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NUC
NP VP
Det N AUX MV manner
tense V NP
Det N
NUC
NP VP
N AUX MV
tense be AP
intens Adj
SM NUC
NP VP
Det N AUX MV
Tense be place
Prep.p
Prep. NP
Det , N
SM NUC
NP VP
Tense Prep.p
Prep NP
Det N
SM NUC
NP VP
tense v NP
Det N
chapter three
NUC
NP VP
N AUX MV
tense M be place
Mabel past may be upstairs
2. Evidently he had read the report reluctantly
SM NUC
NP VP
N AUX MV manner
Tense have en v NP
Det N
NUC
NP VP
Det N AUX MV
tense M have en V NP
N
NUC
NP VP
Det N p1 AUX MV time
tense M have en V NP
Det N
NUC
NP VP
N AUX MV place
tense M have en be ing V
NUC
NP VP
N AUX MV time
tense M be NP
Det N
SM NUC
NP VP
N AUX MV
Tense have en be AP
intens Adj
NUC
NP VP
Det N pl AUX MV time
tense M be ing V NP
N
B. After each of the following formulas there are three sentences that may or may not
have the structure described by the formula. If a sentence follows the notation given,
write correct beside it. If it does not follow this notation, write the formula that it does
follow.
1. NP + present + M + V + NP
3. NP + present + have + en + V + NP
4. NP + past+ M + be + NP
C. Write the formula for each of the sentences below, make the addition or deletion
that is called for, and write the resulting sentence.
NP + past + drink + NP
NP + past + go + place
NP + past + may + be + AP
NP + past + be +AP
I should be going
chapter five
Exercises
A. Transform the following deep structures into surface structures by applying the
negative transformation and, where applicable, the do transformation:
Neg Trans : The boys present will not have arrived by then
B. Study the following sentences and determine what governs the use of some and
any:
2. Some people were at the door. *any people were at the door.
5. Some dogs were in the yard. *Any dogs were in the yard.
6 - some is used with positive white any is used with negative sentences
C. Write five original deep structures that contain the SM no . Be sure that you can
account for all of them with the phrase-structure rules , and use variation in the
selection of auxiliary elements. Then transform them into surface structures.
1 – not those apple were smelling rotten . Those apple were not rotten
2 – not john could have done that . John could not have done that
3 – not you are reading fast enough . You are not reading fast enough
4 – not Mary present play chess regularly . Mary does not play chess regularly
5 – not that man past help me . That man did not help me
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B -Give the deep structure from which each of the following sentences was trans-
formed :
l. Are you watching the clouds? Deep str Q You present be ing watch the clouds
2. Have you eaten today? Deep str Q You present have en eat today
3. Does she know his address? Deep str Q She present know his address
4. Were they in the drawer? Deep str Q They past be in the drawer
5. Did Bill plant the tree? Deep str Q Bill best plant the tree
C. Our rule for the yes/no transformation changes the deep structure Q you present
have a dime to Do you have a dime? It will not produce Have you a dime? Similarly,
the negative transformation of not you present have a dime produces You don't have
a dime, but not You haven't a dime. Have you a dime? and You haven't a dime are still
common in British English, although they are dying out in American English. Can you
revise our rule or add a new one to take care of these structures ?
Or
E: Transform the following deep structures into surface structures, performing the
transformations in the order (l) negative, (2) yes/no, (3) W H, (4) do, and only one at a
time:
Or
WH Trans : Whose
Or What
Surface : Whose
Or What
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WH Trans : What
Do inser : What
Surface : What
F. Give the deep structure from which this sentence was derived.
1 - From the deep structure give the words that are represented by the following:
Aux1,= can
V, = do
M, =can
be, = be
MV,= do NP-WH
Past tens
3. In this sentence why is the ing form of do used instead of does or done?
4. Perform the yes/no transformation on your deep structure. From the rewrite rule
for the WH transformation, which words in this intermediate structure are
represented by X? by Y?
Y : is everything after it
So y is nothing
Modals do not have en or ing forms because they precede have and be
H - In the yes / No rule for sentences containing auxiliaries, why do we specify Aux 1
instead of just Aux ?
1 - The verb have has an Ing form (having), but the auxiliary have does not. Why?
2 – the verb have has an ing form because it may be preceded by be while the
auxiliary have comes before not after be
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exercises seven
indirect object Trans : The farmer past give Fred a watermelon to Fred
indirect object Trans : Those people past threw pennies to the dancer
Deep str : Don present must have en hand the eraser to Bill
indirect object Trans : Don present must have en hand Bill the eraser
B. Transform the following deep structures into surface structures. Take the
transformations one at a time and in the order (l) imperative, (2) negative, (3) yes/no,
(4) WH, (5) do.
3. Q he can do NP-WH
C: For each of the following sentences give the deep structure and take it through the
relevant transformations to derive the given surface structure :
3 - Listen to me.
Exercises chapter 8
Deep str: Tom present must have en be en milk the cow yesterday
Passive trans The cow present must have en be en milk by Tom yesterday surface str:
The cow must have been milked by Tom yesterday
Deep Str: the Sailor past can have en sink the boat
Passive Trans : the boat Past can have en be en sink by the sailor
surface str: the boat could have been sunk by the Sailor
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B. Write the deep structure from which each of the following sentences was derived:
Deep str: the suspect past can have en Plant the note
C. Below are five pairs of surface structures that differ. In cach pair if the sentences
mean the same thing, account for their differences in form by giving their deep
structure and showing which transformations have been applied. If the two sentences
do not mean the same thing, show how their deep structures account for this:
( A )Deer str: not your present will be ing stay there long
(b) Deer str: Imp not you present will stay there long