LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET)

Refresher Course

WHAT TO EXPECT
THE VISUAL ARTS

Focus: Elements and Organization of Visual Arts, Artists and their works.

Competencies:

1. Distinguish and analyze the different elements, principles, and mediums of different
visual arts
2. Identify and classify the different themes of visual arts in the Philippines
3. Appreciate and be proud of Philippine visual art masterpieces as part of cultural
enrichment.

Prepared by: Laya A. Roman

PART I – CONTENT UPDATE

I. Definition of Terms

1. Painting - refers to the application of color, pigment, or paint to a surface or support.

These surfaces may include paper, wood, canvas, metal, or walls. Paint is made of
pigment mixed in a binder.
2. Sculpture - a three-dimensional artwork which may be made through different
processes, such as carving, modeling, assembling, or casting. It may be executed as a
free-standing object, in relief, or in environments, and a variety of media may be used.
3. Architecture – the art and science of designing spaces and constructing buildings
(structures), and other environmental features.

II. The Elements of Visual Arts

1. Line - The most basic of all the elements. A line is a visible path traced by a moving
point. Lines vary in types. They can be horizontal, vertical, diagonal, straight or curved,
thick or thin. Different lines are used to signify different feelings, for example:

 Horizontal line – rest, serenity, or perfect stability

 Vertical line – dominance, height, power
 Diagonal line – uncertainty, unrest, movement, or action
 Curved line – flow, softness, flexibility, grace

2. Shape - Shapes and forms are figures which define objects in a space. A shape is a two-
dimensional figure. Circles, triangles, and squares are common examples of shapes.
Forms exist in three dimensions. Examples of forms include cubes, cylinders, and
pyramids, among others.

3. Value – it is the relative degree of lightness or darkness in anything that is visible. It gives
an impression of solidity, distance, and depth. Early European artists used a technique
which is defined by a strong contrast between light and dark. This is called chiaroscuro.

4. Color – it is the product of light reflected off objects. We see different colors because of
light’s various intrinsic qualities, specifically, because of its different wavelengths. In
visual arts, the relationship of colors is best seen in a color wheel.

 Primary colors – Red, Yellow, and Blue (Red, Green, Blue in light)
 Secondary colors – Orange, Green, and Violet
 Tertiary colors – Yellow Green, Blue Green, Blue Violet, Red Violet, Red Orange,
and Yellow Orange
Artists usually use color harmonies. These are combinations of colors which the artist
uses to convey his or her message through the element of color.
  Monochromatic – the use of a single color tint in different values or shades
 Analogous – 3 to 4 neighboring colors with one color in all mixtures
 Complementary – any two opposite colors on the color wheel
 Split complementary – any three colors wherein two of which are beside the
complement of the third color.
 Double split complementary or tetradic – this color scheme uses four colors
arranged into two complementary pairs
 Triad – three colors that form an equilateral triangle in a color wheel

Properties of color:

 Hue – identity or the quality by which we distinguish colors

Cool colors – colors which possess the dominance of blue
Warm colors – colors which possess the dominance of red or yellow
 Value – lightness or darkness of a hue
 Intensity or Saturation – refers to the strength of a hue

5. Texture – refers to surface characteristics. A surface may be rough, smooth, glossy,

coarse, irregular, etc.

6. Space – refers to the area in which an artist arranges elements in a composition. Space
can be two-dimensional (2D) such as in painting and photography, or three-dimensional
(3D), such as in sculpture and installations. Depth can also be suggested in two-
dimensional works, by the application of linear perspective – a graphing of distances
between objects.

Types of perspective:
 One-point – a representation of distance by means of converging lines.
 Two-point – There are two points in line with each other in a horizontal position.
All lines converge on these two points.
 Foreshortening – the modification of an established scale in a drawing of the
human figure to represent perspective.

III. The Principles of Design

1. Balance - the idea of visual equilibrium which gives an impression of stability or

instability.

 Symmetrical Balance – it has equal visual weight on either side of the canvas. It
is visually stable.
 Asymmetrical Balance – an uneven balance.
 Radial Balance – a symmetrical balance wherein elements are distributed evenly
around a central point.

2. Proportion (or scale) – refers to the size relationships of one part to another, and of the
parts to the whole.

3. Rhythm – a visual rhythm is characterized by the repetition or alternation of elements.

Rhythm can be:

 Regular – repetition of a single motif
 Alternating – use of two different motifs alternately
 Flowing – a smooth and graceful type of rhythm
 Progressing – motifs may be presented in a gradual shift in characteristics, like
size (from small to large)

4. Emphasis and Subordination – An emphasis is the focal point that rests on the
subordinate space and easily attracts the attention of the viewer. To emphasize means to
draw attention to essential parts of a composition.

5. Unity – (also called Harmony) refers to the coherence of the elements of a work to the
whole.

6. Variety - The use of differences and change to increase the visual interest of the work.

IV. The Visual Arts (Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture)

A. Painting

Early mediums in painting

 Encaustic – this is a mixture of pigment, wax (beeswax), and resin.

 Fresco – pigment mixed with water and applied to thin layers o either dry plaster
or wet plaster.
 Tempera – a fast-drying medium which is pigment mixed with a glutinous
material (usually egg yolk).
 Ink – a medium containing pigments or dyes which may be in liquid or paste form
and is used for pen and brush drawing, or printing.

Common mediums used in contemporary painting

 Oil paint – consists of pigment mixed with oil (linseed oil) as its binder. It dries
slowly, but lasts long.
 Watercolor – consists of pigment combined with water and gum arabic. Colors
are less luminous, and transparent.
 Acrylic – a quick-drying synthetic medium with emulsion as its binder. It is
favored by a lot of artists because of its ease of use and its versatility.

Selected Styles/ Movements in Western Art

 Realism – a naturalistic approach to subject matter.

 Impressionism – a style wherein paintings are usually done outdoors.
Brushstrokes are fast and colors used are light or pastel.
 Expressionism – an art movement that centers on the expression of inner
emotions. Colors used are vibrant and distortion is usually used.
 Abstract – non-representational or non-figurative imagery. It could also be a
distortion or simplification of forms.
 Dada or Dadaism – an aggressive reaction against conventional art. Dadaists
produced (anti) art objects using unconventional methods.
 Surrealism – an art movement where artists gathered inspiration from the depths
of the subconscious mind.
 Pop Art – an art movement which is centered on, or inspired from familiar images
of popular culture, such as advertisements, comics, and commercial products.
 Social Realism – an art movement which portrays social and racial injustice and
economic hardship, marked by its realistic depiction of social problems

Notable Philippine painters and their works:

19th century
 Jose Honorato Lozano – known for paintings of letras y figures.
 Damian Domingo – He headed the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura in 1821. He is
known for his paintings of tipos del pais.
 Juan Luna – His work Spoliarium won the gold medal in the 1884 Exposicion
Nacional de Bellas Artes.
 Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo – Las Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho
won the silver medal in the 1884 Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes.

20th century

Genre painters
 Fabian dela Rosa – Women working in a Rice Field (1902)
 Fernando Amorsolo – Fruit Gatherers (1950), Sunday Morning going to Church
(1953)

The “Triumvirate of modern art”

 Victorio Edades – The Builders (1928)
 Galo Ocampo – Brown Madonna (1938), The River of Life (1954)
 Carlos “Botong” Francisco – Harana (1957)

Other Modernists
 Hernando Ocampo – Homage to Tandang Sora (1977)
 Diosdado Lorenzo – Ilog ng Cabiao (1970)
 Vicente Manansala – Madonna of the Slums (1950)
 Cesar Legaspi – Gadgets II (1949)
  Anita Magsaysay-Ho – Fruit Vendors (1975)
 Jose Joya – Pagdiriwang (1976)
 Arturo Luz – Black Form, White Space (1976)

Selected contemporary artists

 Antipas Delotavo – Itak sa Puso ni Mang Juan (1977)
 Benedicto Cabrera – EDSA Event (1986)
 Danilo Dalena – Komedya sa Pakil
 Onib Olmedo – Mother and Child
 Brenda Fajardo – Baraha ng Buhay Pilipino (1989)

B. Other related Visual Arts

 Mosaic – small pieces of colored stone or glass glued on the surface

 Tapestry – fabrics with colored designs which are woven in a pattern.
 T’nalak - an indigenous woven fabric made from abaca by the T'boli tribe
of South Cotabato
 Printmaking – creation of a picture or design by printing from a plate that holds
ink or color.
 Photography – the art of creating pictures by recording light into a sensitive
medium, such as film.

C. Sculpture

Mediums used in sculpture

 Wood, metal, stone, granite, marble, wood, jade, ivory, brass, gold, lead,
aluminum, glass, clay, plastic, bronze and others.

Processes/Techniques used in sculpture

 Additive
Modeling – process of creating a form through altering the figure of a
medium, such as clay.
Molding and Casting – a complex process of creating a negative and positive
replica from a model. It is ideal for mass production.
Assemblage – putting together found objects
Welding – process of joining metals
Mobile – kinetic or moving sculpture
Pottery – the process of shaping a material to produce earthenware,
stoneware, or porcelain.

 Subtractive
 Carving – cutting away pieces of material until the desired form is
reached.

Notable Philippine sculptors:

 Mariano Madrinian – a santero from Paete, Laguna

 Guillermo Tolentino – Bonifacio Monument, UP Oblation
 Napoleon Abueva – Judas’ Kiss (1955), Allegorical Harpoon (1964)
 Lamberto Hechanova – Crucifix
 Abdulmari Imao – Sarimanok (1975)
 Eduardo Castrillo – Pieta (1966)
 Solomon Saprid – Tikbalang (1971)
 Ramon Orlina – Venus V (2006)
 Roberto Feleo – Tau-Tao (1994)

D. Architecture

Architectural styles depend on different conditions, such as regional climate,

geographical location, and different aspects of life – social, political, economic, spiritual,
ideological, and technological. These styles also vary through time. Western classical
architectural works were bound to the conventions of classicism, which include balance,
proportion, and an emphasis on form. Baroque and Rococo’s energetic styles include
intense ornamentation both on the interior and exterior. Modernist architecture tends to
become more straightforward and minimal.
 Commonly used materials:

 Organic – wood, bamboo, yakal, sawali, etc.

 Construction – cement, sand, gravel, reinforced concrete
 Stone – adobe, granite
 Fabricated materials – bricks, tiles, glass
 Metal – structural steel, steel bars
 Synthetic materials – plastic, rubber

Brief history of Philippine architecture:

Pre-colonial period
 Native houses were single-room constructions built using indigenous materials
(bamboo, palm leaves, etc.) Roofs were typically pyramidal, windows were wide
and the floor was raised above the ground.

Spanish colonial period

 The Spaniards introduced European styles in architecture and started the
construction of numerous churches. Some of today’s famous Baroque churches
include the San Agustin Church in Intramuros, the Paoay Church in Ilocos, and
the Miag-ao Church in Iloilo.
 The bahay na bato was also formed.
 This period also marked the construction of the walls of Intramuros.

American occupation
 The arrival of the Americans signaled the emergence of monumental neo-
classical structures.
 Daniel H. Burnham was sent by the US government to create urban plans for
Manila and Baguio.
 Juan Arellano designed the Manila Post Office, Legislative building, and the
Manila Metropolitan Theater.
 Antonio Toledo designed the Manila City Hall, and the Agriculture and Finance
buildings at the Agrifina circle in Luneta
 Tomas Mapua designed the Philippine General Hospital and the Normal School
 Juan Nakpil – responsible for the rebuilding of the Quiapo Church in 1930

Middle to late 20th century

 Leandro V. Locsin was commissioned by the Marcos administration to design
numerous edifices for the government. Among these are: The Cultural Center of
the Philippines (CCP), and the Philippine International Convention Center
(PICC). Locsin also designed the Church of the Holy Sacrifice at UP Diliman.
 Froilan Hong – Manila Film Center
 Francisco Mañosa – Coconut Palace
 Mañosa Brothers – San Miguel Building, Ortigas

E. Notable Art forms in Asia

Art Forms and Symbols common in Asia

 Batik - A technique of dyeing cloth which includes the use of removable wax to
repel the dye on parts of a design. Batik or fabrics with the traditional batik
patterns are found in Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, China, and India.
 Calligraphy - decorative art of lettering in an ornamental style. This is particularly
well-known is East Asian arts.
 Wat – an entire religious complex with multiple buildings. Numerous wats are
found across Asia, especially in Thailand and Cambodia.
 Mandala – In Buddhism, a diagram with pictures or statues of gods in specific
positions. Mandala literally means “circle”.
 Stupa – An architectural form which originated in pre-Buddhist India. It can either
be a burial marker or container of precious relics.
 Pagoda - a tiered tower with several eaves. Pagodas are derived from the Indian
stupa and are most commonly Buddhist.
 Masjid – commonly known as “Mosque”, a place of worship for followers of Islam.
One of its architectural features is the minaret, a tall spire from which summons
to prayer are called.
  Naga – literally means “snake” but normally refers to serpent deities. The Naga
motif is found in both Hinduism and Buddhism and is present in different
Southeast Asian countries.
 Apsara – In Hindu and Buddhist mythology, a female spirit of the clouds and
waters, or a nymph of the sky.
 Jataka – tales of the lives of the Buddha, found in different parts of Asia, such as
on the walls of Indonesia’s Borobudur temple.
 Ancient pottery and ceramics are also found all across the Asian continent.

Famous architectural works in Asia:

 India – Taj Mahal, Kandariya Mahadeva temple

 China – The Forbidden City (Palace complex), The Great Wall of China
 Japan – Himeji Castle, Osaka Castle, traditional Japanese gardens
 Cambodia – Angkor Wat (Hindu temple)
 Thailand – Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Arun (Buddhist temples)
 Myanmar – Shwedagon Pagoda, Ananda Temple (Buddhist temples)
 Malaysia – Zahir Mosque, Ubudiah Mosque
 Indonesia – Borobudur (Buddhist temple), Prambanan (Hindu temple)

Indian Art

 Indian art is deeply rooted on religious beliefs, primarily on Buddhism and

Hinduism. Multitudes of Buddhist and Hindu paintings, sculptures, and
architecture are found in the Indian subcontinent and its influences scattered all
across Asia.
 An example is the Great Stupa in Sanchi, India. It was built around the 3 rd century
B.C.E.
 Numerous temples and sculptures of the Buddha were made. One of these
structures includes the Kandariya Mahadeva temple.
 Hindu and Buddhist images are usually depicted showing a specific mudra, a
symbolic gesture. Most mudras are performed with the hands and fingers, and
some involve the entire body.
 A new culture developed in India with the arrival of the Mughals, an Islamic
people from Central Asia. Persian forms mixed with Indian elements to create a
uniquely Indian form of Islamic art. The most celebrated Mughal architecture in
India is the Taj Mahal.

Chinese Art

 The arts of China are shaped by different succeeding dynasties and influenced
by different philosophies such as Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism.
 Chinese Brush Painting
 Started around 4000 BC, executed by using a Chinese brush and
Chinese ink. The same ink is used in calligraphy, and is applied to either
paper or silk.
 Usual subjects are landscapes (4th century), and birds and flowers (9th
century).
 One essential rule in painting: "See the great in the small” and “See the
small in the perspective of the great”
 Qualities of Chinese Brush Painting (Lu Ch’ang)
o To display brushstroke power with good brushwork control
o To possess sturdy simplicity with refinement of true talent
o To possess delicacy of skill with vigor of execution.
o To exhibit originality, even to the point of eccentricity, without
violating the li (the principles or essence) of things.
o In rendering space by leaving the silk or paper untouched, to be
able nevertheless to convey nuances of tone.
o On the flatness of the picture plane, to achieve depth and space
 In sculpture, the accidental discovery of the buried terracotta army (221 B.C.E)
was one of the most stunning moments in archaeology. It is a collection of
terracotta sculptures representing the armies of Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor
of China.

Japanese Art
  Traditional arts were influenced by Shinto, the indigenous spirituality of the
people of Japan. Eventually, Zen Buddhism from China also became a dominant
influence in Japan’s arts and culture.
 Ukiyo-e – A genre of art, mainly in the medium of woodblock print. It is an old and
common art form and its subjects include narratives from history, landscapes,
and townscapes, among others. Katsushika Hokusai was known in this genre.
 Types of traditional painting - Buddhist painting (Butsuga), Scroll painting
(Emakimono), Ink painting (Suibokuga), Screen and Wall Painting (Shoheiga).
 Japanese Gardens – gardens with symbolic aesthetics arising from the
expression of Shinto beliefs and Buddhist intellectual conventions.
 Ikebana – Japanese flower arrangement with origins in early Buddhist flower
offerings. It developed into a distinctive art form in the 15 th century.
 Origami – the art of paper folding, which started around the 17 th century.
 Bunraku – Japanese puppetry which developed also in the 17 th century.

Korean Art

 The earliest historical record of painting in Korea comes from the area of Lelang
in Korea where a tradition of painting existed from sometime around 108 B.C.
 Korean Painting was deeply influenced by Chinese art.
 Painting was also very evident on the walls of the Koguryo tombs. The murals
are strongly colored and show daily life and Korean mythologies of the time.

Indonesian Art

 Indonesian traditional arts are rooted on Buddhism and Hinduism. Even though
the nation is predominantly Islamic at present, cultural heritage is well preserved.
 Wayang - a Javanese term for particular kinds of theatre. These are usually
accompanied by a gamelan, a musical ensemble composed of different
metallophones.
 Wayang Kulit – traditional Indonesian shadow play/ shadow puppets
 Wayang Golek – wooden rod puppets
 Dalang - the puppeteer in an Indonesian wayang performance.

Vietnamese Art

 Pottery in Vietnam dates back to the Stone Age. In the Bronze Age, the Dong
Son culture developed unique drums cast in bronze. These are known as the
Dong Son drums.
 Lacquer Painting – paintings applied on wood. A wooden panel is covered with a
piece of cloth glued to it using the sap of a lacquer tree. This is then coated with
a layer of the sap mixed with earth. The board is then polished and recoated with
another layer of sap.
 Lacquer paintings incorporate the traditional colours -- brown, black, red,
yellow, white -- and the technique of inlaying egg, crab and snail shells.
 As far back as the 11th century, lacquer was widely used in the
ornamentation of palaces, communal halls, temples, pagodas and
shrines.
 Water Puppetry – a tradition of water puppets which may have started in the 12 th
century. It is still a very popular art form in Vietnam.
PART II – ANALYZING TEST ITEMS

1. In Architecture, needs of people are provided for by high-rise buildings through efficient
utilization of limited spaces. How is space maximized in the most comprehensive manner?

A. Reinforced concrete, structural and pre-fabricated units are used for the structure and
plastic, glass and other synthetic materials are used for finishing touches.
B. High-rise structures contain mechanical equipment like air-conditioning units,
elevators, and fire protection systems.
C. A building is built with all functional needs like commercial establishments, offices,
residential areas, parking spaces, and other multi-functional features.
D. Massive and monumental structures are evidences of progress and modernization.

The correct answer is C. High-rise structures possess limited space but are extended upward to
house different functional features in one area, such as residential, recreational, commercial,
business, and others.

Option A pertains to materials only used in construction

Option B is the use of technology in building construction
Option D refers the kinds of buildings during the Marcos Regime

2. When a painting is labeled as “Art for the People”, what particular issue(s) is the main focus of
the artist?

A. Early religious art commissioned by the early church, for believers and pilgrims
B. Art which is commissioned by the ruling powers, for mass propaganda
C. Art which is centered on, or inspired from familiar images of popular culture, such as
advertisements, comics, and commercial products.
D. The connection of art works to various nationalistic struggles, social realism and
activism.

The correct answer is D. “Art for the people” is interwoven in the society’s social, economic, and
political fabric.

Option A is an issue about the religion and religious art

Option B is pertains to art as propaganda
Option C refers to Pop Art

3. From the different techniques in sculpting, carving is considered the most painstaking and time
consuming process. What makes it so?

A. Different tools are used as the artist chips off pieces of the medium little by little until
the desired image is achieved.
B. It involves adding or building up pieces of the medium little by little to form the desired
image
C. A finishing method of firing and glazing is needed at the end of the whole process.
D. The process is composed of two stages: creating a negative, then a positive

The answer is A – Carving involves a slow but precise process of cutting away parts of a medium,
such as wood.

Option B is a process of additive specifically assemblage or modeling

Option C is about steps used as finishing touches in pottery
Option D is a process used in casting

4. In technical drawing, perspective is used to locate an object in a space. Which kind of

perspective represents distance by means of converging lines?
A. Foreshortening perspective C. One point perspective
B. Aerial perspective D. Two-point perspective

5. A Javanese term used for particular kinds of theater. It may include shadow puppets, or
wooden rod puppets.
A. Wayang Kulit C. Wayang Golek
B. Wayang D. Wayang Orang

6. Which of the following beliefs/philosophies did not have a great influence on Chinese arts?
A. Buddhism C. Taoism
B. Confucianism D. Shintoism

7. Lines, when used by an artist, may suggest meanings. What meaning/s may be associated
with a vertical line?
A. Depression C. Motion and mobilization
B. Dominance D. Continuity and grace

8. What is the resulting color if we combine of all primary-colored lights?

A. gray C. white
B. black D. brown

9. If an artist uses yellow and violet for his painting, what type of color harmony is he using?
A. Triad C. Double complementary
B. Complementary D. Split complementary

10. The use of one color with different tints or shades is seen in some works of art. What is the
term for using one color with different shades?
A. Light and shadow C. Monochromatic
B. Analogous D. Complementary

11. Which of the following statements about art is false?

A. Art is readily appreciated by all people, regardless of culture.
B. Art refers to a process or product of creative skill.
C. Art reflects the characteristic of a certain period in mankind’s history.
D. Art may be a ‘mimesis’, a representation of reality.

12. When an architect designs a building, he wants to answer ____________________.

A. the needs of men C. the demands of men
B. the satisfaction of men D. all can be considered

13. There are many mediums used in painting. What kind of traditional paint uses egg yolk as its
binder?
A. water color C. oil paint
B. fresco D. tempera

14. Two processes are used in sculpting. One is additive and the other is subtractive. What type
of additive technique is used if you put together different objects or scraps?
A. assemblage C. welding
B. molding D. casting

15. What kind of style in the arts is an unembellished, naturalistic approach to subject matter?
A. Impressionism C. Realism
B. Modernism D. Expressionism

16. After World War I, there were artists who started an aggressive reaction against established
conventions in art and aesthetics. What is the name of this “art movement”?
A. Fauvism C. Expressionism
B. Modernism D. Dadaism

17. Which western art movement was inspired from familiar images of popular culture, such as
advertisements, comics, and commercial products?
A. Expressionism C. Romanticism
B. Pop art D. Commercialism

18. Philippine modern sculptors use different mediums and styles in their pieces. Who is the
sculptor who usually finished his welded sculpture without polishing its surface, as seen in his
works “Tikbakang” and “Penitensiya”?
A. Napoleon Abueva C. Solomon Saprid
B. Arturo Luz D. Eduardo Castrillo

19. A painter/muralist from Angono, Rizal, who is fond of folk scenes. He is also known as
“Botong”.
A. Fernando Amorsolo C. Vicente Manansala
B. Victorio Edades D. Carlos Francisco

20. A sculptor and National Artist from Mindanao known for his sculpture “Sarimanok”.
A. Abdul Mohammed C. Ismail Acar
B. Abdulmari Imao D. Abed Abdi

21. The small figurines for sale in malls are identically produced sculptures. What process is used
to create these items?
A. welding C. casting
B. modeling D. carving

22. The Triumvirate of Modern Art is composed of three popular artists who are promoters of
mural painting. Two of whom are Carlos Francisco and Victorio Edades, Who is the third one?
A. Fabian dela Rosa C. Arturo Luz
B. Galo Ocampo D. Vicente Manansala

23. A tiered tower with several eaves. Its structure is derived from the Indian stupa and is most
commonly Buddhist.
A. Wat C. Pagoda
B. Temple D. Minaret

24. Which Filipino sculptor was known for the Bonifacio Monument in Caloocan, and the UP
Oblation?
A. Napoleon Abueva C. Guillermo Tolentino
B. Solomon Saprid D. Ramon Orlina

25. Painting in China is popularized with the use of two painting instruments/media. What are
these media?
A. watercolor and paper C. wooden panel and tempera
B. oil and canvas D. brush and ink

PART III – ENHANCING TEST TAKING SKILLS

1. When you create a three-dimensional artwork through different processes such as carving,
modeling, assembling, or casting, the visual art being considered is___________.
A. sculpture C. painting
B. architecture D. printmaking

2. Lines may be used to create an impression of flow and gracefulness. When one is drawing,
which line best suits the characteristic mentioned?
A. diagonal C. straight
B. horizontal D. curved

3. A genre of art in Japan, mainly in the medium of woodblock print. It is an old and common art
form and its subjects include narratives from history, landscapes, and townscapes.
A. Bunraku C. Butsuga
B. Suibokuga D. Ukiyo-e

4. In Hindu and Buddhist mythology, this symbol refers to a female spirit of the clouds and waters,
or a nymph of the sky.
A. Avadana C. Apsara
B. Mandala D. Jataka

5. If you want to make your subject appear to have depth and seem realistic, which element of art
should you focus on?
A. shape C. texture
B. value D. line

6. This principle of design is the most important of all. It refers to the coherence of the elements of
a work to the whole.
A. rhythm C. balance
B. proportion D. unity

7. We like to see things in proper scale. When we see objects having the proper relationships to
each other (in size), the principle of art that we are referring to is_____________.
A. rhythm C. balance
B. proportion D. harmony
8. To attract attention, the emphasis should rest or lie on the subject. The space that helps to
intensify focus on the emphasis is called______________.
A. interest C. action
B. subordinate D. attraction

9. This painting medium is a mixture of pigment and water, applied to wet or dry plaster.
A. fresco C. oil
B. tempera D. water color

10. Some contemporary artists prefer this new painting medium because of its ease of use. It is
synthetic and uses emulsion as its binder. What medium in painting are we referring to?
A. encaustic C. watercolor
B. acrylic D. charcoal

11. This refers to a broad movement in the arts and social sciences which encompasses the
activities and output of those who felt that "traditional" forms of art are outdated.
A. Realism C. Surrealism
B. Cubism D. Modernism

12. Jackson Pollock typically drips or aggressively splashes paint on his canvas. This refers to
which style of painting?
A. Impressionism C. Abstract expressionism
B. Expressionism D. Popular Art or Pop Art

13. After classical trends in Philippine sculpture, later sculptors began to embrace the styles of
modernism in their artworks. Which modern sculptor was known for his works Judas' Kiss and
Transfiguration and Kagampanan?
A. Eduardo Castrillo C. Napoleon Abueva
B. Guillermo Tolentino D. Roberto Feleo

14. Juan Luna's painting, Spoliarium, shows the ill fate of fallen Gladiators after a brutal
tournament. By saying so, what aspect of an artwork are we referring to?
A. Form C. Content
B. Medium D. Context

15. Styles and designs of architectural works reflect the demands of different aspects in life.
Which are considered before designing a structure?
A. Social and economic C. Technological and geographical
B. Political and ideological D. All of the above

16. The Miag-ao, San Agustin, and Paoay church’s architectural designs are in accordance with
which western style?
A. Renaissance C. Neo-Classical
B. Baroque D. Gothic

17. Some native Philippine architecture possesses motifs, like the naga, which may be seen in
other countries. Where did we get this influence?
A. Southeast Asia C. America
B. Spain D. Japan

18. Numerous monumental structures possessing Greco-Roman motifs were built in Manila
during the American occupation. These include the City Hall, the former Legislative building, and
the Post Office. What is the dominant style of these architectural icons?
A. Baroque C. Gothic
B. Renaissance D. Neo-Classical

19. One of the pioneers in Philippine architecture; he was responsible for the rebuilding of the
Quiapo Church in 1930. He is ___________.
A. Juan Arellano C. Jose Mañosa
B. Juan Nakpil D. Leandro Locsin

20. In painting, what is the term in art used for a technique in painting which is utilized to illustrate
a striking contrast between light and dark?
A. Contrapposto C. Caravaggio
B. Chiaroscuro D. Sfumato
21. Which among these Filipino painters is not a modernist?
A. Victorio Edades C. Damian Domingo
B. Arturo Luz D. Vicente Manansala

22. In the 1840s, Jose Honorato Lozano was known for this unique Filipino art form, wherein a
name is painted with letters contrived with people and objects.
A. Miniaturismo C. Genre painting
B. Letras y Figuras D. Modernist painting

23. If you were to build a structure in accordance with the Modernist style, which of the following
would best describe your design?
A. It possesses Greco-Roman motifs. C. It is energetic and ornamented.
B. It is straightforward and minimal. D. All of the above

24. This is a kind of woven fabric made by the T’boli tribe in South Cotabato.
A. hagabi C. bulul
B. t’nalak D. kulintang

25. Some artists paint images from their dreams. Which is a Western art movement where artists
gathered inspiration from the depths of the subconscious mind?
A. Surrealism C. Abstract
B. Expressionism D. Cubism

ANSWER KEY

Part II – Analyzing Test Items Part III – Enhancing Test Taking Skills
1. C 1. A
2. D 2. D
3. A 3. D
4. C 4. C
5. B 5. B
6. D 6. D
7. B 7. B
8. C 8. B
9. B 9. A
10. C 10. B
11. A 11. D
12. D 12. C
13. D 13. C
14. A 14. C
15. C 15. D
16. D 16. B
17. B 17. A
18. C 18. D
19. D 19. B
20. B 20. B
21. C 21. C
22. B 22. B
23. C 23. B
24. C 24. B
25. D 25. A
Table of Specifications
Part II
Competencies No. of items
Elements and Principles
Painting, Sculpture,
Architecture, Mediums
Philippine Art
Asian Art
Western Art/ Movements
Art Theory/ Integrated
TOTAL
Part III
Competencies No. of items
Elements and Principles
Painting, Sculpture,
Architecture, Mediums
Philippine Art
Asian Art
Western Art/ Movements
Art Theory/ Integrated
TOTAL
Item Number
5 4, 7, 8, 9, 10,
6 1, 3,12,13, 14, 21
5 18, 19, 20, 22, 24,
4 5, 6, 23, 25
3 15, 16, 17,
2 2, 11
25
Item Number
5 2, 5, 6, 7, 8,
5 1, 9, 10, 15, 16
5 13, 19, 21, 22, 24
3 3, 4, 17,
3 12, 20, 25
4 11, 14, 18, 23
25