” (symphony)
 “The Trout Quintet” (Instrumental Music)
 “Erlking” (art song)

Giuseppe Verdi  (c. 1813–1901)

 Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi

 Born: October 9 or 10, 1813, in the community of Le Roncole,near Busseto in the
province of Parma, Italy.
 died on January 27, 1901 in Milan, Italy.
 Successful operas, "La Traviata, Falstaff and Aida"
 Composing over 25 operas throughout his career. Furthermore, his works have
reportedly been performed more than any other performer's worldwide.

Giacomo Puccini (1858–1924)

 Born on December 22,1858 in Lucca, Italy

 Successes as La Bohème, Madama Butterfly and Tosca 
 Puccini died of post-operative shock on November 29, 1924.
 Puccini married a woman named "Elvira Gemignani"
 He studied at the Milan Conservatory

Richard Wagner (1813–1883)

 Wilhelm Richard Wagner

 Born on May 22, 1813 in Germany
 He is famous for both his epic operas, four-part, 18-hour Ring Cycle, as well
 as for his anti-semitic writings
 He died of a heart attack in Venice on February 13, 1883.
 Richard Wagner wrote his first opera,"The Fairies," at the age of 21. He used all
elements of theater, from music to lighting, to create "total art work."
  Beethoven's Ninth Symphony,which Wagner called "that mystic source of my highest
ecstasies."
-Marycris Dimaano

COMPOSERS

 Franz Liszt was the inventor of the form of program music known as the symphonic
poem.
 October 22, 1811 – July 31, 1886
 Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor, music teacher, arranger, organist,
philanthropist, author, nationalist

Gustav Mahler

 Born on July 7, 1860

 He died in Vienna on May 18, 1911
 Mahler’s compositions were solely symphonic rather than operatic. He eventually
composed 10 symphonies
 Gustav Mahler's symphonies have programmatic connotations. In the finale of his sixth
symphony there are three climatic moments which are marked by fierce hammer blows
which signified (according to his widow, Alma) the death of his daughter, the diagnosis of
his heart condition (which would become fatal) and his forced resignation at the director
of the Vienna Opera

 Niccolò Paganini
 Franz Peter Schubert
 Robert Schumann
 Frederic Francois Chopin
 Johannes Brahms
 Franz Liszt
 Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 

Niccolò Paganini

 -ITALIAN, GENOA
 Born-27 October 1782
 Died-27 May 1840
 violinist, violist, guitarist, and composer
 Most celebrated violin virtuoso
 Marks as one of the pillars of modern violin
 Technique.
 At the age of 5 started learning the mandolin.
 Age of 7 moved to violin.
 By Giovanni Servetto and Giacomo Costa.
 traveled to Parma
 Alessandro Rolla,
 Ferdinando Paer.
 March 1796-italy was invaded by france.
 Preferred playing intimately.
 By 1800,  Livorno, played in concerts
 18-year-old Paganini was appointed first violin of the Republic of Lucca,
 1805, Lucca was annexed by Napoleonic France,
 Elisa Baciocchi-Napoleon’s sister.
 Violinist of Elisa while having private lesson with Felice.
 1807,  Grand Duchess of Tuscany 
 Court transferred to Florence
 1809, he left Baciocchi to resume his freelance career.
 In 1827, Pope Leo XII honoured Paganini with the Order of the Golden Spur.
  August 1828 concert tour that started in Vienna
 Marfan syndrome 
 diagnosed with syphilis as early as 1822,
 27 May 1840, died from internal hemorrhaging before a priest could be summoned.
Because of this, and his widely rumored association with the devil, the Church denied
his body a Catholic burial in Genoa.

Giuseppe Verdi

 Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (Italian: [dʒuˈzɛppe ˈverdi]; 9 or 10 October 1813 –

27 January 1901) was an Italian opera composer.
 Spouse- Giuseppina Strepponi (1859-1897)
 Margherita Barezzi(1836-1840)
 first developed musical talents at a young age
 1832, applied for admission at the Milan Conservatory.
 Italy's music industry in 1833
 1836, Verdi wed Margherita Barezz

 In 1838, at age 25, Verdi returned to Milan, where he completed his first opera, Oberto,
 Giuseppe Verdi died on January 27, 1901, in Milan, Italy.

FRANZ PETER SCHUBERT

 Born: January 31, 1797, in Vienna Died: November 19, 1828, of syphilis Nationality:
Austrian Genre: Classical Performed as: Pianist, singer During the composer's lifetime:
The twin revolutions of Beethoven and Rossini in music. Newly built Washington, DC,
becomes the capital of the young United States.
 1808: Hofkapelle (court chapel), which includes free enrollment at the Imperial and
Royal City College.
 Day job, 1813:composer, He also studies with Antonio Salieri, the aging imperial court
music director.
 1821, he is established in Viennese musical life.
 1828: fall of his career
 His compositional production in the final months of his life gives no indication of his
impending death.
 He is buried in the same cemetery as Beethoven, who had died a year and a half earlier.

JOHANNES BRAHMS

 Born: May 7, 1833 in Hamburg, Germany

 Died: April 3, 1897 in Vienna, Austria
 Nationality: German Genre:
 First gig, late 1840s: Pianist, performing at social gatherings and respectable
entertainment halls. Develops love of books and scholarship while completing high
school and studies with a leading, local piano teacher.
 1873: writing two string quartets.
 First Symphony, 1876, and nearly all of his most famous orchestral works afterwards,
 the last in 1888. in his last years, Brahms sees his music triumph throughout Europe and
America. Developed cancer, while finishing a composition.
i

FREDERIC FRANCOIS CHOPIN

 Born: March 1, 1810, near Warsaw, Poland Died: October 17, 1849, Paris Nationality:
Polish Genre: Romantic Performed as: Pianist During the composer's lifetime: Poland
struggled for independence from Russia.
 his talents quickly outgrow what the Warsaw musical scene can offer him. He emigrates
to France in 1831, but remains Polish to the core.
  1830-write the first mazurka.
 1832: Chopin arrives in Paris when sympathy for the Polish cause is high. His first
concert is well-reviewed, and he catches the attention of the younger generation of
musicians in the city, like Berlioz and Liszt.

Robert Schumann

 Born: Zwickau, June 8, 1810

 Died: Endenich, near Bonn, July 29, 1856
 PLACE OF DEATH Endenich
 DISEASES & DISABILITIESBipolar
 Disorder, Depression
 A master of the more intimate forms of musical compostitions.
 "Im wunderschönen Monat mai" (A Poet's Love: "In the beautiful month of May" ) is
another example of the composer's harmonic and melodic style.
 14, Schumann wrote an essay on the aesthetics of music
 1826 encourage his musical aspirations.
 wrote 168 songs

 Major Works
 Papillons, (1829–1831)
 Davidsbündlertänze (1837)
 Carnaval (1834–1835)
 5 Lieder (1840)
 The Bride of Messina overture (1850–51)
 Fantasy Pieces for Clarinet and Piano (1849)
 Violin Concerto in D minor (1853)

Franz Liszt

 Born: Raiding, near Ödenburg, October 22, 1811

 Died: Bayreuth, July 31, 1886
 symphonic poem
 composed a series of virtuosic rhapsodies on Hungarian gypsy melodies,
 regarded as possibly the greatest piano virtuoso of all time. A child prodigy, he toured as
a concert pianist until he began teaching and composing.
 700 compositions.
 6 – recognizes as a child prodigy.
 8 – composing elementary works
 9 – appearing in concerts
 1833, at the age of 22, Liszt met the Comtesse Marie d'Agoult
 In 1834, Liszt debuted his piano compositions "Harmonies poétiques et religieuses" and
a set of three "Apparitions.“
 In 1865, Liszt received the tonsure, the traditional haircut kept by monks during that
period, and was from then on sometimes called "the Abbé Liszt." On July 31, 1865, he
received the four minor orders in the Catholic Church. He continued, however, to work
on new compositions, and in later years, he established the Royal National Hungarian

Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky

 Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (/ˈpjoʊtər ɪˈljɪtʃ tʃaɪˈkɒfski/;[1] Russian: Пётр Ильи́ч Чайко́вский;
[a 1] tr. Pëtr Il'ič Čajkovskij; 25 April/7 May 1840 – 25 October/6 November 1893),[a 2]
often anglicized as Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky,
 was a Russian composer of the late-Romantic period, some of whose works are among
the most popular music in the classical repertoire. He was the first Russian composer
whose music made a lasting impression internationally, bolstered by his appearances as
a guest conductor in Europe and the United States.
 Tchaikovsky was honored in 1884, by Emperor Alexander III, and awarded a lifetime
pension.
 Was a homosexual.
  19-year-old Tchaikovsky graduated as a titular counselor
 Tchaikovsky lived as a bachelor for most of his life.
 1868 he met Belgian soprano Désirée Artôt. They became infatuated with each other
and were engaged to be married[71] but due to Artôt's refusal to give up the stage or
settle in Russia, it ends.
 37 - married Antonina Miliukova
 Died at the age of 53
-Alec Mooremzi Camota

IMPRESSIONISM

 Started 1870-1920
 Came from the artwork of Claude Monet “ Impression of Sunrise”
 Happened in France
 The Impressionist composers had two favorite mediums: the orchestra (because of its
variety of color) and the piano (because its damper pedal permitted vibrating harmonies
to "suspend in mid-air").
 Prominent Composers:
 Debussy
 Ravel
 Delius
 Griffes
 Respighi,
 Szymanowski,
 Satie
 Faure
 Prominent Musical Characteristics
 Whole-tone Scale
 Claude Debussy was fascinated by the music of the native orchestra, the gamelan, with
percussive rhythms and bewitching instrumental colors. The music of the Far East
makes use of certain scales, which divide the octave into equal major/minor system and
leads to obscured fluidity.

 Pentatonic Scale
 The pentatonic (five-note) scale is sounded when the black yes of the piano are struck
(or also C, D, F, G and A). This scale is popularly associated with Chinese music, but is
even more familiar to us through Scottish, Irish and English folk tunes ("Auld Lang Syne"
and "Comin' Through the Rye").

Impressionists Harmony
 Impressionist composers regarded the chord as an entity by itself, a "thrill" that hit the
ear with a style all its own. Impressionism released the chord from its function as
harmony to movement within the melody.

Parallel Motion
 In Classicism, tension was produced by moving voices in a contrary fashion.
Impressionism, on the other hand, vied chords as melodic entities. This, it was "proper to
move voices in a parallel fashion (this was "forbidden" in the Classical era).
Escaped Chords
 These were harmonies which gave the impression of having "escaped" to another
tonality. Such chords are neither prepared for, nor are they resolved in any traditional
sense. They simply "evaporate".
-Gizelle Aquivido

PAINTER AND COMPOSERS

 PAUL CEZANNE
 CLAUDE MONET
 EDVARD MUNCH
 PABLO PICASSO
  PAUL CEZANNE
 Born on January 19, 1839
 Died on October 22,1906
 Also known as the "Master of Aix“
 Spouse: Marie-Hortense Fiquet
 Children: Paul Cézanne Jr.
 Paul Cézanne originates from a wealthy provincial middle-class family. His father owned
a prosperous hat business in Aix-en-Provence
MOST FAMOUS PAINTINGS BY PAUL CEZANNE

 The Bathers
 The Card Players Series

Claude Monet

 Born on Nov. 14, 1840

 Died on Dec. 05, 1926
 Father : CLAUDE Adolphe Monet
 Mother : Louise Justine Aubree Monet
 Founder of Impressionism

 Considered as one of the greatest painter who ever lived

 His works explores the constantly changing quality light and color in different
atmospheric conditions and at various times of the day

 Water Lilies

EDvARD MUNCH

 Born on Dec. 12, 1863

 Died on Jan. 23, 1944
 Father : Christian Munch
 Mother: Laura
 Norwegian painter and printmaker

 Notable work: The Scream,Madonna and The Sick Child

 Many of Munch works depict life and death scenes ,love and terror, feeling loneliness his
works pattern focused on

 Edvard Munch established a free-flowing, psychological-themed style all his own.

 Widely known for his iconic –expressionist painting “the scream”

 The Scream

PABLO PICASSO

 Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios
Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso

 Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright
who spent most of his adult life in France

 Famous painter constantly changed his painting style

 His work ranks among the most expensive painting in the world making him one of the
cherished painters in history
  Became one of the greatest and most influential artists of the 20th century and the
creator (with Georges Braque) of Cubism

 Les Demoiselles d’Avignon

 The Old Guitarist

 Girl Before A Mirror

 Guernica is certainly the his most powerful political statement, painted as an immediate
reaction to the Nazi's devastating casual bombing practice on the Basque town of
Guernica during Spanish Civil War.

FAMOUS COMPOSERS

 CLAUDE DEBUSSY
 BORN ON 22 August 1862

 DIED ON 25 March 1918

 FATHER : Manuel-Achille Debussy

 MOTHER: Victorine Manoury Debussy

 SPOUSE/PARTNER: Rosalie ('Lilly') Texier/Emma

 CHILDREN Claude-Emma

 Debussy is considered the founder and leading exponent of musical Impressionism

 Debussy began piano studies at the Paris Conservatory at the age of 11

 Debussy began composition studies in 1880, and in 1884 he won the prestigious Prix de
Rome with his cantata L'enfant prodigue.

 remarkable French composer and one of the most leading figures associated with the
domain of impressionist music along with Maurice Ravel

 Debussy’s works are an expression of the happenings and turmoil in his lifetime.

 Debussy wrote successfully in most every genre, adapting his distinctive compositional
language to the demands of each.

 His orchestral works, of which Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune and La mer (The Sea,
1905) are most familiar.

 1890: He composed ‘Suite bergamasque’

 1893: He composed ‘String Quartet in G minor’

 1901: Composed a set of pieces entitled ‘Pour le piano’

 1902: Debussy's ‘Pelléas et Mélisande’ was premiered after ten years of work

 1903: He was made the Chevalier of the Legion of Honour

 1910:The first book of ‘Préludes’, proved to be his most thriving work in piano
 1918:Debussy died due to rectal cancer in Paris on 25 March
 1919:Debussy’s daughter Claude-Emma expired in midst of the diphtheria epidemic of
1919

Joseph Maurice Ravel

 Born: March 1875, Ciboure, France

 Died: 28 December 1937, Paris, France
 Father : Pierre-Joseph Ravel,
  Mother : Marie, née Delouart
 French composer, pianist and conductor. He is often associated with impressionism
along with his elder contemporary Claude Debussy, although both composers rejected
the term.

 Ravel was also known for his extremely difficult piano pieces; which demanded perfect
technique and resonating skill from pianists

 Ravel was admitted to the Paris Conservatoire at age 14, and later studied with Gabriel
Fauré.

 Ravel won first prize in a piano student competition at the Conservatoire in 1891.

 Ravel continued to study at the Conservatoire until his early 20s, during which time he
composed some of his most renowned works, including the Pavane pour une infante
défunte (Pavane for a Dead Princess; 1899)

 Ravel was internationally regarded as France's greatest living composer.

 Produce one masterpiece in 1900 which was a piano piece titled “Jeux d’eau”.

 His best known works are Bolero and Daphnis et Chloé.

 MAJOR WORKS
 Pavane pour une infante défunte
o (Pavane for a Dead Princess; 1899
 Jeux d'eau "Fountains" or
o "Playing Water (1901)
 the String Quartet (1903)

 the Sonatine (circa 1904)

 the Miroirs (1905)

 Gaspard de la nuit (1908)

-Erica Blanca Merano

EXPRESSIONISM

 International Movement
 Developed from the subjectivity of Romanticism
 Representing real objects or Grossly distorted
 Charactrized by intensely expressive use of pure color and dynamic brushstrokes.
 They aspire to represent inner experience, to explore the hidden world of psyche, and
render visible stressful, emotional life of a person.
 Sigmund Freud
 Sought to capture the human condition
 Arnold Schoenberg and Alban Berg.
 Erwartung by Arnold Schoenberg
 Distorted Melodies and fragmented Rhytm

 Wozzeck- Alban Berg

 deployed the most direct-even drastic-means, no matter how unappealing to convey
extreme and irrational states of mind

Arnold Schoenberg

 Full name Arnold Franz Walter Schoenberg, Schoenberg

 September 13, 1874, Vienna, Austria
 July 13, 1951, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
  Austrian-American composer who created new methods of musical
composition involving atonality, namely serialism and the 12-tone row.
 Most-influential teachers of the 20th century
 Samuel Schoenberg
 Pauline Schoenberg
 Before he was nine years old, Schoenberg had begun composing little pieces for
two violins,
 Product of Europe
 Best known for his Atonal and twelve-tone music
 Son of Jewish shopkeeper
 Age of 8 began Violin lesson
 Compose music by imitating the music he played
 Work as a Bank clerk
 Alexander von Zemlinsky
 String Quartet in D Major (1897)
 Married Mathilde in 1901 then move to Berlin
 Worked at a cabaret
 Richard Strauss
 Returned in Vienna
 Society for Private Musical Performance
 350 performances
 Maried Gertrud Kolisch and had 3 children
 Moved his Family to France
 He was appointed as Professor at UCLA
 Retired at the age of 70
 Becomr a United States Citizen 1941
 July 13,1951

 MAJOR WORK:
 4 operas
 2 chamber symphonies
 5 string
 3 piano pieces
 5 orchestra pieces

 Schoenberg still faced problem using his atona method.

 formulated Twelve tone Method
 Called as Row or Series
 Attracted to Second Viennese school
Alban Berg

 Full name Alban Maria Johannes Berg (born 

 February 9, 1885, Vienna, Austria
 December 24, 1935, Vienna
 Alban Berg
 Austrian composer who wrote atonal and 12-tone compositions that remained true to
late 19th-century Romanticism.
 He composed orchestral music (including Five Orchestral Songs, 1912), chamber
music, songs, and two groundbreaking operas, Wozzeck (1925) and Lulu (1937).
 Encouraged by his father and older brother
 Alban Berg began to compose music without benefit of formal instruction.
 100 songs and piano duets, most of which remain unpublished.
 Piano Sonata (published 1908)
 Alban Berg
 Four Songs (1909) and String Quartet (1910)
 married Helene Nahowski
 December 14, 1925, at the Berlin State Opera,
 Lulu
  Louis Krasner
  Began Studies with Schoenberg in 1904
 Adopted Atonal and Twelve tone Method
 He achieved much greater popular success than Schoenberg.
 Wozzeck

Anton Friedrich Wilhelm von Webern

 Dec. 3,1883, Vienna, Austria
 Sept. 15, 1945, Mittersill, near Salzburg
 Austrian composer of the 12-tone Viennese school.
 Anton von Webern
 Webern received his first musical instruction from his mother, an amateur pianist.
 Edwin Komauer- instructor
 Two Pieces for Cello and Piano (1899)
 Anton von Webern
 Began lesson with Schoenberg in 1904
 He attended performances of Wagner operas at the Bayreuth Festival
 Study Musicology under Guido Adler at University of Vienna
 Absorb Ideas about Music History
 married Wilhelmine Mörtl
 Webern enlisted for army service but was discharged at the end of 1916
 Webern occasionally appeared with the Austrian Radio Orchestra and was invited to
conduct in Switzerland, Germany, Spain, and England.
 Never received an appointment at the University of Vienna
-Laurence Pardo

Twentieth Century Music

MODERN MUSIC
INTRODUCTION

 20th Century Music is defined by the sudden emergence of advanced technology for
recording and distributing music as well as dramatic innovations in musical forms and
styles.
 When and How did 20th Century Music Started?
 IMPRESSIONISM
 EXPRESSIONISM
 NEO-CLASSICISM
 EXPERIMENTALISM
 MODERN NATIONALISM

IMPRESSIONISM

 Embody the transition from;

 Romantic - Forward Motion
 Modern Music - Static Harmony
 IMPRESSIONIST COMPOSERS
 Claude Debussy (1862-1918)
 Maurice Ravel (1875-1937)
 According to him:
 “Compose should create what he feels and how he feels it without regard to style.
 -Maurice Ravel

EXPRESSIONISM

 EXPRESSIONIST COMPOSER
  Arnold Shoenberg (1874-1951)
 Alban Berg (1885-1935)
 Anton Von Webern (1883-1945)

NEO-CLASSICISM

 ATONALITY
 NEO=NEW
 CLASSICISM= REVIVAL

NEO-CLASSICISM COMPOSERS

 Bela Bartok (1881-1945)

 Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971)
 Sergey Prokofiev (1891-1953)
 Paul Hindemith (1895-1963)
 Kurt Weill (1900-1950)

EXPERIMENTALISM

 EXPERIMENTAL MUSIC
 Is any music that challenges the commonly ideas of what music is.
 AVANT-GRANDE
 a group of musician who radically depart from tradition altogether.
 any form of music working with traditional structures while seeking to breech boundaries
in some manner.

 KEY CHARACTERISTICS
 CHANCE MUSIC

 Music in which the composer introduces the elements of chance.

 Playing Techniques
 Extended Vocal Techniques

 ELECTRONIC MUSIC
 Producing music through electromechanical / electronic components.
 Musique Concrete
 First Electronic Music written by Pierre Schaeffer , and composed and completed by
Louis and Bebe Baron.
o COMPUTER
 First Electronic Instrument when Max Mathews used the Program called Music 1.

o EXPERIMENTALISM COMPOSERS
o John Cage (1912-1992)
o George Gershwin (1896-1937)
o Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990)
o Philip Glass (1937-present)

o MODERN NATIONALISM
o Combinations of modern techniques with folk materials.
-John Herald Caingcoy

Indeterminacy

 Chance music
  Aleatory music
 Stochastic music
 Chance music
 Is music in which either composition or method of performance is determined by
elements of chance or unpredictability.
 A composer might give each player four different sheets of music. On the director’s
signal each player in band could play any one of the four sheets of music starting and
stopping whenever he or she wished.
 Composers

John Milton Cage Jr.

 Born: 5 September 1912, Los Angeles, California, United States

 Died: 12 August 1992, Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States
 American composer, music theorist, writer, philosopher, and artist. 
 A pioneer of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use of
musical instruments.

 Composition
 Best known for his 1952 composition 4′33″
 Imaginary landscape no. 4 for radios. (1951)
 Water Music (1952)
 Water Walk (1959)
-John Michael Gaytano

Electronic Music

 Music that employs electronic musical instruments and electronic music technology in its
production
 1920s and 1930s- electronic instruments were introduced and the first compositions for
electronic instruments were composed.
 By the 1940s, magnetic audio tape allowed musicians to tape sounds and then modify
them by changing the tape speed or direction
 1900s, Contemporary electronic music includes many varieties and ranges from
experimental art music to popular forms such as electronic dance music.
 At the turn of the 20th century, experimentation with emerging electronics led to the first
electronic musical instruments.
Early Composition

 They were typically used within orchestras, and most composers wrote parts for the
theremin that could otherwise be performed with string instruments
Radiodiffusion- Television Francaise

 a tape machine for modifying the sound structure, developed by Pierre Schaeffer
 Musique Concrete
 First Electronic Music written by Pierre Schaeffer , and composed and completed by
Louis and Bebe Baron.
 Japanese Electronic Music - Yamaha Magna Organ was built in 1935.
 American Electronic Music
 In the United States, electronic music was created as early as 1939, when John Cage
published Imaginary Landscape, No. 1, using two variable-speed turntables, frequency
recordings, muted piano, and cymbal, but no electronic means of production.
Melochord

 a device originally used in telephone networks to produce pure electronic sounds via an
oscillator, developed by Harald Bode
Synthesizer

 The main electrical component in the instrument, the voltage controlled oscillator,

enabled an exact manipulation of pitch, duration, and intensity of sound
Circuit bending

 Circuit bending is the creative customization of the circuits within electronic devices such
as low voltage, battery-powered guitar effects, children's toys and small digital
synthesizers to create new musical or visual instruments and sound generators.
Rise of popular electronic music

 In the late 1960s, pop and rock musicians, including The Beach Boys and The Beatles
began to use electronic instruments.
 Late 1980s to1990s
Rise of dance music

 The trend has continued to the present day with modern nightclubs worldwide regularly
playing electronic dance music Today, electronic dance music has radio stations,
websites, and publications.
 2000s and 2010s
 In recent years, as computer technology has become more accessible and music
software has advanced, interacting with music production technology is now possible
using means that bear no relationship to traditional musical performance practices
-Jasper John Epino